Models for the estimation of thermodynamic properties of layered double hydroxides: application to the study of their anion exchange characteristics

Several models for the estimation of thermodynamic properties of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are presented. The predicted thermodynamic quantities calculated by the proposed models agree with experimental thermodynamic data. A thermodynamic study of the anion exchange process on LDHs is also made using the described models. Tables for the prediction of monovalent anion exchange selectivities on LDHs are provided. Reasonable agreement is found between the predicted and the experimental monovalent anion exchange selectivities.

Análise química de sais de cobre fabricados entre 1877 e 1995

Samples of copper compounds covering all of the XXth century and the end of the XIXth century were submitted to classical and instrumental quantitative analysis. The amount of impurities greatly decreased with time, reaching a constant level since the 1960's. The gravimetric method was suitable for the determination of copper although other procedures also gave good or reasonable results. However, for metal contaminants, atomic absorption spectrometry was the best choice because of its lower detection limits, being able to determine several elements in the oldest samples. Ion chromatography detected several anions in copper salts manufactured before the 1950's. An increasing quality of raw materials and a better sensitivity of analytical methods led to quality improvement of copper compounds with time.

Parâmetros termodinâmicos da reação de adsorção de boro em solos tropicais altamente intemperizados

The driving force of boron adsorption on some tropical soils was evaluated by means of thermodynamic parameters. The batch method was employed, and the reaction was monitored at different pH values. The Langmuir equation successfully fitted the experimental results and provided reasonable isotherm parameters. Boron adsorption increased as a function of the pH of the soil solution and the concentration of added boron. The reaction was favorable and proceeded spontaneously, being strongly exoergic, as indicated by a negative free energy (deltaG) and a separation factor (K R) < 1. The boron adsorption phenomenon and the soil-solution interface were thermodinamically described using a theoretical model.

Strategian toimeenpanokeinot muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä

Nykyinen strategia ajattelu perustuu filosofiaan, jossa yrityksen aineeton pääoma muuttuu aineelliseksi tulokseksi organisaatioiden resursseja, kyvykkyyksiä ja osaamista hyödyntämällä. Strategisissa tuloskorteissa oppimisen ja kasvun näkökulma kuvaa, miten ihmiset, teknologia ja organisaatioilmapiiri voivat toimia yhdessä strategian toimeenpanemiseksi. Oppimisen ja kasvun tulosten paraneminen ennakoi parannusta myös sisäisiin prosesseihin, asiakasnäkökulmaan ja taloudelliseen menestykseen. Työn teoriaosuudessa luotiin laaja katsaus eri strategiakoulukuntiin, keskittyen etenkin Mintzbergin konfiguraatio strategiakoulukunnan oppeihin. Tämän pohjalta tehtiin määritys strategia ajattelulle; strategiaprosessille ja strategialle muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä. Strategiaprosessin kriittiset alueet, sekä strategialähtöisen organisaation periaatteet huomioon ottaen, tehtiin kirjallisuuskartoitusta strategian toimeenpanokeinoista ja käytännön tutkimus niiden käytön yleisyydestä eri organisaatioissa. Tulosten mukaisesti monet keinot ovat aktiivisessa käytössä, mutta toisaalta on nähtävissä, että erilaiset yrityskulttuurit, organisaatioiden "elämäntilanteet" ja resurssien erilaisuudet tarjoavat erilaiset mahdollisuudet strategian toimeenpanoon ja organisaation osaamisen lisäämiseen. Nopeasti muuttuva toimintaympäristö korostaa joustavaa strategian ja sen toimeenpanon tarvetta. Osaamisen kehittäminen johtaa kasvuun; sen varmistamiseksi on löydettävä omalle organisaatioille sopivat keinot jatkuvaan oppimiseen, muutoskykyisyyden ja sitä kautta kilpailukyvyn saavuttamiseen ja ylläpitämiseen.

Methods for assessing the sustainability of integrated municipal waste management and

The general striving to bring down the number of municipal landfills and to increase the reuse and recycling of waste-derived materials across the EU supports the debates concerning the feasibility and rationality of waste management systems. Substantial decrease in the volume and mass of landfill-disposed waste flows can be achieved by directing suitable waste fractions to energy recovery. Global fossil energy supplies are becoming more and more valuable and expensive energy sources for the mankind, and efforts to save fossil fuels have been made. Waste-derived fuels offer one potential partial solution to two different problems. First, waste that cannot be feasibly re-used or recycled is utilized in the energy conversion process according to EU’s Waste Hierarchy. Second, fossil fuels can be saved for other purposes than energy, mainly as transport fuels. This thesis presents the principles of assessing the most sustainable system solution for an integrated municipal waste management and energy system. The assessment process includes: · formation of a SISMan (Simple Integrated System Management) model of an integrated system including mass, energy and financial flows, and · formation of a MEFLO (Mass, Energy, Financial, Legislational, Other decisionsupport data) decision matrix according to the selected decision criteria, including essential and optional decision criteria. The methods are described and theoretical examples of the utilization of the methods are presented in the thesis. The assessment process involves the selection of different system alternatives (process alternatives for treatment of different waste fractions) and comparison between the alternatives. The first of the two novelty values of the utilization of the presented methods is the perspective selected for the formation of the SISMan model. Normally waste management and energy systems are operated separately according to the targets and principles set for each system. In the thesis the waste management and energy supply systems are considered as one larger integrated system with one primary target of serving the customers, i.e. citizens, as efficiently as possible in the spirit of sustainable development, including the following requirements: · reasonable overall costs, including waste management costs and energy costs; · minimum environmental burdens caused by the integrated waste management and energy system, taking into account the requirement above; and · social acceptance of the selected waste treatment and energy production methods. The integrated waste management and energy system is described by forming a SISMan model including three different flows of the system: energy, mass and financial flows. By defining the three types of flows for an integrated system, the selected factor results needed in the decision-making process of the selection of waste management treatment processes for different waste fractions can be calculated. The model and its results form a transparent description of the integrated system under discussion. The MEFLO decision matrix has been formed from the results of the SISMan model, combined with additional data, including e.g. environmental restrictions and regional aspects. System alternatives which do not meet the requirements set by legislation can be deleted from the comparisons before any closer numerical considerations. The second novelty value of this thesis is the three-level ranking method for combining the factor results of the MEFLO decision matrix. As a result of the MEFLO decision matrix, a transparent ranking of different system alternatives, including selection of treatment processes for different waste fractions, is achieved. SISMan and MEFLO are methods meant to be utilized in municipal decision-making processes concerning waste management and energy supply as simple, transparent and easyto- understand tools. The methods can be utilized in the assessment of existing systems, and particularly in the planning processes of future regional integrated systems. The principles of SISMan and MEFLO can be utilized also in other environments, where synergies of integrating two (or more) systems can be obtained. The SISMan flow model and the MEFLO decision matrix can be formed with or without any applicable commercial or free-of-charge tool/software. SISMan and MEFLO are not bound to any libraries or data-bases including process information, such as different emission data libraries utilized in life cycle assessments.

Non-thermal emission from microquasar/ISM interaction

Context. The interaction of microquasar jets with their environment can produce non-thermal radiation as in the case of extragalactic outflows impacting on their surroundings. Significant observational evidence of jet/medium interaction in galactic microquasars has been collected in the past few years, although little theoretical work has been done regarding the resulting non-thermal emission. Aims. In this work, we investigate the non-thermal emission produced in the interaction between microquasar jets and their environment, and the physical conditions for its production. Methods. We developed an analytical model based on those successfully applied to extragalactic sources. The jet is taken to be a supersonic and mildly relativistic hydrodynamical outflow. We focus on the jet/shocked medium structure in its adiabatic phase, and assume that it grows in a self-similar way. We calculate the fluxes and spectra of the radiation produced via synchrotron, inverse Compton, and relativistic bremsstrahlung processes by electrons accelerated in strong shocks. A hydrodynamical simulation is also performed to investigate further the jet interaction with the environment and check the physical parameters used in the analytical model. Results. For reasonable values of the magnetic field, and using typical values of the external matter density, the non-thermal particles could produce significant amounts of radiation at different wavelengths, although they do not cool primarily radiatively, but by adiabatic losses. The physical conditions of the analytical jet/medium interaction model are consistent with those found in the hydrodynamical simulation. Conclusions. Microquasar jet termination regions could be detectable at radio wavelengths for current instruments sensitive to ~arcminute scales. At X-ray energies, the expected luminosities are moderate, although the emitter is more compact than the radio one. The source may be detectable by XMM-Newton or Chandra, with 1-10 arcsec of angular resolution. The radiation at gamma-ray energies may be within the detection limits of the next generation of satellite and ground-based instruments.

Älykkäät lääkkeenjakoratkaisut:Liiketoimintakonseptien nykytila

Älykkäille lääkkeenjakoratkaisuille tulee luultavasti olemaan tulevaisuudessa suuri kysyntä, sillä asiakasmäärät ja julkisen terveydenhuollon resurssit eivät kohtaa toisiaan. Säilyttääksemme yhteiskuntamme terveydenhuollon tason kohtuullisilla kustannuksilla on ainoana mahdollisuutena alan uudet innovaatiot. Älykkäillä lääkkeenjakoratkaisuilla tarkoitetaan älykkäitä lääkepakkauksia tai muita lääkintään liittyviä tuotteita tai palveluja, jotka mahdollistavat teknologisen edistyksellisyyden avulla ihmistyömäärän vähentämisen terveydenhuollossa. Raportti esittelee tapaustutkimuksen alustavia tuloksia, joissa on tarkoituksena tuoda esille yleiskatsaus tuotteista ja asiakaseduista. Tuotteet on kuvattu niihin liittyvien liiketoimintamallinen tarjoomien avulla. Analyysi rakentuu liiketoimintamallin neljän peruspilarin mukaisesti, Tuote, Asiakassuhde, Rakenne, ja Talous, jotka määrittävät mallin asiakasarvon. Lähtökohtana liiketoimintamallien mittaamisessa on neljä arvon päämittaria: tekniset, taloudelliset, palvelulliset, ja sosiaaliset attribuutit. Esimerkin avulla voidaan huomata, että tarjoamaa markkinoilla on vakiintumaton. Yksi malli painotti lääkkeiden annosjakelun tehokkuutta, toinen nautittujen lääkkeiden oton valvontaa ja kolmas yritti pärjätä molemmissa. Suurimmat hyödyt voidaan nähdä, jos pystytään yhdistämään koneellinen jakelu älykkäisiin jakelulaitteisiin.

Business opportunities in power sector of Ukraine : focus small-scale hydro and wind power sectors

In the last few years, the Ukrainian investment market has constantly shown strong performance and significant growth. This is primarily due to the investment attractiveness of Ukraine. From the perspective of investments in energy sector, Ukraine can be described as a country providing significant number of opportunities to multiply invested funds. But there are numbers of risks which hamper large investments. The work objective was to discover opportunities in small-scale hydropower and wind power sectors of Ukraine and more importantly to prove economic expediency of such investments. Thesis covers major of issues, concerning entering the Ukrainian power market as a foreign investor. It provides basic information about the structure of power market, the state of renewables sector in Ukraine, development of power sector in the regions, functioning of Wholesale Electricity Market, formation of electricity prices, possibilities for implementing joint Implementation mechanism, while the most attention, nevertheless, is concentrated on the opportunities in small-scale hydro and wind power sectors. Theoretical part of the study disclosed that Crimea peninsula has perfect wind conditions and could be a prospective area for wind project development. Investment analysis revealed that project profits will be excellent if green tariff for renewable energy is adopted. By the moment uncertainties about green law adoption bring additional risk to the projects and complicate any investment decision.

Imatran tehtaiden jätevesipäästöjen hallinta- ja analysointityökalun kehittäminen

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää Stora Enso Oyj:n Imatran tehtaille Wedge-pohjainen analysointityökalu, jolla voidaan hallita prosessi- ja päästötietojen yhteys nykyistä paremmin. Wedgeen määriteltiin päästömittauksia, olennaisia prosessimittauksia ja tarpeelliset laskennat kuormituksen ennustamiseksi lähtien tuotantoprosessien tilasta. Työssä tehtiin kemialliselle ja biologiselle jätevedenpuhdistamolle meneville jätevesille laskennallisia malleja, joita verrattiin mitattuihin arvoihin. Kemialliselle jätevedenpuhdistamolle meneville jätevesille tehtiin malli jäteveden virtaamalle. Biologiselle jätevedenpuhdistamolle meneville jätevesille tehtiin mallit jäteveden virtaamalle sekä COD-, AOX- ja alkuainekuormituksille. Alkuaineista työhön otettiin mukaan natrium, rikki ja kloori. Teoriaosassa on käsitelty sellu- ja paperitehtaiden vedenkäyttöä, tehtaan eri osastojen jätevesikuormitusta, jäteveden puhdistusmenetelmiä sekä prosessidatan käsittelymenetelmiä. Kokeellisessa osassa on esitelty mitattujen ja laskennallisten mallien yhteyttä. Suurin osa laskennallisista malleista näyttää seuraavan kohtuullisen hyvin mitattuja arvoja. Kokeellisessa osassa on myös havainnollistettu esimerkkien avulla mallien hyödyntämistä. Työn hyötynä on normaalien kuormitusvaihteluiden ja häiriöpäästöjen entistä tarkempi ja nopeampi erottelu. Pitkällä tähtäimellä Wedge-ohjelman avulla pystytään keskittämään jätevesikuormituksen vähentämistoimenpiteet olennaisimpiin kohteisiin.

Um aparato para monitorar reações rápidas: um "stopped-flow" artesanal de baixo custo

The modern stopped-flow reaction analyzer has shown high efficiency and flexibility, which provides outstanding sample economy with a dead-time of less than 1 ms. However the cost of the equipment imposes a serious restriction to many Brazilian scientists and teachers. In this work we describe the construction of a low-cost stopped-flow system coupled to a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The performance of the system was checked by monitoring the kinetics of two reactions: the fading of phenolphthalein in aqueous alkaline solution and the chlorophyll a demetallation in acid medium. The apparatus showed reasonable efficiency with a dead-time of 0.3 to 0.5 s. The very good results obtained in these two illustrative processes show that the system is satisfactory for determining rate constants with mean reaction times ranging from seconds to minutes.

Carotenóides: propriedades, aplicações e biotransformação para formação de compostos de aroma

Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.

IAS 39 -standardin mukainen suojauslaskenta ja rahavirran suojaus suomalaisissa pörssiyhtiöissä

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia IAS 39 -standardin mukaista suojauslaskentaa ja rahavirran suojauksen soveltamista neljässä suomalaisessa pörssiyhtiössä kolmelta eri toimialalta. Tutkielman perusteella suojauslaskennan soveltamisessa ei havaittu suuria eroavaisuuksia eri toimialojen yhtiöiden välillä. Tutkielmassa päädyttiin johtopäätökseen, että suojauslaskennan soveltamiseen vaikuttaa enemminkin yhtiön liikevaihdon suuruus ja liiketoiminnan laajuus kuin esimerkiksi toimialan luonne. Suojauslaskennan mahdollistama tuloksen volatiliteetin tasaaminen on ensisijainen ja suurin hyöty. Tuloksiin kohdistunut huomio on nykypäivänä kasvanut, ja myös sen vuoksi tuloksen muutosten eliminointi ja suojauslaskenta on yhtiöiden mukaan tärkeää. Soveltamista harkittaessa prosessia tarkastellaan monesta eri näkökulmasta. Nykyisellä taloustilanteella on ollut vaikutuksia yhtiöiden liiketoimintaan ja suojauksiin, mutta suojauslaskentaan vain välillisesti.

Implantació d'un sistema de gestió integrada: ISO 9001:00, ISO 14001:04 i OHSAS 18001:07, en un centre d'estètica i perruqueria

En aquests últims anys, són moltes les empreses que han optat per la utilització de sistemes de gestió normalitzats, per a garantir la rendibilitat i fiabilitat dels resultats de la implantació del sistema de gestió en qüestió. A la dècada dels 90 va ser quan la implantació de sistemes de gestió va començar a ser important en la majoria de sectors econòmics. L’evolució en els sistemes de gestió a trets generals va iniciar-se primerament en l’àmbit de la qualitat, seguidament en la gestió ambiental i en última instància en la prevenció de riscos laborals. Aquests tres tipus de sistemes de gestió, en els últims anys s’han anat integrant, de manera que s’han reduït els recursos i els esforços emprats en la gestió, millorant significativament l’eficàcia i l’eficiència d’aquests sistemes. L’objectiu principal que persegueix aquest projecte, és definir un sistema de gestió que permeti a l’empresa conduir les seves activitats de forma simplificada i ordenada, i que alhora faciliti la informació necessària per a corregir i millorar les activitats. Un altre objectiu que pretén aconseguir aquest projecte, és el de dissenyar un SGI que aprofiti les sinèrgies generades en els diferents àmbits de la pròpia empresa i fomenti les interaccions entre els diferents nivells de l’organització. En conseqüència, millorarà de forma important els fluxos d’informació dins de l’empresa minimitzant els esforços i la pèrdua d’informació. El mètode escollit per a la implantació del SGI, ha estat la Gestió per Processos, la qual es basa en la definició i seguiment dels processos de l’empresa, partint de les necessitats del client i acabant quan aquestes estan satisfetes. En conclusió, a la finalització del present projecte s’obtindrà un SGI, amb tots els processos de l’empresa definits i implantats, que doni compliment a les normes UNEEN-ISO 9001:00, UNE-EN-ISO 14001:04 i OHSAS 18001:07. Aquest SGI, que s’ha realitzat des d’un punt de vista documental i teòric, suposarà una millora de l’eficàcia operativa dels processos i una important millora competitiva de l’empresa.

Teclat virtual amb predicció del llenguatge

L'objectiu de la realització d'aquest treball és la creació d'un teclat virtual destinat a ajudar a persones amb mobilitat reduïda, que no poden utilitzar el teclat físic de l'ordinador, a escriure intentant aconseguir una velocitat d'escriptura raonable per a textos de qualsevol mida. Per aconseguir aquesta velocitat d'escriptura raonable s'ha implementat un sistema de predicció del llenguatge que té dos aspectes. D'una banda es prediuen paraules segons la seva freqüència d'ús en un determinat diccionari i, d'altra banda, es prediuen paraules seguint les regles d'escriptura de la gramàtica catalana. Un altre aspecte important era que el programa creat es pogués utilitzar en diferents sistemes operatius ja que només hi havia versions específiques per a cada un d'ells. El programa creat es pot executar en els sistemes operatius Windows XP, Mac OS i Ubuntu Linux. El programa creat pretén ser una base per a posteriors millores i ampliacions en diferents parts del seu conjunt. No obstant això, com a resultat s'ha obtingut un programa que permet escriure raonablement ràpid i permet a l'usuari gestionar diccionaris i els dos tipus de predicció que s'han implementat.

Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Grooved Roll in Paper Machine Environment

In the paper machine, it is not a desired feature for the boundary layer flows in the fabric and the roll surfaces to travel into the closing nips, creating overpressure. In this thesis, the aerodynamic behavior of the grooved roll and smooth rolls is compared in order to understand the nip flow phenomena, which is the main reason why vacuum and grooved roll constructions are designed. A common method to remove the boundary layer flow from the closing nip is to use the vacuum roll construction. The downside of the use of vacuum rolls is high operational costs due to pressure losses in the vacuum roll shell. The deep grooved roll has the same goal, to create a pressure difference over the paper web and keep the paper attached to the roll or fabric surface in the drying pocket of the paper machine. A literature review revealed that the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll is not very well known. In this thesis, the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll in interaction with a permeable or impermeable wall is studied by varying the groove properties. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are utilized as the research tool. The simulations have been performed with commercial fluid dynamics software, ANSYS Fluent. Simulation results made with 3- and 2-dimensional fluid dynamics models are compared to laboratory scale measurements. The measurements have been made with a grooved roll simulator designed for the research. The variables in the comparison are the paper or fabric wrap angle, surface velocities, groove geometry and wall permeability. Present-day computational and modeling resources limit grooved roll fluid dynamics simulations in the paper machine scale. Based on the analysis of the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll, a grooved roll simulation tool is proposed. The smooth roll simulations show that the closing nip pressure does not depend on the length of boundary layer development. The surface velocity increase affects the pressure distribution in the closing and opening nips. The 3D grooved roll model reveals the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll. With the optimal groove size it is possible to avoid closing nip overpressure and keep the web attached to the fabric surface in the area of the wrap angle. The groove flow friction and minor losses play a different role when the wrap angle is changed. The proposed 2D grooved roll simulation tool is able to replicate the grooved aerodynamic behavior with reasonable accuracy. A small wrap angle predicts the pressure distribution correctly with the chosen approach for calculating the groove friction losses. With a large wrap angle, the groove friction loss shows too large pressure gradients, and the way of calculating the air flow friction losses in the groove has to be reconsidered. The aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll is based on minor and viscous losses in the closing and opening nips as well as in the grooves. The proposed 2D grooved roll model is a simplification in order to reduce computational and modeling efforts. The simulation tool makes it possible to simulate complex paper machine constructions in the paper machine scale. In order to use the grooved roll as a replacement for the vacuum roll, the grooved roll properties have to be considered on the basis of the web handling application.