Yellow earthworms:Distinctive pigmentation associated with arsenic- and copper-tolerance in Lumbricus rubellus

Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, inhabiting soil at the 19th century Devon Great Consols mine at Tavistock, Devon, UK, show high tolerance to Cu- and As-toxicity and frequently have a striking yellow coloration. Specimens from this site (mature and immature) and from an uncontaminated site on Lancaster University campus (mature) were photographed, and the slide images digitized and analyzed. All L. rubellus showed reddish-purple pigmentation of the body wall that declined in intensity posteriorly. The metal- and metalloid-resistant earthworms, whether mature or immature, showed yellowing in the posterior half of the body. The source of the coloration was intense yellow pigmentation of the chloragogenous tissue surrounding the alimentary canal. The yellow pigmentation is masked by reddish-purple body wall pigmentation anteriorly. Total As concentrations in tissues were determined for the anterior, middle and posterior sections of resistant and non-resistant L. rubellus. Highest concentrations were in the middle sections of the mature and immature resistant L. rubellus (36.17 ± 19.77 and 27.77 ± 9.02 mg As kg^-1, respectively). Resistant immature L. rubellus lost condition over 28 d in soil treated with 750 mg As kg^-1, possibly due to a higher metabolism, whilst there was no loss in condition for resistant mature L. rubellus in the treated soil. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first report of yellow pigmentation of this kind in earthworms. The pigmentation may provide a useful indicator of exposure/resistance to soil contamination. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avoiding Negligence and Profusion: The failure of the Joint-Stock form in the Anglo-Indian Tea Trade, 1840-1870

In the 19th century, firms operating in the Anglo-Indian tea trade were organised using a variety ownership forms including the partnership, joint-stock and a combination of the two known as the Managing agency. Faced with both an increasing need for fixed capital and high agency costs caused by the distance between owners and managers, the firms adapted and increasingly adopted the hybrid managing agency model to overcome these problems. Using new data from Calcutta and Bengal Commercial Registers and detailed case studies of the Assam Company and Gillanders, Arbuthnot and Co, this paper demonstrates that British entrepreneurs did not see the choice of ownership as a dichotomy or firm boundaries as fixed, but instead innovatively drew on the strengths of different forms of ownership to compete and grow successfully.

A 250-year periodicity in Southern Hemisphere westerly winds over the last 2600 years

Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow has a significant influence on the ocean–atmosphere system of the mid- to high latitudes with potentially global climate implications. Unfortunately, historic observations only extend back to the late 19th century, limiting our understanding of multi-decadal to centennial change. Here we present a highly resolved (30-year) record of past westerly wind strength from a Falkland Islands peat sequence spanning the last 2600 years. Situated within the core latitude of Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow (the so-called furious fifties), we identify highly variable changes in exotic pollen and charcoal derived from South America which can be used to inform on past westerly air strength. We find a period of high charcoal content between 2000 and 1000 cal. years BP, associated with increased burning in Patagonia, most probably as a result of higher temperatures and stronger westerly airflow. Spectral analysis of the charcoal record identifies a pervasive ca. 250-year periodicity that is coherent with radiocarbon production rates, suggesting that solar variability has a modulating influence on Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow. Our results have important implications for understanding global climate change through the late Holocene.

The Pine Wood Nematode: a personal view

The first report of the disease (“pine wilt disease”) associated with the pinewood nematode, goes back to 1905, when Yano reported an unusual decline of pines from Nagasaki. For a long time thereafter, the cause of he disease was sought, but without success. Because of the large number of insect species that were usually seen around and on infected trees, it had always been assumed that the causal agent would prove to be one of these. However, in 1971, Kiyohara and Tokushike found a nematode of the genus Bursaphelenchus in infected trees. The nematode found was multiplied on fungal culture, inoculated into healthy trees and then re-isolated from the resulting wilted trees. The subsequent published reports were impressive: this Bursaphelenchus species could kill fully-grown trees within a few months in the warmer areas of Japan, and could destroy complete forests of susceptible pine species within a few years. Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii und P. luchuensis were particularly affected. In 1972, Mamiya and Kiyohara described the new species of nematode extracted from the wood of diseased pines; it was a named Bursaphelenchus lignicolus. Since 1975, the species has spread to the north of Japan, with the exception of the most northerly prefectures. In 1977, the loss of wood in the west of the country reached 80%. Probably as a result of unusually high summer temperatures and reduced rainfall in the years 1978 and 1979, the losses were more than 2 million m3 per year. From the beginning, B. lignicolus was always considered by Japanese scientists to be an exotic pest. But where did it come from? That this nematode could also cause damage in the USA became clear in 1979 when B. lignicolus was isolated in great numbers from wood of a 39 year-old pine tree (Pinus nigra) in Missouri which had suddenly died after the colour of its needles changed to a reddish-brown colour (Dropkin und Foudin, 2 1979). In 1981, B. lignicolus was synonymised by Nickle et al. with B. xylophilus which had been found for the first time in the USA as far back as 1929, and reported by Steiner and Buhrer in 1934. It had originally been named Aphelenchoides xylophilus, the wood-inhabiting Aphelenchoides but was recognised by Nickle, in 1970,to belong in the genus Bursaphelenchus. Its common name in the USA was the "pine wood nematode" (PWN. After its detection in Missouri, it became known that B. xylophilus was widespread throughout the USA and Canada. It occurred there on native species of conifers where, as a rule, it did not show the symptoms of pine wilt disease unless susceptible species were stressed eg., by high temperature. This fact was an illuminating piece of evidence that North America could be the homeland of PWN. Dwinell (1993) later reported the presence of B. xylophilus in Mexico. The main vector of the PWN in Japan was shown to be the long-horned beetle Monochamus alternatus, belonging to the family Cerambycidae. This beetle lays its eggs in dead or dying trees where the developing larvae then feed in the cambium layer. It was already known in Japan in the 19th century but in the 1930s, it was said to be present in most areas of Japan, but was generally uncommon. However, with the spread of the pine wilt disease, and the resulting increase of weakened trees that could act as breeding sites for beetles, the populations of Monochamus spp. increased significantly In North America, other Monochamus species transmit PWN, and the main vector is M. carolinensis. In Japan, there are also other, less efficient vectors in the genus Monochamus. Possibly, all Monochamus species that breed in conifers can transmit the PWN. The occasional transmission by less efficient species of Monochamus or by some of the many other beetle genera in the bark or wood is of little significance. In Europe, M. galloprovincialis and M. sutor transmits the closely related species B. mucronatus. Some speculate that these two insect species are “standing by” and waiting for the arrival of B. xylophilus. In 1982, the nematode was detected and China. It was first found in dead pines near the Zhongshan Monument of Nanjing (CHENG et. al. 1983); 265 trees were then killed by pine wilt disease. Despite great efforts at eradication in China, the nematode spread further and pine wilt disease has been 3 reported from parts of the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangdong, Shandong, Zhejiang and Hubei (YANG, 2003). In 1986, the spread of the PWN to Taiwan was discovered and in 1989, the nematode was reported to be present in the Republic of Korea where it had first been detected in Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora. It was though to have been introduced with packing material from Japan. PWN was advancing. In 1984, B. xylophilus was found in wood chips imported into Finland from the USA and Canada, and this was the impetus to establish phytosanitary measures to prevent any possible spread into Europe. Finland prohibited the import of coniferous wood chips from these sources, and the other Nordic countries soon followed suit. EPPO (the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) made a recommendation to its member countries in 1986 to refuse wood imports from infested countries. With its Directive of 1989 (77/93 EEC), the European Community (later called the European Union or EU) recognised the potential danger of B. xylophilus for European forests and imposed restrictions on imports into the Europe. PWN was placed on the quarantine list of the EU and also of other European countries. Later, in 1991, a dispensation was allowed by the Commission of the EU(92/13 EEC) for coniferous wood from North America provided that certain specified requirements were fulfilled that would prevent introduction.

A transmissão de conceitos matemáticos para Portugal: integrais e funções elípticas

Esta tese considera a transmissão de conceitos matemáticos para Portugal no século XIX, particularmente no campo dos Integrais Elípticos e das Funções Elípticas, tal como foi realizado no trabalho de António Zeferino Cândido. Depois de uma introdução histórica geral ao assunto no capítulo 1, o capítulo 2 estuda a vida de António Zeferino Cândido da Piedade. Ele foi, talvez, o primeiro matemático português a publicar uma tese sobre este assunto. A parte principal, isto é, o capítulo 3, é dedicada à análise do seu trabalho “Integraes e Funcções Ellipticas”. Mostra detalhes da sua abordagem baseada, não só, no livro dos autores Franceses Briot e Bouquet, mas também do autor alemão Schloemilch, o que reflecte as mudanças que ocorreram naquela época na liderança matemática na Europa.

Dias inventados: o romance-diário na ficção portuguesa contemporânea

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a definição de um paradigma teórico para o estudo do romance-diário em Portugal, assim como reconstituir a sua linhagem e incidência na narrativa portuguesa contemporânea. Apresenta-se, num primeiro momento, uma cartografia diacrónica da emergência e implantação do subgénero no campo literário português, desde finais do século XIX até à contemporaneidade, destacando os processos complementares de imitação e variação genológicas. Num segundo momento, partindo de um corpus constituído por cinco romances portugueses publicados nas últimas décadas do século XX, pretende-se averiguar algumas das modulações contemporâneas do romance-diário, por forma a demonstrar a capacidade de sobrevivência e renovação proteica da ficção diarística.

La Bibliothèque du Code civil : un ouvrage au confluent de la tradition et de la modernité

La Bibliothèque du Code civil de Charles-Chamilly de Lorimier et Charles-Albert Vilbon, parue au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, demeure un des ouvrages de référence marquants de la production juridique québécoise. Les artisans de cet ouvrage présentent le droit civil comme un héritage du passé. L’oeuvre, par sa valorisation des anciens auteurs, propose une lecture du Code civil qui s’inscrit dans la tradition. En même temps, elle se révèle un outil adapté à la transformation que connaît alors la pratique du droit. La Bibliothèque constitue un témoin éloquent de l’évolution de la culture juridique québécoise.

Das ciências naturais à genética : a divulgação científica na revista brotéria (1902-2002) e o ensino científico da companhia de Jesus nos séculos XIX e XX em Portugal

Tese de doutoramento, História e Filosofia das Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

A institucionalização do ensino da náutica em Portugal (1779-1807)

Tese de doutoramento, História (História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

Higher order derivatives and norms of certain matrix functions

Tese de doutoramento, Matemática (Álgebra Lógica e Fundamentos), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

L. T. hobhouse’s new liberalism and the reformulation of ideology

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Ingleses), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

Uso da termografia na deteção de avarias

A civilização contemporânea, pelas suas características, é muito exigente em tudo o que diz respeito ao conforto dos edifícios, para trabalho ou habitação, e à necessidade de economizar e racionalizar o uso de energia. A térmica dos edifícios assume, por isso, uma importância acrescida na atividade profissional e no ensino. Para se conduzir ao aperfeiçoamento de soluções na envolvente dos edifícios a este nível, o trabalho aqui realizado centrou-se no estudo do funcionamento da termografia de infravermelhos e da importância da sua utilização na inspeção térmica de edifícios. Descoberta no início do século XIX e desenvolvendo os primeiros sistemas operativos desde a 1ª Guerra Mundial, a fim de determinar heterogeneidades de temperatura superficial, esta técnica não destrutiva permite identificar anomalias que não são visualizadas a olho nu. Com a análise dessas variações de temperatura é possível conhecer os problemas e a localização de irregularidades. Este trabalho baseia-se substancialmente no estudo de edifícios. A análise realizada teve como finalidade executar inspeções termográficas – visuais, com duas abordagens. Por um lado, avaliar salas pertencentes a estabelecimentos de ensino secundário, reabilitadas e não reabilitadas, todas construídas entre as décadas de 60 e 90, com o intuito de diagnosticar patologias construtivas, recorrendo à termografia. Por outro, a análise de edifícios de habitação, com a intenção de avaliar a necessidade de um equipamento complementar às inspeções termográficas – o sistema de porta ventiladora. As inspeções foram regidas pelas diretrizes da norma europeia EN 13187. A termografia é uma técnica importante na realização de ensaios in situ que requerem rapidez de execução, aliada à vantagem de disponibilizar resultados em tempo real, permitindo assim uma primeira análise das leituras no local. A inspeção termográfica complementada com o sistema de porta ventiladora permitiu, também, revelar a importância da necessidade de meios auxiliares em certos casos. A conjugação destas diferentes técnicas permite reduzir a subjetividade da análise in situ e aumentar a fiabilidade do diagnóstico.

Otimização de consumo energético de equipamento de grande potência

Um dos princípios da Gestão é: “If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.” In The Economist – 26.Dez.2008, idea of 19th century English physicist Lord Kelvin. Embora seja uma afirmação aplicável à gestão económica, também pode ser utilizada no domínio da gestão da energia. Este trabalho surge da necessidade sentida pela empresa Continental - Industria Têxtil do Ave, S.A. em efetuar uma atualização dos seus standards de produção, minimizando os seus consumos de eletricidade e gás natural. Foi necessário efetuar o levantamento dos consumos em diversas máquinas e equipamentos industriais, caracterizando e analisando os consumos ao longo de todo o processo produtivo. Para o tratamento de dados recolhidos foi desenvolvida uma folha de cálculo em MS Office ExcelTM com metodologia adequada ao equipamento em análise, que dará apoio ao decisor para a identificação dos aspetos que melhorem o processo produtivo e garantam uma elevada eficiência energética. Porém, não se enquadra no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Racionalização de Energia, sendo uma “auditoria energética” ao processo produtivo. Recentemente, a empresa, tem vindo a utilizar equipamentos eletrónicos que permitem otimizar o funcionamento mecânico dos equipamentos e das potências instaladas dos transformadores, na tentativa de racionalizar o consumo da energia elétrica. Outros equipamentos como, conversores de frequência para controlo de motores, balastros eletrónicos que substituem os convencionais balastros ferromagnéticos das lâmpadas de descarga fluorescente, têm sido incluídos ao nível das instalações elétricas, sendo gradualmente substituída a eletromecânica pela eletrónica. Este tipo de soluções vem deteriorar as formas de onda da corrente e da tensão do sistema pela introdução de distorções harmónicas. Faz ainda parte deste trabalho, um estudo de uma solução que melhore, simultaneamente o fator de potência e reduza as harmónicas presentes num posto de transformação localizado no seio da fábrica. Esta solução, permite melhorar a qualidade da energia elétrica e as condições de continuidade de serviço, garantindo melhores condições de exploração e incrementando a produtividade da empresa.