Effects of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 and apolipoprotein E isoforms on bone metabolism in vivo

LRP4, member of the LDLR family, is a multifunctional membrane-bound receptor that is expressed in various tissues. The expression of LRP4 by osteoblasts, its novel interaction with Wnt-signaling inhibitors Dkk1 and SOST, and the lower levels of activated beta-catenin in different bone locations described here, adds another player to the long list of established factors that modulate canonical Wnt-signaling in bone. By demonstrating that in addition to Wise, LRP4 is able to interact with two additional important modulators of Wnt- and BMP-signaling, our perspective of the complexity of the integration of BMP and Wnt-signaling pathways on the osteoblast surface has expanded further. Nevertheless the recently described association of both the SOST and LRP4 genes with BMD in humans, together with our findings suggest that LRP4 plays a physiologically important role in the skeletal development and bone metabolism not only in rodents, but in humans as well. The efficiency with which LRP4 binds both SOST and Dkk1, presumably at the osteoblastic surface, LRP4 may act as a sink and competes with LRP5/6 for the binding of these Wnt antagonists, which then are no longer available for suppression of the signal through the LRP5/6 axis. rnApoE, a 299 amino acid glycoprotein, is a crucial regulator in the uptake of triglyceride, phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol into cells. ApoE has been linked to osteoporosis, and such a role is further strengthened by the present of a high bone mass phenotype in ApoE null mice. Until recently, the effects of respective ApoE isoforms E2, E3, and E4, and their impact on bone metabolism, have been unclear. Here we report that respective human ApoE knockin mice display diverse effects on bone metabolism. ApoE2 mice show decreased trabecular bone volume per total volume in femoral bone and lumbar spine in comparison to ApoE3 and E4 animals. In this context, urinary bone resorption marker DPD is increased in these animals, which is accompanied by a low ratio of osteoclastogenesis markers OPG/RANKL. Interestingly, serum bone formation markers ALP and OCN are diminished in ApoE4 mice. In contrast to this finding, ApoE2 mice show the lowest bone formation of all groups in vivo. These findings cannot be explained by the low receptor-affinity of ApoE2 and subsequent decreased uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by osteoblasts, resulting in elevated levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Thus, other crucial pathways relevant for bone metabolism, e. g. Wnt/beta-catenin-signaling pathways, must be, compared to the ApoE3/4 isoforms, more affected by the ApoE2 isoform.

Mechanisms Contributing to Tyrosin Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in GISTs: Toward a Personalized Therapy

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. This work considers the pharmacological response in GIST patients treated with imatinib by two different angles: the genetic and somatic point of view. We analyzed polymorphisms influence on treatment outcome, keeping in consideration SNPs in genes involved in drug transport and folate pathway. Naturally, all these intriguing results cannot be considered as the only main mechanism in imatinib response. GIST mainly depends by oncogenic gain of function mutations in tyrosin kinase receptor genes, KIT or PDGFRA, and the mutational status of these two genes or acquisition of secondary mutation is considered the main player in GIST development and progression. To this purpose we analyzed the secondary mutations to better understand how these are involved in imatinib resistance. In our analysis we considered both imatinib and the second line treatment, sunitinib, in a subset of progressive patients. KIT/PDGFRA mutation analysis is an important tool for physicians, as specific mutations may guide therapeutic choices. Currently, the only adaptations in treatment strategy include imatinib starting dose of 800 mg/daily in KIT exon-9-mutated GISTs. In the attempt to individualize treatment, genetic polymorphisms represent a novelty in the definition of biomarkers of imatinib response in addition to the use of tumor genotype. Accumulating data indicate a contributing role of pharmacokinetics in imatinib efficacy, as well as initial response, time to progression and acquired resistance. At the same time it is becoming evident that genetic host factors may contribute to the observed pharmacokinetic inter-patient variability. Genetic polymorphisms in transporters and metabolism may affect the activity or stability of the encoded enzymes. Thus, integrating pharmacogenetic data of imatinib transporters and metabolizing genes, whose interplay has yet to be fully unraveled, has the potential to provide further insight into imatinib response/resistance mechanisms.

Interactions between the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and the immune system in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

The gut microbiota (GM) is essential for human health and contributes to several diseases; indeed it can be considered an extension of the self and, together with the genetic makeup, determines the physiology of an organism. In this thesis has been studied the peripheral immune system reconstitution in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) in the early phase; in parallel, have been also explored the gut microbiota variations as one of the of primary factors in governing the fate of the immunological recovery, predisposing or protecting from complications such as the onset of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Has been demonstrated, to our knowledge for the first time, that aHSCT in pediatric patients is associated to a profound modification of the GM ecosystem with a disruption of its mutualistic asset. aGvHD and non-aGvHD subjects showed differences in the process of GM recovery, in members abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and in propionate fecal concentration; the latter are higher in the pre-HSCT composition of non-GvHD subjects than GvHD ones. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, butyrate and propionate, are end-products of microbial fermentation of macronutrients and distribute systemically from the gut to blood. For this reason, has been studied their effect in vitro on human DCs, the key regulators of our immune system and the main player of aGvHD onset. Has been observed that propionate and, particularly, butyrate show a strong and direct immunomodulatory activity on DCs reducing inflammatory markers such as chemokines and interleukins. This study, with the needed caution, suggests that the pre-existing GM structure can be protective against aGvHD onset, exerting its protective role through SCFAs. They, indeed, may regulate cell traffic within secondary lymphoid tissues, influence T cell development during antigen recognition, and, thus, directly shape the immune system.

DNA-Reparatur und Zelltod nach gentoxischem Stress in Monozyten, dendritischen Zellen und Makrophagen

Monozyten wie auch dendritische Zellen (DCs) und Makrophagen sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil des angeborenenen unspezifischen Immunsystems. Ein Kennzeichen dieser Zellen ist die Produktion von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) zur Abtötung von Pathogenen. Im Fall von chronischen Entzündungen oder Infekten kann es zu einer explosionsartigen Freisetzung freier Radikale kommen ('Oxidative Burst'). Aus vorangegangenen Untersuchungen war bekannt, dass die Expression der beiden Basen Exziosions Reparatur (BER)-Proteine XRCC1 und Ligase III während der Ausreifung humaner Monozyten zu DCs induziert wird (Briegert and Kaina, 2007). Dies lies vermuten, dass Monozyten aufgrund einer defekten BER eine hohe Sensitivität gegenüber ROS aufweisen. Um diese Hypothese zu überprüfen, wurde die Wirkung von ROS auf humane Monozyten und daraus abgeleiteten DCs und Makrophagen untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Monozyten eine hohe Sensitivität gegenüber oxidativem Stress aufweisen, was auf eine höhere Einzelstrangbruch-Rate zurückzuführen war. Ursache hierfür ist das Fehlen der BER-Proteine XRCC1, Ligase III und PARP-1. Die fehlende Expression dieser Proteine resultierte letztendlich in Monozyten in einem Defekt der BER und DNA-Einzelstrangbruchreparatur. rnDie Proteine XRCC1, Ligase III und PARP-1 sind auch Bestandteil des Apparats des B-NHEJ ('backup-non homologous end joining'), was auf eine Beeinträchtigung der Monozyten hinsichtlich der Prozessierung von Doppelstrangbrüchen (DSBs) schließen lässt. Zur Untersuchung dieser Vermutung, wurde die Wirkung von Ionisierender Strahlung ('ionizing radiation'; IR) auf Monozyten, DCs und Makrophagen bestimmt. Monozyten zeigten eine signifikant höhere Sensitivität gegenüber IR als DCs und Makrophagen, was auf eine erhöhte DSB-Rate in den Monozyten nach IR zurückzuführen war. Expressionsanalysen und ein DNA-PK-Aktivitäts-Assay zeigten zusätzlich, dass Monozyten keine DNA-PKcs, ein bedeutender Faktor des C-NHEJ, exprimieren. Somit haben Monozyten sowohl einen Defekt im B-NHEJ als auch im C-NHEJ und sind demnach nicht in der Lage, DSBs zu reparieren.rnAuch gegenüber dem Alkylanz und Chemotherapeutikum Temozolomid bewirken die Reparaturdefekte eine hohe Sensitivität der Monozyten. Zur Therapie von Hirntumoren werden neben der Operation, die Bestrahlung und Chemotherapie mit Temozolomid angewendet. Die hohe Sensitivität von Monozyten gegenüber IR und Temozolomid könnte eine Erklärung für die starke Immunsuppression bei einer derartigen Therapie sein.rn

Aktivierung von c-Jun-N-terminalen Kinasen (SAPK,JNK) als Teil der späten Cisplatin abhängigen DNA-Schadensantwort

Stress-aktivierte-Protein-Kinasen (c-Jun-N-terminal kinases) SAPK/JNK werden sehr schnell nach Exposition von Zellen mit verschiedensten Noxen, wie beispielsweise Genotoxinen, aktiviert. Sie sind allerdings noch nicht als Teil der DNA-Schadensantwort etabliert. In dieser Arbeit sollte gezeigt werden, das SAPK/JNK einen wichtigen Teil innerhalb der DNA-Schadensantwort spielen. Aus diesem Grund wurde zu frühen (z.B.: 4 h) als auch zu späten Zeiten (z.B.: 24 h) die Bildung von DNA-Addukten nach Cisplatin Exposition untersucht und überprüft, ob diese mit dem Aktivierungsstatus der SAPK/JNK nach Cisplatinbehandlung korreliert. Menschliche Fibroblasten, die einen Defekt in der Transkription gekoppelten Nukleotid-Exzisionsreparatur (TC-NER) aufwiesen, wie beispielsweise CSB-Zellen (Cockayne Syndrom B) oder XPA-Zellen (Xeroderma Pigmentosum A), sind charakterisiert durch einen erhöhten Phosphorylierungsstatus der SAPK/JNK, 16 h nach Cisplatingabe, im Vergleich zu normalen Wildtyp-Fibroblasten. Die nach Cisplatin Exposition beobachtete Aktivierung der SAPK/JNK ist quantitativ jedoch nicht vergleichbar mit dem Level an gebildeten Cisplatin-DNA-Addukten, wie in den Southwestern- und Massenspektrometrischen Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte. Es konnten jedoch Parallelen zwischen der Aktivierung der SAPK/JNK, sowie den gezeigten γ-H2AX-Foci als auch der Aktivierung von Check-Point Kinasen gefunden werden. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche (DSB) an der späten Aktivierung des SAPK/JNK Signalweges beteiligt sind. Dementsprechend lässt sich ebenfalls in Zellen, die einen Defekt in der Reparatur von Doppelstrangsbrüchen aufweisen, wie beispielsweise DNA-PKcs Zellen, eine erhöhte, durch Cisplatin hervorgerufene späte Phosphorylierung der SAPK/JNK als auch eine vermehrte γ-H2AX-Foci Bildung und Check-Point Kinasen Aktivierung nachweisen. Vergleichend dazu zeigten Zellen mit einem Defekt in ATM (Ataxia telegiectasia mutated protein) oder XPC keine erhöhte Phosphorylierung zu späten Zeiten nach Cisplatin Behandlung. Weiterhin bleibt festzuhalten, dass die späte, durch Cisplatin hervorgerufene Schadensantwort unabhängig von p53, ER-Stress oder MKP-1 ist. Die SAPK/JNK Aktivierung nach Cisplatin Exposition erfordert funktionsfähige Rho-GTPasen und kann durch pharmakologische Hemmung der Tyrosin-Kinasen und durch N-Acetylcystein gehemmt werden. Es lässt sich zusammenfassend sagen, dass die durch Cisplatin induzierte späte SAPK/JNK Aktivierung durch die Formation von DSB initiiert wird und XPC, Rho-Proteine sowie Tyrosin Kinasen an der Signalweiterleitung beteiligt sind.

Relevance of the pig stomach for the detection of dietary factors and gut maturation and control

In this thesis two approaches were applied to achieve a double general objective. The first chapter was dedicated to the study of the distribution of the expression of genes of several bitter and fat receptor in several gastrointestinal tracts. A set of 7 genes for bitter taste and for 3 genes for fat taste was amplified with real-time PCR from mRNA extracted from 5 gastrointestinal segments of weaned pigs. The presence of gene expression for several chemosensing receptors for bitter and fat taste in different compartments of the stomach confirms that this organ should be considered a player for the early detection of bolus composition. In the second chapter we investigated in young pigs the distribution of butyrate-sensing olfactory receptor (OR51E1) receptor along the GIT, its relation with some endocrine markers, its variation with age, and after interventions affecting the gut environment and intestinal microbiota in piglets and in different tissues. Our results indicate that OR51E1 is strictly related to the normal GIT enteroendocrine activity. In the third chapter we investigated the differential gene expression between oxyntic and pyloric mucosa in seven starter pigs. The obtained data indicate that there is significant differential gene exression between oxintic of the young pig and pyloric mucosa and further functional studies are needed to confirm their physiological importance. In the last chapter, thymol, that has been proposed as an oral alternative to antibiotics in the feed of pigs and broilers, was introduced directly into the stomach of 8 weaned pigs and sampled for gastric oxyntic and pyloric mucosa. The analysis of the whole transcript expression shoes that the stimulation of gastric proliferative activity and the control of digestive activity by thymol can influence positively gastric maturation and function in the weaned pigs.

Einfluss des Calcium-sensitiven Rezeptors auf knochenspezifische Metastasierungsprozesse des Nierenzellkarzinoms

Der Grund für die schlechte Prognose beim Nierenzellkarzinom (NZK) stellt nicht der Primärtumor dar sondern ist vielmehr der häufigen Ausbildung von Fernmetastasen geschuldet. Etwa 30 % aller Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem NZK bilden dabei Metastasen in den Knochen aus. Das Knochenmilieu scheint, aufgrund der hohen Frequenz der knochenspezifischen Metastasierung, einen idealen Wachstumslokus für die Nierenkarzinomzellen dazustellen und rückte in der jüngsten Vergangenheit in den Fokus der Forschung. Dabei konnte der Calcium-sensitive Rezeptor (CaSR), der im gesunden Gewebe die Konzentration der extrazellulären Calcium-Ionen reguliert und besonders in der Niere von Bedeutung ist, mit der Metastasierung in die Knochen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Die Knochen stellen im Körper das Organ mit der höchsten Calcium-Konzentration dar. Durch ständigen Knochenmetabolismus werden Calcium-Ionen freigesetzt, welche CaSR-exprimierende Zellen aktivieren können. Aus diesem Grund wurden im Zusammenhang mit dieser Arbeit Nierenkarzinomzellen (786 O) sowie gesunde Nierenzellen (HEK 293) mit dem Gen des CaSR transfiziert und anschließend unter dem Einfluss von Calcium (10 mM – 30 Min.), einem CaSR-Aktivator (Cinacalcet (10 µM – 1 Std.)), sowie einem CaSR-Inhibitor (NPS2143 (10 µM – 1 Std.)) auf Unterschiede im zellulären Verhalten hin untersucht.rnBereits ohne Calcium-Behandlung zeigten die CaSR-transfizierten 786 O-Zellen ein gesteigertes Migrationsverhalten (durchgeführt in einer Boyden Kammer, Fibronektin als Chemotaxin) und ein erhöhtes Adhäsionspotential (zum einen an Kompo¬nenten der EZM (Fibronektin und Kollagen I) und zum anderen an HUVEC). Bei den CaSR-transfizierten HEK 293-Zellen wurde nur die Migration positiv beeinflusst. Nach einer 30-minütigen Behandlung mit Calcium zeigten die CaSR-transfizierten 786 O-Zellen eine starke Zunahme des Adhäsions- und Proli¬ferations-verhaltens, sowie eine verstärkte Migration bei Verwendung von Calcium als Chemotaxin. CaSR-transfizierte HEK 293-Zellen hingegen zeigten keine Migration und nach Calcium-Behandlung nur geringfügige Änderungen in Adhäsion und Proliferation. Konsistent mit diesen Ergebnissen war die Auswertung der intrazellulären Signalwege mit Hilfe von Western Blot-Analysen. In CaSR-expri-mierenden 786 O-Zellen waren die Signalwege AKT, ERK, JNK und p38α nach Calcium-Behandlung deutlich erhöht. In den HEK 293-Zellen kam es zu einer Zunahme der Proteinmenge aktivierter ERK-, JNK-, Paxillin- und SHC-Moleküle. Mit Hilfe einer Kombinationsbehandlung aus NPS2143 und Calcium konnte der Calcium-bedingte Effekt in durchweg allen Untersuchungen wieder bis auf das Kontrollniveau gesenkt werden. Die Verwendung von Cinacalcet und Calcium führte zwar erneut zu deutlichen Steigerungen der zellulären Vorgänge, lag aber immer unter dem Calcium-abhängigen Maximum.rnDurch die Simulation der Vorgänge, die während einer Metastasierung ablaufen, konnte gezeigt werden, dass der CaSR in Nierenkarzinomzellen die Knochen-metastasierung induziert. Sollten sich diese Zusammenhänge in vivo im Mausmodell bestätigen, könnte der CaSR zukünftig als Marker für eine Früherkennung von Knochenmetastasen fungieren. Zudem könnten indivi¬dual¬isierte Therapieansätze entwickelt werden, die knochenmetastasierende Zellen bereits vor Metastasierung effizient bekämpfen können.rn

Investigating strategies and indicators for sustainable campus: Comparison and synergies between University of Bologna and Delft University of Technology

Sustainable development is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty fist-century. Various university has begun the debate about the content of this concept and the ways in which to integrate it into their policy, organization and activities. Universities have a special responsibility to take over a leading position by demonstrating best practices that sustain and educate a sustainable society. For that reason universities have the opportunity to create the culture of sustainability for today’s student, and to set their expectations for how the world should be. This thesis aim at analyzing how Delft University of Technology and University of Bologna face the challenge of becoming a sustainable campus. In this context, both universities have been studied and analyzed following the International Sustainable Campus Network (ISCN) methodology that provides a common framework to formalize commitments and goals at campus level. In particular this work has been aimed to highlight which key performance indicators are essential to reach sustainability as a consequence the following aspects has been taken into consideration: energy use, water use, solid waste and recycling, carbon emission. Subsequently, in order to provide a better understanding of the current state of sustainability on University of Bologna and Delft University of Technology, and potential strategies to achieve the stated objective, a SWOT Analysis has been undertaken. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats have been shown to understand how the two universities can implement a synergy to improve each other. In the direction of framing a “Sustainable SWOT” has been considered the model proposed by People and Planet, so it has been necessary to evaluate important matters as for instance policy, investment, management, education and engagement. Regarding this, it has been fundamental to involve the main sustainability coordinators of the two universities, this has been achieved through a brainstorming session. Partnerships are key to the achievement of sustainability. The creation of a bridge between two universities aims to join forces and to create a new generation of talent. As a result, people can become able to support universities in the exchange of information, ideas, and best practices for achieving sustainable campus operations and integrating sustainability in research and teaching. For this purpose the project "SUCCESS" has been presented, the project aims to create an interactive European campus network that can be considered a strategic key player for sustainable campus innovation in Europe. Specifically, the main key performance indicators have been analyzed and the importance they have for the two universities and their strategic impact have been highlighted. For this reason, a survey was conducted with people who play crucial roles for sustainability within the two universities and they were asked to evaluate the KPIs of the project. This assessment has been relevant because has represented the foundation to develop a strategy to create a true collaboration.

Vending Machines avanzate basate su principi di Physical Web e Internet of Things

La costante evoluzione tecnologica sta portando alla luce nuove possibilità, che un tempo non erano nemmeno immaginabili. Uno dei settori che si è rivoluzionato maggiormente negli ultimi anni è quello delle telecomunicazioni e questo ha portato sia a una riduzione dei costi per le connessioni a Internet, sia ad un aumento delle loro capacità e prestazioni; di conseguenza queste connessioni sono diventate più accessibili e affidabili permettendo alle persone e alle cose di accedere a Internet quasi ininterrottamente. Questo sviluppo sta portando innumerevoli benefici, ma come ciascuna innovazione tecnologica, tuttavia, i benefici si accompagnano a nuove sfide. In questo elaborato viene dapprima analizzato lo stato dell’arte, i benefici, le problematiche e gli attuali interessi da parte di alcuni dei maggiori player verso l’Internet of Things. Vengono poi prese in considerazione due problematiche: l'individuazione e l'interazione con gli oggetti connessi a Internet, portando come esempio l'utilizzo e la ricerca di una vending machine, un distributore automatico. Proponendo una soluzione, in primo luogo è stato effettuato lo sviluppo di un ecosistema che sfrutta le potenzialità del Physical Web, implementando ad hoc ogni componente, dall'emissione del beacon Eddystone-URL alla visualizzazione della pagina ad esso associata. In secondo luogo questa è stata creata un'applicazione Android che sfrutta l'altro tipo di frame offerto dalla piattaforma beacon di Google, l'Eddystone-UID. Queste due applicazioni vengono quindi analizzate e messe a confronto, per individuare i punti forti e le mancanze delle rispettive piattaforme.

Implementazione e analisi di un’applicazione Android per il Dynamic Adaptive Streaming cooperativo tramite Http e WiFi-Direct

Questo lavoro ha lo scopo di presentare l’implementazione e la valutazione di un’applicazione Android che permetta la riproduzione di uno streaming auto-adattante conforme allo standard DASH sfruttando le funzionalità offerte dal player ”ExoPLayer” a cui viene aggiunta la funzionalità di caching e condivisione dei relativi segmenti tramite WiFi-Direct. Questo al fine di raggiungere diversi obiettivi come la riduzione dell’utilizzo di reti mobili, l’aumento della qualità e/o una riproduzione più fluida. Si è inoltre sviluppato un simulatore in C++ che permette di valutare il comportamento dell’applicazione, l’algoritmo usato per la scelta dei segmenti, e i vantaggi correlati.

Strategie di offerta di servizi streaming in Internet: Studio di caso "Amazon-Twitch"

Internet è la rete globale a cui si può avere accesso in modo estremamente facile, consentendo praticamente a chiunque di inserire i propri contenuti in tempi rapidi, a costi quasi nulli e senza limitazioni geografiche. Il progresso tecnologico e la maggiore disponibilità della banda larga, uniti alle nuove modalità di fruizione ed ai nuovi format, hanno portato ben il 70% degli web users a vedere video online regolarmente. La popolarità dei servizi di streaming video è cresciuta rapidamente, tanto da registrare dei dati di traffico impressionanti negli ultimi due anni. Il campo applicativo della tesi è Twitch, il più celebre servizio di streaming che è riuscito ad imporsi come quarto sito negli Stati Uniti per traffico Internet: un dato sorprendente se pensiamo che si occupa solo di videogiochi. Il fenomeno Twitch è destinato a durare, lo dimostrano i 970 milioni di dollari investiti da Amazon nel 2014 per acquistare la piattaforma, diventata così una sussidiaria di Amazon. L'obiettivo della tesi è stato lo studio di mercato della piattaforma, attraverso il recupero e l'analisi delle informazioni reperibili in letteratura, nonché attraverso estrapolazione di dati originari mediante le API del sito. Si è proceduto all’analisi delle caratteristiche del mercato servito, in termini di segmentazione effettiva, rivolta alla messa in evidenza della possibile dipendenza dai comportamenti dei player, con particolare attenzione alla possibile vulnerabilità.

Comportamenti di fruizione su piattaforme streaming: il caso Twitch

Internet e il Web rappresentano una risorsa informativa immensa, utilizzabile anche per compiere indagini di mercato, soprattutto a fronte di nuovi fenomeni di consumo. Un caso emergente è rappresentato dai servizi di video streaming. La piattaforma presa in considerazione dal mio studio di analisi è Twitch, leader nel segmento di mercato dei video-giochi. Attraverso di essa milioni di follower seguono in tempo reali i comportamenti di gioco di migliaia di player, fra i quali i principali campioni mondiali di e-sports. La tesi ha esaminato, attraverso lo studio di fonti di letteratura e di mercato, le principali caratteristiche di relazione degli utenti. Su tale base è stato definito un campione attraverso uso delle API del sito, oggetto di studio finalizzato alla comprensione dei comportamenti di scelta da parte dei follower. Fra i vari esiti, emerge confermata la presenza e tutti i livelli di analisi della distribuzione power-law, tipica anche di Internet nel suoi complesso.

Sviluppo di applicazioni mobili attraverso framework cross-platform: una valutazione sperimentale

Sviluppare e manutenere applicativi destinati a differenti piattaforme è un’opzione esclusiva di quelle entità capaci di sostenere costi molto alti per la realizzazione di queste applicazioni. Questo esclude gli sviluppatori indipendenti, che spesso realizzano prodotti in totale autonomia; le start-up, che hanno l’esigenza di sviluppare un’idea di business avendo a disposizione budget estremamente ridotti; le piccole aziende, alle quali viene così preclusa la possibilità di competere con player più importanti. Questo tipo di emergenze rende lo sviluppo cross-platform una soluzione interessante per la realizzazione delle applicazioni mobili, abbattendo i costi di sviluppo e permettendo di raggiungere più velocemente un pubblico più ampio. C'è quindi sempre maggiore interesse, da parte degli sviluppatori, per gli strumenti di sviluppo cross-platform. Per catturare l’attenzione degli sviluppatori è necessario che lo strumento sia dotato di buona stabilità, che offra un ambiente di sviluppo confortevole, una buona user experience, facilità di aggiornamento, tempi di sviluppo contenuti e possibilità di immissione delle applicazioni su diversi ecosistemi software. L’idea alla base di questa Tesi di laurea è valutare i pro e i contro di uno di questi framework cross-platform e compararlo con le tecnologie native. Il framework scelto è Ionic per via della sua popolarità tra gli sviluppatori e della ridotta bibliografia scientifica a riguardo. Molte ricerche scientifiche valutano le prestazioni di uno o più framework cross-platform rispetto ad una soluzione nativa, tuttavia è raro un confronto tra un framework e più soluzioni native. Per questo, oltre a valutare i pro e i contro del framework, verrà anche effettuata una comparazione tra gli applicativi nativi per Android e iOS e le controparti sviluppate attraverso Ionic, permettendo di identificare eventuali differenze di performance e aiutare gli sviluppatori nelle scelte tecnologiche.

Sensitive and selective detection of free FXIII activation peptide: a potential marker of acute thrombotic events

Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) stabilizes fibrin fibers and is therefore a major player in the maintenance of hemostasis. FXIII is activated by thrombin resulting in cleavage and release of the FXIII activation peptide (AP-FXIII). The objective of this study was to characterize the released AP-FXIII and determine specific features that may be used for its specific detection. We analyzed the structure of bound AP-FXIII within the FXIII A-subunit and interactions of AP-FXIII by hydrogen bonds with both FXIII A-subunit monomers. We optimized our previously developed AP-FXIII ELISA by using 2 monoclonal antibodies. We determined high binding affinities between the antibodies and free AP-FXIII and demonstrated specific binding by epitope mapping analyses with surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Because the structure of free AP-FXIII had been characterized so far by molecular modeling only, we performed structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance. Recombinant AP-FXIII was largely flexible both in plasma and water, differing significantly from the rigid structure in the bound state. We suggest that the recognized epitope is either occluded in the noncleaved form or possesses a structure that does not allow binding to the antibodies. On the basis of our findings, we propose AP-FXIII as a possible new marker for acute thrombotic events.

Intravital microscopy reveals endothelial dysfunction in resistance arterioles in Angiotensin II-induced hypertension

It is known that hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction and that Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a key player in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We aimed to elucidate whether endothelial dysfunction is a specific feature of Ang II-mediated hypertension or a common finding of hypertension, independently of underlying etiology. We studied endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation in precapillary resistance arterioles and in various large-caliber conductance arteries in wild-type mice with Ang II-dependent hypertension (2-kidney 1-clip (2K1C) model) or Ang II-independent (volume overload) hypertension (1-kidney 1-clip model (1K1C)). Normotensive sham mice were used as controls. Aortic mechanical properties were also evaluated. Intravital microscopy of precapillary arterioles revealed a significantly impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in 2K1C mice compared with sham mice, as quantified by the ratio of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced over S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP)-induced vasorelaxation (2K1C: 0.49±0.12 vs. sham: 0.87±0.11, P=0.018). In contrast, the ACh/SNAP ratio in volume-overload hypertension 1K1C mice was not significantly different from sham mice, indicating no specific endothelial dysfunction (1K1C: 0.77±0.27 vs. sham: 0.87±0.11, P=0.138). Mechanical aortic wall properties and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, assessed ex vivo in rings of large-caliber conductance (abdominal and thoracic aorta, carotid and femoral arteries), were not different between 2K1C, 1K1C and sham mice. Endothelial dysfunction is an early feature of Ang II- but not volume-overload-mediated hypertension. This occurs exclusively at the level of precapillary arterioles and not in conduit arteries. Our findings, if confirmed in clinical studies, will provide a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension.