Outbreaks of human-herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection in day-care centers in Belém, Pará, Brazil

A total of 730 children aged less than 7 years, attending 8 day-care centers (DCCs) in Belém, Brazil were followed-up from January to December 1997 to investigate the occurrence of human-herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection in these institutional settings. Between October and December 1997 there have been outbreaks of a febrile- and -exanthematous disease, affecting at least 15-20% of children in each of the DCCs. Both serum- and- plasma samples were obtained from 401 (55%) of the 730 participating children for the detection of HHV-6 antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and viral DNA amplification through the nested-PCR. Recent HHV-6 infection was diagnosed in 63.8% (256/401) of them, as defined by the presence of both IgM and IgG-specific antibodies (IgM+/IgG+); of these, 114 (44.5%) were symptomatic and 142 (55.5%) had no symptoms (p = 0.03). A subgroup of 123 (30.7%) children were found to be IgM-/IgG+, whereas the remaining 22 (5.5%) children had neither IgM nor IgG HHV-6- antibodies (IgM-/IgG-). Of the 118 children reacting strongly IgM-positive ( > or = 30 PANBIO units), 26 (22.0%) were found to harbour the HHV-6 DNA, as demonstrated by nested-PCR. Taken the ELISA-IgM- and- nested PCR-positive results together, HHV-6 infection was shown to have occurred in 5 of the 8 DCCs under follow-up. Serological evidence of recent infections by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and parvovirus B19 were identified in 2.0% (8/401) and 1.5% (6/401) of the children, respectively. Our data provide strong evidence that HHV-6 is a common cause of outbreaks of febrile/exanthematous diseases among children attending DCCs in the Belém area.

Clinical patterns and seasonal trends in respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in São Paulo, Brazil

The respiratory viruses are recognized as the most frequent lower respiratory tract pathogens for infants and young children in developed countries but less is known for developing populations. The authors conducted a prospective study to evaluate the occurrence, clinical patterns, and seasonal trends of viral infections among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract disease (Group A). The presence of respiratory viruses in children's nasopharyngeal was assessed at admission in a pediatric ward. Cell cultures and immunofluorescence assays were used for viral identification. Complementary tests included blood and pleural cultures conducted for bacterial investigation. Clinical data and radiological exams were recorded at admission and throughout the hospitalization period. To better evaluate the results, a non- respiratory group of patients (Group B) was also constituted for comparison. Starting in February 1995, during a period of 18 months, 414 children were included- 239 in Group A and 175 in Group B. In Group A, 111 children (46.4%) had 114 viruses detected while only 5 children (2.9%) presented viruses in Group B. Respiratory Syncytial Virus was detected in 100 children from Group A (41.8%), Adenovirus in 11 (4.6%), Influenza A virus in 2 (0.8%), and Parainfluenza virus in one child (0.4%). In Group A, aerobic bacteria were found in 14 cases (5.8%). Respiratory Syncytial Virus was associated to other viruses and/or bacteria in six cases. There were two seasonal trends for Respiratory Syncytial Virus cases, which peaked in May and June. All children affected by the virus were younger than 3 years of age, mostly less than one year old. Episodic diffuse bronchial commitment and/or focal alveolar condensation were the clinical patterns more often associated to Respiratory Syncytial Virus cases. All children from Group A survived. In conclusion, it was observed that Respiratory Syncytial Virus was the most frequent pathogen found in hospitalized children admitted for severe respiratory diseases. Affected children were predominantly infants and boys presenting bronchiolitis and focal pneumonias. Similarly to what occurs in other subtropical regions, the virus outbreaks peak in the fall and their occurrence extends to the winter, which parallels an increase in hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases.

Factores de risco para doenças músculo-esqueléticas não específicas no sector das limpezas em ser

The aim of this paper is to characterize complaints in the upper limbs, shoulders, neck and back- lumbar region directly related to musculo-skeletal disorders in a sampling of 114 cleaners from seven cleaning (janitor) companies, operating at eight client organizations. Complaints had been diagnosed as stiffness, any pain, numbness, paraesthesiae, tingling, cold feeling and blanching of at least one finger tip, according to a temporal criteria of symptoms were present now or have been present on at least 4 days during the last 7 days, or symptoms have been present on at least 4 days during at least one week in the last 12 months. It was analyzed the severity of the complaints (interference with current activities) and the simultaneous occurrence of multiple symptoms. The causes of medical consultation in the last year were analyzed (osteo-articular pathology of the vertebral spine, of the upper and lower limbs, depressive syndromes and other complaints of the lower limbs among others). In the end, the relation between persistent complaints and musculo- skeletal pathology related to work activities was analyzed, considering particularly the age of the workers and the existence of osteo-articular pathology.

Diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystosis by microscopy on wet mount preparations

We have compared the searching of the presence of "honeycomb" structures by direct microscopy on wet mount preparations with the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in 115 bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids. The samples belonged to 115 AIDS patients; 87 with presumptive diagnosis of PCP and 28 with presumptive diagnosis other than PCP. The obtained results were coincident in 114 out of 115 studied samples (27 were positive and 87 negative) with both techniques. A higher percentage of positive results (32.18%) among patients with presumptive diagnosis of PCP with respect to those with presumptive diagnosis other than PCP (3.57%) was observed. One BAL fluid was positive only with DIF, showed scarce and isolated P. carinii elements and absence of typical "honeycomb" structures. The searching for "honeycomb" structures by direct microscopy on wet mount preparations could be considered as a cheap and rapid alternative for diagnosis of PCP when other techniques are not available or as screening test for DIF. This method showed a sensitivity close to DIF when it was applied to BAL fluids of AIDS patients with poor clinical condition and it was performed by an experienced microscopist.

Integer/fractional decomposition of the impulse response of fractional linear systems

The decomposition of a fractional linear system is discussed in this paper. It is shown that it can be decomposed into an integer order part, corresponding to possible existing poles, and a fractional part. The first and second parts are responsible for the short and long memory behaviors of the system, respectively, known as characteristic of fractional systems.

A Prevenção Primária da Alergia Alimentar é Possível? – Caso Clínico

A alergia alimentar tem expressão e gravidade crescentes em idade pediátrica. Estando documentada maior incidência familiar, têm sido tentadas medidas de prevenção primária, cuja efi cácia permanece controversa. Descreve-se o caso de uma criança de alto risco que fez prevenção primária de alergia alimentar. Apresentou, no entanto, desde os 2 meses, eczema atópico e, aos 12 meses, reacção anafiláctica após ingestão acidental de peixe. Testes cutâneos por picada e IgE específicas positivos para diversos peixes e ovo. Apesar da evicção prescrita, aos 22 meses ocorreu nova reacção anafiláctica, no infantário, após inalação de vapores de peixe e, aos 42 meses, vómitos após ingestão acidental de alimento contendo ovo. A prevenção primária da alergia ao leite de vaca foi eficaz. Este caso salienta a complexidade da abordagem preventiva da alergia alimentar e destaca a necessidade do envolvimento da família e da escola na prevenção e na actuação rápida e eficaz na anafilaxia alimentar.

Um Caso de Esófago Negro em Doente Alcoólico

A necrose esofágica aguda é uma entidade raramente descrita na literatura, caracterizada endoscopicamente por uma coloração negra da mucosa do esófago. Tem sido associada à ingestão de cáusticos, à hipersensibilidade a fármacos, a infecções locais da mucosa e, mais frequentemente, a fenómenos da isquémia por instabilidade hemodinâmica. Recentemente, foram detectados alguns casos em doentes com ingestão alcoólica aguda e crónica e suas complicações, admitindo-se uma relação entre as duas entidades. Os autores descrevem um caso de esófago negro num doente internado por intoxicação alcoólica aguda, hematemeses, choque hipovolémico e pneumonia de aspiração. Atribui-se uma etiopatogénese multifactorial, que inclui a lesão directa e indirecta do álcool sobre a mucosa esofágica, assim como fenómenos de isquémia secundários ao choque hipovolémico e à pneumonia.

Valor Prognóstico da Monitorização em Ambulatório da Pressão Arterial na Gravidez

Introdução: Na grávida hipertensa, a importância prognóstica da MAPA é defendida em alguns trabalhos. Objectivo: Analisar o valor prognóstico da MAPA. Material e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo a 114 grávidas com PA elevada, vigiadas na consulta de HTA da MAC. Foram divididas em dois grupos: GRUPO 1, grávidas com HTA crónica (n=88) e GRUPO 2, grávidas com HTA diagnosticada na gravidez (n=26). Todas fizeram a MAPA uma vez na gravidez. Resultados: A MAPA diagnosticou 31% de grávidas com HTA, 80% no grupo das hipertensas crónicas. Observaram-se 46.5% de complicações, 36.8% foram no grupo 1 e 9.7% no grupo 2. Da comparação das complicações observadas com a presença de HTA e/ou VR na MAPA nunca se obteve significância estatística. Conclusão: A MAPA não tem um valor prognóstico sendo, no entanto, importante na monitorização da grávida hipertensa. Deverá fazer parte da vigilância de grávidas com HTA não controlada ou suspeita de HBB.

Prognostic Value of a New Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Parameter in Chronic Heart Failure: Oxygen Uptake Efficiency at Peak Exercise - Comparison with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope

INTRODUCTION: A growing body of evidence shows the prognostic value of oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameter derived from the logarithmic relationship between O(2) consumption (VO(2)) and minute ventilation (VE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of a new CPET parameter - peak oxygen uptake efficiency (POUE) - and to compare it with OUES in patients with CHF. METHODS: We prospectively studied 206 consecutive patients with stable CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy - 153 male, aged 53.3±13.0 years, 35.4% of ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction 27.7±8.0%, 81.1% in sinus rhythm, 97.1% receiving ACE-Is or ARBs, 78.2% beta-blockers and 60.2% spironolactone - who performed a first maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET, using the modified Bruce protocol. In 33% of patients an cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT-D) was implanted during follow-up. Peak VO(2), percentage of predicted peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2) slope, OUES and POUE were analyzed. OUES was calculated using the formula VO(2) (l/min) = OUES (log(10)VE) + b. POUE was calculated as pVO(2) (l/min) / log(10)peakVE (l/min). Correlation coefficients between the studied parameters were obtained. The prognosis of each variable adjusted for age was evaluated through Cox proportional hazard models and R2 percent (R2%) and V index (V6) were used as measures of the predictive accuracy of events of each of these variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from logistic regression models were used to determine the cut-offs for OUES and POUE. RESULTS: pVO(2): 20.5±5.9; percentage of predicted peak VO(2): 68.6±18.2; VE/VCO(2) slope: 30.6±8.3; OUES: 1.85±0.61; POUE: 0.88±0.27. During a mean follow-up of 33.1±14.8 months, 45 (21.8%) patients died, 10 (4.9%) underwent urgent heart transplantation and in three patients (1.5%) a left ventricular assist device was implanted. All variables proved to be independent predictors of this combined event; however, VE/VCO2 slope was most strongly associated with events (HR 11.14). In this population, POUE was associated with a higher risk of events than OUES (HR 9.61 vs. 7.01), and was also a better predictor of events (R2: 28.91 vs. 22.37). CONCLUSION: POUE was more strongly associated with death, urgent heart transplantation and implantation of a left ventricular assist device and proved to be a better predictor of events than OUES. These results suggest that this new parameter can increase the prognostic value of CPET in patients with CHF.

Importância da Inseminação Artificial na Terapêutica da Infertilidade

Introdução: Desde há vários anos que a inseminação intra-uterina intra-conjugal (IAC), com ou sem estimulação ovárica, vem sido usada no tratamento da infertilidade. No entanto, o seu uso permanece controverso. Material e métodos: Efectuou-se uma análise retrospectiva (1997-1999) de 114 ciclos de IAC com estimulação ovárica controlada em 66 casais, com o objectivo de determinar a eficácia da IAC e identificar variáveis significativas predictíveis do seu sucesso. Analisou-se o protocolo de estimulação, taxa de gravidez, resultado da gravidez e complicações da terapêutica. Resultados: A taxa de gravidez foi de 10,5% por ciclo e de 18% por casal, sendo a taxa de gravidez múltipla de 25% e a de aborto 0%. Metade de todas as gravidezes resultantes ocorreram no primeiro ciclo de IAC. A análise estatística identificou duas variáveis significativas: número de folículos e duração da infertilidade. Baixas doses de FSH parecem prevenir a gravidez múltipla e o síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica. Conclusão: Concluímos que uma selecção criteriosa das pacientes associada a estimulação ovárica adequada é fundamental para o sucesso da IAC e que esta técnica constitui um tratamento eficaz para algumas formas de infertilidade.

Sistemas de protecção sísmica semi-activos aplicados em estruturas de engenharia civil caso de estudo: amortecedores com fluído magneto-reológico

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil Estruturas

Characterization of a Hepatitis B virus strain in southwestern Paraná, Brazil, presenting mutations previously associated with anti-HBs Resistance

The present study investigated if hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants circulate in the southwestern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil, by analyzing samples from children who received immunoprophylaxis but were born to HBV carrier mothers. Samples from 25 children were screened for HBV serum markers and for HBV DNA by PCR. Only one sample was positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs and HBV DNA, although the child had been vaccinated. Analysis of the S gene sequence of this sample showed the presence of a proline at position 105, a serine at position 114, three threonines at positions 115, 116 and 140, and a glutamine at position 129. The presence of these amino acids, except for serine at position 114, has been related to monoclonal or polyclonal therapy with anti-HBs after liver transplantation, whereas the presence of threonine at position 116 has been described in immunized children from Singapore. This finding demonstrates the possible circulation of HBV strains resistant to hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in southwestern Paraná, Brazil. The genotype of the sample was identified as genotype D, which is frequently found in the region studied. Since 36% of the children had received incomplete or no immunoprophylaxis, more extensive follow-up of children born to HBsAg-positive mothers is needed.

Otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus

Este trabalho realizou-se na empresa Continental – Indústria Têxtil do Ave, S.A (CITA) em colaboração com a empresa Cofely GDF Suez – Energia e Serviços Portugal, S.A. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi a otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus – a máquina ZELL, tendo em conta as principais utilidades envolvidas: eletricidade e gás natural. Deste modo foi feito um levantamento prévio das condições de operação desta máquina relativamente às telas mais representativas da produção da empresa. Tendo-se verificado que as telas em poliéster representam 65% da produção total da máquina ZELL. Para este tipo de produto, foi feita uma análise dos consumos energéticos anuais para avaliar qual das utilidades referidas corresponde à maior parcela energética. Verificou-se que o consumo de gás natural representa a maior parcela da fatura energética anual da empresa correspondendo a 47%. Além disso, da energia total consumida anualmente pela ZELL, que corresponde a 1360 tep, 32% é relativo à energia elétrica e os restantes 68% ao consumo de gás natural. Por fim, procedeu-se à otimização energética estudando as alterações possíveis no sentido de reduzir os consumos energéticos da máquina, sem prejuízo da qualidade do produto final. Para isso propôs-se a instalação de permutadores de fluxo cruzado para pré-aquecer quer o ar fresco quer o ar de combustão. A implementação desta medida tem um período de retorno à volta de três anos e pode levar a uma poupança anual entre 1.359.639 kWh e 2.370.114 kWh para o ar fresco e 393.523 kWh e 639.475 kWh para o ar de combustão.

Influência da Nacionalidade nos Resultados Obstétricos e Perinatais numa Coorte de Grávidas com Diabetes Gestacional

Introdução: A Diabetes gestacional está associada a complicações maternas e perinatais. Objectivo: Avaliar a influência da nacionalidade nos resultados obstétricos e perinatais em grávidas com Diabetes gestacional. Metodologia: Estudo de todas as gestações simples consecutivas complicadas por Diabetes gestacional, vigiadas na nossa instituição em 2005-09 (n=921). Foram estabelecidos 2 grupos, um de grávidas portuguesas (grupo 1, n=730) e outro de grávidas oriundas de outros países (grupo 2, n=191). Avaliaram-se dados demográficos, factores de risco para Diabetes gestacional, hemoglobina glicosilada, necessidade de insulina, complicações hipertensivas, hidrâmnios, idade gestacional no parto, tipo de parto, peso ao nascer, índice de Apgar, internamento em unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais e diagnóstico de Diabetes mellitus pós-parto. Todas as análises estatísticas foram efectuadas em SPSS 17ª Edição. Resultados: No grupo 2 assistiu-se a um controlo metabólico mais difícil, maior percentagem de hidrâmnios e macrossomia fetal. Conclusões: O controlo metabólico na Diabetes gestacional é diferente em grávidas provenientes de países diferentes. Os hábitos alimentares e religiosos que condicionam a educação nutricional durante a gravidez, associados à barreira linguística podem ser responsáveis pelas diferenças encontradas. Uma maior compreensão dos factores multiculturais com posterior adequação dos cuidados poderá permitir melhores resultados obstétricos e perinatais.

APPLICABILITY OF kDNA-PCR FOR ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS OF AMERICAN TEGUMENTARY LEISHMANIASIS IN A TERTIARY REFERENCE HOSPITAL

SUMMARYThis study evaluated the applicability of kDNA-PCR as a prospective routine diagnosis method for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in patients from the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), a reference center for infectious diseases in São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The kDNA-PCR method detected Leishmania DNA in 87.5% (112/128) of the clinically suspected ATL patients, while the traditional methods demonstrated the following percentages of positivity: 62.8% (49/78) for the Montenegro skin test, 61.8% (47/76) for direct investigation, and 19.3% (22/114) for in vitro culture. The molecular method was able to confirm the disease in samples considered negative or inconclusive by traditional laboratory methods, contributing to the final clinical diagnosis and therapy of ATL in this hospital. Thus, we strongly recommend the inclusion of kDNA-PCR amplification as an alternative diagnostic method for ATL, suggesting a new algorithm routine to be followed to help the diagnosis and treatment of ATL in IIER.