Assessment of cataract surgical outcomes in settings where follow-up is poor:PRECOG, a multicentre observational study

Background: Poor follow-up after cataract surgery in developing countries makes assessment of operative quality uncertain. We aimed to assess two strategies to measure visual outcome: recording the visual acuity of all patients 3 or fewer days postoperatively (early postoperative assessment), and recording that of only those patients who returned for the final follow-up examination after 40 or more days without additional prompting. Methods: Each of 40 centres in ten countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America recruited 40-120 consecutive surgical cataract patients. Operative-eye best-corrected visual acuity and uncorrected visual acuity were recorded before surgery, 3 or fewer days postoperatively, and 40 or more days postoperatively. Clinics logged whether each patient had returned for the final follow-up examination without additional prompting, had to be actively encouraged to return, or had to be examined at home. Visual outcome for each centre was defined as the proportion of patients with uncorrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better minus the proportion with uncorrected visual acuity of 6/60 or worse, and was calculated for each participating hospital with results from the early assessment of all patients and the late assessment of only those returning unprompted, with results from the final follow-up assessment for all patients used as the standard. Findings: Of 3708 participants, 3441 (93%) had final follow-up vision data recorded 40 or more days after surgery, 1831 of whom (51% of the 3581 total participants for whom mode of follow-up was recorded) had returned to the clinic without additional prompting. Visual outcome by hospital from early postoperative and final follow-up assessment for all patients were highly correlated (Spearman's r_s=0·74, p<0·0001). Visual outcome from final follow-up assessment for all patients and for only those who returned without additional prompting were also highly correlated (r_s=0·86, p<0·0001), even for the 17 hospitals with unprompted return rates of less than 50% (r_s=0·71, p=0·002). When we divided hospitals into top 25%, middle 50%, and bottom 25% by visual outcome, classification based on final follow-up assessment for all patients was the same as that based on early postoperative assessment for 27 (68%) of 40 centres, and the same as that based on data from patients who returned without additional prompting in 31 (84%) of 37 centres. Use of glasses to optimise vision at the time of the early and late examinations did not further improve the correlations. Interpretation: Early vision assessment for all patients and follow-up assessment only for patients who return to the clinic without prompting are valid measures of operative quality in settings where follow-up is poor. Funding: ORBIS International, Fred Hollows Foundation, Helen Keller International, International Association for the Prevention of Blindness Latin American Office, Aravind Eye Care System. © 2013 Congdon et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY.

MRZ-99030 – a novel modulator of Aβ aggregation: II – reversal of Aβ oligomer-induced deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive performance in rats and mice.

β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42) is a major endogenous pathogen underlying the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that soluble Aβ oligomers, rather than plaques, are the major cause of synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Small molecules that suppress Aβ aggregation, reduce oligomer stability or promote off-pathway non-toxic oligomerization represent a promising alternative strategy for neuroprotection in AD. MRZ-99030 was recently identified as a dipeptide that modulates Aβ1-42 aggregation by triggering a non-amyloidogenic aggregation pathway, thereby reducing the amount of intermediate toxic soluble oligomeric Aβ species. The present study evaluated the relevance of these promising results with MRZ-99030 under pathophysiological conditions i.e. against the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ oligomers on hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP) and two different memory tasks. Aβ1-42 interferes with the glutamatergic system and with neuronal Ca2+ signalling and abolishes the induction of LTP. Here we demonstrate that MRZ-99030 (100–500 nM) at a 10:1 stoichiometric excess to Aβ clearly reversed the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ1-42 oligomers on CA1-LTP in murine hippocampal slices. Co-application of MRZ-99030 also prevented the two-fold increase in resting Ca2+ levels in pyramidal neuron dendrites and spines triggered by Aβ1-42 oligomers. In anaesthetized rats, pre-administration of MRZ-99030 (50 mg/kg s.c.) protected against deficits in hippocampal LTP following i.c.v. injection of oligomeric Aβ1-42. Furthermore, similar treatment significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits in an object recognition task and under an alternating lever cyclic ratio schedule after the i.c.v. application of Aβ1-42 and 7PA2 conditioned medium, respectively. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of MRZ-99030 in AD.

Time-resolved four-wave-mixing spectroscopy for inner-valence transitions

Noncollinear four-wave-mixing (FWM) techniques at near-infrared (NIR), visible, and ultraviolet frequencies have been widely used to map vibrational and electronic couplings, typically in complex molecules. However, correlations between spatially localized inner-valence transitions among different sites of a molecule in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range have not been observed yet. As an experimental step toward this goal, we perform time-resolved FWM spectroscopy with femtosecond NIR and attosecond XUV pulses. The first two pulses (XUV-NIR) coincide in time and act as coherent excitation fields, while the third pulse (NIR) acts as a probe. As a first application, we show how coupling dynamics between odd- and even-parity, inner-valence excited states of neon can be revealed using a two-dimensional spectral representation. Experimentally obtained results are found to be in good agreement with ab initio time-dependent R-matrix calculations providing the full description of multielectron interactions, as well as few-level model simulations. Future applications of this method also include site-specific probing of electronic processes in molecules.

MHD Wave Modes Resolved in Fine-Scale Chromospheric Magnetic Structures

Due to its complex and dynamic fine-scale structure, the chromosphere is a particularly challenging region of the Sun's atmosphere to understand. It is now widely accepted that to model chromospheric dynamics, even on a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) scale, while also calculating spectral line emission, one must realistically include the effects of partial ionization and radiative transfer in a multi-fluid plasma under non-LTE conditions. Accurate quantification of MHD wave energetics must befounded on a precise identification of the actual wave mode being observed. This chapter focuses on MHD kink-mode identification, MHD sausage mode identification, and MHD torsional Alfvén wave identification. It then reviews progress in determining more accurate energy flux estimations of specific MHD wave modes observed in the chromosphere. The chapter finally examines how the discovery of these MHD wave modes has helped us advance the field of chromosphericmagnetoseismology.

Ultra-High-Resolution Observations of MHD Waves in Photospheric Magnetic Structures

This chapter reviews the recent observations of waves and oscillations manifesting in fine-scale magnetic structures in the solar photosphere, which are often interpreted as the "building blocks' of the magnetic Sun. The authors found, through phase relationships between the various waveforms, that small-scale magnetic bright points (MBPs) in the photosphere demonstrated signatures of specific magnetoacoustic waves, in particular the sausage and kink modes. Modern magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the lower solar atmosphere clearly show how torsional motions can easily be induced in magnetic elements in the photosphere through the processes of vortical motions and/or buffeting by neighboring granules. The authors detected significant power associated with high-frequency horizontal motions, and suggested that these cases may be especially important in the creation of a turbulent environment that efficiently promotes Alfvén wave dissipation.

Prevotella denticola Lipopolysaccharide from a Cystic Fibrosis Isolate Possesses a Unique Chemical Structure

We report the first complete structural characterization of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a cystic fibrosis (CF) clinical isolate of Prevotella denticola (B003V1S1X). Chemical, spectroscopic, and spectrometric analyses revealed a unique rough-type LPS (LOS) structure. The structure has a highly negatively charged heptasaccharide core region containing hexoses, with the first two sugars, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) and mannose, highly phosphorylated. Furthermore, the lipid A moiety has the typical structure for the genus Prevotella, and was also highly phosphorylated.

Neural adaptations associated with interlimb transfer in a ballistic wrist flexion task.

Cross education is the process whereby training of one limb gives rise to increases in the subsequent performance of its opposite counterpart. The execution of many unilateral tasks is associated with increased excitability of corticospinal projections from primary motor cortex (M1) to the opposite limb. It has been proposed that these effects are causally related. Our aim was to establish whether changes in corticospinal excitability arising from prior training of the opposite limb determine levels of interlimb transfer.

We used three vision conditions shown previously to modulate the excitability of corticospinal projections to the inactive (right) limb during wrist flexion movements performed by the training (left) limb. These were: mirrored visual feedback of the training limb; no visual feedback of either limb; and visual feedback of the inactive limb. Training comprised 300 discrete, ballistic wrist flexion movements executed as rapidly as possible. Performance of the right limb on the same task was assessed prior to, at the mid point of, and following left limb training.

There was no evidence that variations in the excitability of corticospinal projections (assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) to the inactive limb were associated with, or predictive of, the extent of interlimb transfer that was expressed. There were however associations between alterations in muscle activation dynamics observed for the untrained limb, and the degree of positive transfer that arose from training of the opposite limb.

The results suggest that the acute adaptations that mediate the bilateral performance gains realised through unilateral practice of this ballistic wrist flexion task are mediated by neural elements other than those within M1 that are recruited at rest by single-pulse TMS.

Q-enhancement with on-chip inductor optimization for reconfigurable Δ-Σ radio-frequency ADC

The paper details on-chip inductor optimization for a reconfigurable continuous-time delta-sigma (Δ-Σ) modulator based radio-frequency analog-to-digital converter. Inductor optimisation enables the Δ-Σ modulator with Q enhanced LC tank circuits employing a single high Q-factor on-chip inductor and lesser quantizer levels thereby reducing the circuit complexity for excess loop delay, power dissipation and dynamic element matching. System level simulations indicate at a Q-factor of 75 Δ- Σ modulator with a 3-level quantizer achieves dynamic ranges of 106, 82 dB and 84 dB for RFID, TETRA, and Galileo over bandwidths of 200 kHz, 10 MHz and 40 MHz respectively.

A tradução da Peregrinaçam de Fernão Mendes Pinto em Espanha, França, Inglaterra e Alemanha no século XVII

Este trabalho de investigação comparativista insere-se no âmbito das relações entretecidas pelos Estudos de Tradução e a Literatura Comparada, nomeadamente no que respeita ao conceito de tradução literária na Europa Ocidental do século XVII. Trata-se de um estudo intercultural, atendendo a que a tradução promove a mudança cultural decorrente de um processo de transferência intercultural com implicações literárias e ideológicas. Os textos que constituíram o nosso objeto de trabalho são a Peregrinaçam de Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614) e as primeiras traduções completas ou parciais para espanhol (1620), da autoria de Francisco de Herrera Maldonado, para francês (1628), de Bernard Figuier, para inglês (1653), de Henry Cogan, e para alemão (1671), dos editores Henrich e Dietrich Boom. No decorrer da análise comparativa, procurámos demonstrar o grau de (in)fidelidade de cada tradução, estabelecendo paralelismos e realçando os procedimentos tradutológicos adotados em cada versão, os quais revelam, claramente, contactos entre si e/ou condicionalismos culturais e ideológicos implícitos. Estudámos o modo como cada tradução adaptou a obra original ao gosto e aos códigos linguísticos e literários do seu público-alvo. No desenvolvimento do nosso trabalho, tivemos em mente os códigos tradutológicos do século XVII em Espanha, França, Inglaterra e Alemanha, em virtude de o nosso corpus ser constituído por textos publicados no decorrer desse período. Como metodologia de trabalho, delimitámos cinco momentos narrativos, no interior dos quais foram encontradas e analisadas comparativamente passagens consideradas exemplificativas das principais técnicas tradutivas características de cada texto e das inter-relações estabelecidas entre eles. Por fim, um outro objetivo nosso consistiu na avaliação do significado e da relevância da receção da tradução- -adaptação desta obra portuguesa naqueles contextos de chegada (no momento imediato e para além dele).

Nachrichtendienstpsychologie 4

Mit dem vorliegenden Band kann bereits der Vierte zum Thema Nachrichtendienstpsychologie herausgegeben werden. Nach Kenntnis der Herausgeber stoßen die Aufsatzsammlungen zu unterschiedlichen psychologischen Themen, die im Rahmen der nachrichtendienstlichen Arbeit von Interesse sind, auch außerhalb der Nachrichtendienste auf Interesse. Dies dürfte zum Teil darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass einige Themen inhaltliche Überschneidungen zu der Aufgabenstellung anderer Sicherheitsbehörden, wie z.B. der Polizeibehörden aufweisen. Aber auch innerhalb der Nachrichtendienste ergibt sich verstärkt die Notwendigkeit, bei der Lösung von Fragestellungen psychologische Erkenntnisse zu nutzen bzw. – auf dem speziellen Gebiet der Nachrichtendienstpsychologie – selbst zu generieren. Die Nachrichtendienste sind Bestandteil einer rechtsstaatlichen Struktur, die Gefahren für die Öffentlichkeit erkennen sollen. Dass auch Nachrichtendienste sich nicht vom wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt abkoppeln können, wenn sie dieser Aufgabe nachkommen wollen, ist evident. Wenn beispielsweise Gefahren für die öffentliche Sicherheit von Personen ausgehen, die sich ihrerseits psychologischer Mittel bedienen, müssen Sicherheitsbehörden klären, wie diese psychologischen Mittel eingesetzt werden und welche Wirkung sie entfalten, um ggf. Gegenstrategien vorzuschlagen. Aber auch ihr eigenes Instrumentarium müssen Nachrichtendienste ständig verbessern. Zentral dafür ist die Schulung der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter. Hierzu beizutragen ist eine Funktion der Reihe Nachrichtendienstpsychologie.

Zusammenhänge zwischen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, betriebswirtschaftlichem Denken und beruflichem Erfolg

Für diese Studie wurden 38 Führungskräfte der mittleren und der oberen Managementebene sowie 36 Studierende der Betriebwirtschaftslehre und der Wirtschaftsinformatik zu Persönlichkeitsdimensionen, der Fähigkeit zu wirtschaftlichem Denken sowie zum Karriereverlauf befragt. Die Führungskräfte sind tendenziell emotional stabiler und weisen signifikant höhere Werte in der verbalen Intelligenz auf als die Studierenden. In den Persönlichkeitsdimensionen Emotionale Stabilität, Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Offenheit für Neues und Gewissenhaftigkeit unterscheiden sich Führungskräfte und Studierende hingegen nicht signifikant. Auch in der Persönlichkeitsdimension Psychopathie unterscheiden sich beide Gruppen nicht signifikant. Psychopathie wird in dieser Untersuchung als Persönlichkeitsdimension operationalisiert, nicht als psychopathologische Kategorie mit Krankheitswert. Ein substantieller Zusammenhang zwischen Psychopathiewerten und der Fähigkeit zu wirtschaftlichem Denken wurde nicht festgestellt. Es wird vermutet, dass der fehlende Zusammenhang auf die unzureichende Operationalisierung von wirtschaftlichem Denken zurückzuführen ist. In den Folgeuntersuchungen wird wirtschaftliches Denken umfassender operationalisiert werden.

Gestaltungsrichtlinien : Style Guides planen, erstellen und pflegen

In diesem Buch werden verschiedene theoretische und praktische Aspekte der Erstellung von Gestaltungsrichtlinien (Style Guides) erläutert.

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit : ein Ratgeber für Klein- und Mittelunternehmen

Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen müssen aktive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit betreiben. Nur wenige können einen Profi einstellen, der diese Funktion übernimmt. Also muss jemand im Betrieb einspringen, Pläne entwickeln, die Pressemitteilungen schreiben und vergleichbare Aufgaben wahrnehmen. Dazu geben die Autoren praktische Hilfe mit vielen Checklisten. Sie zeigen Wege für den erfolgreichen Auftritt in der Öffentlichkeit und vor der Presse, führen in die aktuellen Themen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ein (Konzepte, Pressearbeit, interne Information, Krisen sowie Konflikte) und verzichten dabei auf allen Ballast, der in der Praxis des Klein- und Mittelbetriebs nicht interessiert.

Leichte Sprache - Einfache Sprache

Diese Literaturrecherche versucht eine Darstellung des Leseprozesses sowie der Leichten Sprache, die Menschen mit Lesestörungen dienen soll. Es stellt sich heraus, dass künftig ein anderes System erforderlich sein wird, das es gestattet, Leserkategorien und Lernprozesse zu berücksichtigen. Die Entwicklung einer Alternative auf der Basis einer geregelten Sprache (controlled language) könnte im Unterschied zur Leichten Sprache Dokumenttypen, Leserkategorien, Wort- und Grammatikkenntnisse sowie das beim Leser vorhandene Wissen berücksichtigen.