HOMO Stabilisation in π-Extended Dibenzotetrathiafulvalene Derivatives for Their Application in Organic Field-Effect Transistors

Three new organic semiconductors, in which either two methoxy units are directly linked to a dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (DB-TTF) central core and a 2,1,3-chalcogendiazole is fused on the one side, or four methoxy groups are linked to the DB-TTF, have been synthesised as active materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Their electrochemical behaviour, electronic absorption and fluorescence emission as well as photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer were studied. The electron-withdrawing 2,1,3-chalcogendiazole unit significantly affects the electronic properties of these semiconductors, lowering both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and hence increasing the stability of the semiconducting material. The solution-processed single-crystal transistors exhibit high performance with a hole mobility up to 0.04 cm2 V−1 s−1 as well as good ambient stability.

Hydrogen-bonding complexes of functionalized BEDT-TTF derivatives with chloranilic acid

The two crystalline donor-acceptor complexes showing hydrogen-bondings between bis(ethylenedithio) tetrathiofulvalene (BEDT-TTF) derivatives containing pyridine and pyrazine groups and 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxyl-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranilic acid) were prepared. X-ray structure analyses revealed that functional groups play an important role in constructing the unique crystal structures.

Novel unsymmetrically functionalized BEDT–TTF derivatives: synthesis, crystal structure and electrochemical characterization

Novel functionalized bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT–TTF) derivatives 4 and 5 have been synthesized in good yields from cyano precursor via a cross-coupling reaction. Their redox potentials have been studied by cyclic voltammetry in a dichloromethane solution; this indicated that they are slightly weaker electron donors than BEDT–TTF. Compound 4 has been studied by X–ray crystallography; this revealed that, in the crystal, the molecules were held together by some unconventional C–H···N and C–H···S hydrogen bonds.

Facile Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) Derivatives

An improved and efficient synthetic route to four functionalized bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) derivatives 2−5 is reported. Tetrathiolate 1 was readily prepared from 2,2‘-bis(1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalen-5-one) under carefully controlled conditions. Subsequent reaction of 1 with selected primary alkyl halides affords new functionalized BEDT-TTF derivatives in good yields.

Hydroxycyclopentanone derivatives from D-Mannose via ring closing metathesis: An improved synthesis of a key intermediate of Tricyclo-DNA

A large scale, 10 step synthesis of cyclopentanone 1 , starting from the chiral pool compound D-mannose, is described. The synthesis proceeds via a ring closing metathesis reaction as the key step in an overall yield of 23%. Cyclopentanone 1 is a central intermediate for the synthesis of tricyclo-DNA

Antisense derivatives of U7 and other small nuclear RNAs as tools to modify pre-mRNA splicing patterns

The importance of alternative splicing for the diversity of the proteome and the large number of genetic diseases that are due to splicing defects call for methods to modulate alternative splicing decisions. Although splicing can be modulated by antisense oligonucleotides, this approach is confronted with problems of efficient delivery and the need for repeated administrations of large amounts of the oligonucleotides. Therefore we have developed methods allowing us to modulate splicing with the help of modified derivatives of the U7 small nuclear RNA involved in histone RNA 3' end processing. Its nuclear accumulation as a stable ribonucleoprotein particle makes U7 snRNA especially useful for this purpose. In particular, U7 derivatives containing two tandem antisense sequences directed against targets upstream and downstream of an exon can induce the efficient and specific skipping of that exon. U7 expression cassettes have been successfully introduced into a great number of cell lines, primary cells or tissues with the help of lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors. Examples of these therapeutic strategies in the fields of β-thalassemia, Duchenne muscular dytrophy and HIV/AIDS are discussed.

FTY720 and two novel butterfly derivatives exert a general anti-inflammatory potential by reducing immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells through activation of S1P3 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a key lipid regulator of a variety of cellular responses including cell proliferation and survival, cell migration, and inflammatory reactions. Here, we investigated the effect of S1P receptor activation on immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells under inflammatory conditions. We show that S1P reduces both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated adhesion of Jurkat and U937 cells to an endothelial monolayer. The reducing effect of S1P was reversed by the S1P1+3 antagonist VPC23019 but not by the S1P1 antagonist W146. Additionally, knockdown of S1P3, but not S1P1, by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) abolished the reducing effect of S1P, suggesting the involvement of S1P3. A suppression of immune cell adhesion was also seen with the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 and two novel butterfly derivatives ST-968 and ST-1071. On the molecular level, S1P and all FTY720 derivatives reduced the mRNA expression of LPS- and TNF-α-induced adhesion molecules including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and CD44 which was reversed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, but not by the MEK inhibitor U0126.In summary, our data demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism by which S1P, FTY720, and two novel butterfly derivatives acted anti-inflammatory that is by suppressing gene transcription of various endothelial adhesion molecules and thereby preventing adhesion of immune cells to endothelial cells and subsequent extravasation.

The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and the development of pharyngeal arch Derivatives in Haplochromis piceatus, a Lake Victoria cichlid

Objectives Pharyngeal arches develop in the head and neck regions, and give rise to teeth, oral jaws, the hyoid bone, operculum, gills, and pharyngeal jaws in teleosts. In this study, the expression patterns of genes in the sonic hedgehog (shh), wnt, ectodysplasin A (eda), and bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) pathways were investigated in the pharyngeal arches of Haplochromis piceatus, one of the Lake Victoria cichlids. Furthermore, the role of the shh pathway in pharyngeal arch development in H. piceatus larvae was investigated. Methods The expression patterns of lymphocyte enhancer binding factor 1 (lef1), ectodysplasin A receptor (edar), shh, patched 1 (ptch1), bmp4, sp5 transcription factor (sp5), sclerostin domain containing 1a (sostdc1a), and dickkopf 1 (dkk1) were investigated in H. piceatus larvae by in situ hybridization. The role of the shh pathway was investigated through morphological phenotypic characterization after its inhibition. Results We found that lef1, edar, shh, ptch1, bmp4, dkk1, sostdc1a, and sp5 were expressed not only in the teeth, but also in the operculum and gill filaments of H piceatus larvae. After blocking the shh pathway using cyclopamine, we observed ectopic shh expression and the disappearance of ptch1 expression. After six weeks of cyclopamine treatment, an absence of teeth in the oral upper jaws and a poor outgrowth of premaxilla, operculum, and gill filaments in juvenile H. piceatus were observed. Conclusions These results suggest that the shh pathway is important for the development of pharyngeal arch derivatives such as teeth, premaxilla, operculum, and gill filaments in H. piceatus.

In vitro effects of new artemisinin derivatives in Neospora caninum-infected human fibroblasts.

From a panel of 34 artemisinin derivatives tested in vitro, artemisone, GC007 and GC012 were most efficacious at inhibiting Neospora caninum replication (IC50 values of 3-54nM), did not notably impair the invasiveness of tachyzoites and were non-toxic for human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Transmission electron microscopy of drug-treated N. caninum-infected HFFs demonstrated severe alterations in the parasite cytoplasm, changes in the composition of the matrix of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and diminished integrity of the PV membrane. To exert parasiticidal activity, parasites had to be cultured continuously in the presence of 5μM artemisone or GC007 for 3 weeks. N. caninum tachyzoites readily adapted to a stepwise increase in concentrations (0.5-10μM) of GC012, but not to artemisone or GC007. Drugs induced the expression of elevated levels of NcBAG1 and NcSAG4 mRNA, but only NcBAG1 could be detected by immunofluorescence. Thus, artemisinin derivatives represent interesting leads that should be investigated further.

A New Family of High-Affinity Transporters for Adenine, Cytosine, and Purine Derivatives in Arabidopsis

In many organisms, including plants, nucleic acid bases and derivatives such as caffeine are transported across the plasma membrane. Cytokinins, important hormones structurally related to adenine, are produced mainly in root apices, from where they are translocated to shoots to control a multitude of physiological processes. Complementation of a yeast mutant deficient in adenine uptake (fcy2) with an Arabidopsis cDNA expression library enabled the identification of a gene, AtPUP1 (for Arabidopsis thaliana purine permease1), belonging to a large gene family (AtPUP1 to AtPUP15) encoding a new class of small, integral membrane proteins. AtPUP1 transports adenine and cytosine with high affinity. Uptake is energy dependent, occurs against a concentration gradient, and is sensitive to protonophores, potentially indicating secondary active transport. Competition studies show that purine derivatives (e.g., hypoxanthine), phytohormones (e.g., zeatin and kinetin), and alkaloids (e.g., caffeine) are potent inhibitors of adenine and cytosine uptake. Inhibition by cytokinins is competitive (competitive inhibition constant Ki = 20 to 35 μM), indicating that cytokinins are transported by this system. AtPUP1 is expressed in all organs except roots, indicating that the gene encodes an uptake system for root-derived nucleic acid base derivatives in shoots or that it exports nucleic acid base analogs from shoots by way of the phloem. The other family members may have different affinities for nucleic acid bases, perhaps functioning as transporters for nucleosides, nucleotides, and their derivatives.