Realisierung der IceCube MonteCarlo-Produktion im WLCG und Untersuchung von Auswirkungen meteorologischer Parameter auf die Erzeugung atmosphärischer Myonen

Das am Südpol gelegene Neutrinoteleskop IceCube detektiert hochenergetische Neutrinos über die schwache Wechselwirkung geladener und neutraler Ströme. Die Analyse basiert auf einem Vergleich mit Monte-Carlo-Simulationen, deren Produktion global koordiniert wird. In Mainz ist es erstmalig gelungen, Simulationen innerhalb der Architektur des Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) zu realisieren, was die Möglichkeit eröffnet, Monte-Carlo-Berechnungen auch auf andere deutsche Rechnerfarmen (CEs) mit IceCube-Berechtigung zu verteilen. Atmosphärische Myonen werden mit einer Rate von über 1000 Ereignissen pro Sekunde aufgezeichnet. Eine korrekte Interpretation dieses dominanten Signals, welches um einen Faktor von 10^6 reduziert werden muss um das eigentliche Neutrinosignal zu extrahieren, ist deswegen von großer Bedeutung. Eigene Simulationen mit der Software-Umgebung CORSIKA wurden durchgeführt um die von Energie und Einfallswinkel abhängige Entstehungshöhe atmosphärischer Myonen zu bestimmen. IceCube Myonraten wurden mit Wetterdaten des European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forcasts (ECMWF) verglichen und Korrelationen zwischen jahreszeitlichen sowie kurzzeitigen Schwankungen der Atmosphärentemperatur und Myonraten konnten nachgewiesen werden. Zudem wurde eine Suche nach periodischen Effekten in der Atmosphäre, verursacht durch z.B. meteorologische Schwerewellen, mit Hilfe einer Fourieranalyse anhand der IceCube-Daten durchgeführt. Bislang konnte kein signifikanter Nachweis zur Existenz von Schwerewellen am Südpol erbracht werden.

On the GKP Vacuum in Gauge/Gravity Correspondences

Within the framework of the AdS5/CFT4 correspondence, the GKP string living on a AdS5 x S5 background finds a counterpart in the anti-ferromagnetic vacuum state for the spin chain, fruitfully employed to investigate the dual N=4 SYM superconformal gauge theory. The thesis mainly deals with the excitations over such a vacuum: dispersion relations and scattering matrices are computed, moreover a set of Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations is formulated. Furthermore, the survey of the GKP vacuum within the AdS4/CFT3 duality between a string theory on AdS4 x CP 3 and N=6 Chern-Simons reveals intriguing connections relating the latter to N=4 SYM, in a peculiar high spin limit.

Der Renormierungsgruppen-Fluß der konform-reduzierten Quantengravitation

Wir analysieren die Rolle von "Hintergrundunabhängigkeit" im Zugang der effektiven Mittelwertwirkung zur Quantengravitation. Wenn der nicht-störungstheoretische Renormierungsgruppen-(RG)-Fluß "hintergrundunabhängig" ist, muß die Vergröberung durch eine nicht spezifizierte, variable Metrik definiert werden. Die Forderung nach "Hintergrundunabhängigkeit" in der Quantengravitation führt dazu, daß die funktionale RG-Gleichung von zusätzlichen Feldern abhängt; dadurch unterscheidet sich der RG-Fluß in der Quantengravitation deutlich von dem RG-Fluß einer gewöhnlichen Quantentheorie, deren Moden-Cutoff von einer starren Metrik abhängt. Beispielsweise kann in der "hintergrundunabhängigen" Theorie ein Nicht-Gauß'scher Fixpunkt existieren, obwohl die entsprechende gewöhnliche Quantentheorie keinen solchen entwickelt. Wir untersuchen die Bedeutung dieses universellen, rein kinematischen Effektes, indem wir den RG-Fluß der Quanten-Einstein-Gravitation (QEG) in einem "konform-reduzierten" Zusammenhang untersuchen, in dem wir nur den konformen Faktor der Metrik quantisieren. Alle anderen Freiheitsgrade der Metrik werden vernachlässigt. Die konforme Reduktion der Einstein-Hilbert-Trunkierung zeigt exakt dieselben qualitativen Eigenschaften wie in der vollen Einstein-Hilbert-Trunkierung. Insbesondere besitzt sie einen Nicht-Gauß'schen Fixpunkt, der notwendig ist, damit die Gravitation asymptotisch sicher ist. Ohne diese zusätzlichen Feldabhängigkeiten ist der RG-Fluß dieser Trunkierung der einer gewöhnlichen $phi^4$-Theorie. Die lokale Potentialnäherung für den konformen Faktor verallgemeinert den RG-Fluß in der Quantengravitation auf einen unendlich-dimensionalen Theorienraum. Auch hier finden wir sowohl einen Gauß'schen als auch einen Nicht-Gauß'schen Fixpunkt, was weitere Hinweise dafür liefert, daß die Quantengravitation asymptotisch sicher ist. Das Analogon der Metrik-Invarianten, die proportional zur dritten Potenz der Krümmung ist und die die störungstheoretische Renormierbarkeit zerstört, ist unproblematisch für die asymptotische Sicherheit der konform-reduzierten Theorie. Wir berechnen die Skalenfelder und -imensionen der beiden Fixpunkte explizit und diskutieren mögliche Einflüsse auf die Vorhersagekraft der Theorie. Da der RG-Fluß von der Topologie der zugrundeliegenden Raumzeit abhängt, diskutieren wir sowohl den flachen Raum als auch die Sphäre. Wir lösen die Flußgleichung für das Potential numerisch und erhalten Beispiele für RG-Trajektorien, die innerhalb der Ultraviolett-kritischen Mannigfaltigkeit des Nicht-Gauß'schen Fixpunktes liegen. Die Quantentheorien, die durch einige solcher Trajektorien definiert sind, zeigen einen Phasenübergang von der bekannten (Niederenergie-) Phase der Gravitation mit spontan gebrochener Diffeomorphismus-Invarianz zu einer neuen Phase von ungebrochener Diffeomorphismus-Invarianz. Diese Hochenergie-Phase ist durch einen verschwindenden Metrik-Erwartungswert charakterisiert.

A novel functional renormalization group framework for gauge theories and gravity

In this thesis we develop further the functional renormalization group (RG) approach to quantum field theory (QFT) based on the effective average action (EAA) and on the exact flow equation that it satisfies. The EAA is a generalization of the standard effective action that interpolates smoothly between the bare action for krightarrowinfty and the standard effective action rnfor krightarrow0. In this way, the problem of performing the functional integral is converted into the problem of integrating the exact flow of the EAA from the UV to the IR. The EAA formalism deals naturally with several different aspects of a QFT. One aspect is related to the discovery of non-Gaussian fixed points of the RG flow that can be used to construct continuum limits. In particular, the EAA framework is a useful setting to search for Asymptotically Safe theories, i.e. theories valid up to arbitrarily high energies. A second aspect in which the EAA reveals its usefulness are non-perturbative calculations. In fact, the exact flow that it satisfies is a valuable starting point for devising new approximation schemes. In the first part of this thesis we review and extend the formalism, in particular we derive the exact RG flow equation for the EAA and the related hierarchy of coupled flow equations for the proper-vertices. We show how standard perturbation theory emerges as a particular way to iteratively solve the flow equation, if the starting point is the bare action. Next, we explore both technical and conceptual issues by means of three different applications of the formalism, to QED, to general non-linear sigma models (NLsigmaM) and to matter fields on curved spacetimes. In the main part of this thesis we construct the EAA for non-abelian gauge theories and for quantum Einstein gravity (QEG), using the background field method to implement the coarse-graining procedure in a gauge invariant way. We propose a new truncation scheme where the EAA is expanded in powers of the curvature or field strength. Crucial to the practical use of this expansion is the development of new techniques to manage functional traces such as the algorithm proposed in this thesis. This allows to project the flow of all terms in the EAA which are analytic in the fields. As an application we show how the low energy effective action for quantum gravity emerges as the result of integrating the RG flow. In any treatment of theories with local symmetries that introduces a reference scale, the question of preserving gauge invariance along the flow emerges as predominant. In the EAA framework this problem is dealt with the use of the background field formalism. This comes at the cost of enlarging the theory space where the EAA lives to the space of functionals of both fluctuation and background fields. In this thesis, we study how the identities dictated by the symmetries are modified by the introduction of the cutoff and we study so called bimetric truncations of the EAA that contain both fluctuation and background couplings. In particular, we confirm the existence of a non-Gaussian fixed point for QEG, that is at the heart of the Asymptotic Safety scenario in quantum gravity; in the enlarged bimetric theory space where the running of the cosmological constant and of Newton's constant is influenced by fluctuation couplings.

Quantum Einstein gravity - advancements of heat kernel-based renormalization group studies

The asymptotic safety scenario allows to define a consistent theory of quantized gravity within the framework of quantum field theory. The central conjecture of this scenario is the existence of a non-Gaussian fixed point of the theory's renormalization group flow, that allows to formulate renormalization conditions that render the theory fully predictive. Investigations of this possibility use an exact functional renormalization group equation as a primary non-perturbative tool. This equation implements Wilsonian renormalization group transformations, and is demonstrated to represent a reformulation of the functional integral approach to quantum field theory.rnAs its main result, this thesis develops an algebraic algorithm which allows to systematically construct the renormalization group flow of gauge theories as well as gravity in arbitrary expansion schemes. In particular, it uses off-diagonal heat kernel techniques to efficiently handle the non-minimal differential operators which appear due to gauge symmetries. The central virtue of the algorithm is that no additional simplifications need to be employed, opening the possibility for more systematic investigations of the emergence of non-perturbative phenomena. As a by-product several novel results on the heat kernel expansion of the Laplace operator acting on general gauge bundles are obtained.rnThe constructed algorithm is used to re-derive the renormalization group flow of gravity in the Einstein-Hilbert truncation, showing the manifest background independence of the results. The well-studied Einstein-Hilbert case is further advanced by taking the effect of a running ghost field renormalization on the gravitational coupling constants into account. A detailed numerical analysis reveals a further stabilization of the found non-Gaussian fixed point.rnFinally, the proposed algorithm is applied to the case of higher derivative gravity including all curvature squared interactions. This establishes an improvement of existing computations, taking the independent running of the Euler topological term into account. Known perturbative results are reproduced in this case from the renormalization group equation, identifying however a unique non-Gaussian fixed point.rn

Investigations on asymptotic safety of metric, tetrad and Einstein-Cartan gravity

Among the different approaches for a construction of a fundamental quantum theory of gravity the Asymptotic Safety scenario conjectures that quantum gravity can be defined within the framework of conventional quantum field theory, but only non-perturbatively. In this case its high energy behavior is controlled by a non-Gaussian fixed point of the renormalization group flow, such that its infinite cutoff limit can be taken in a well defined way. A theory of this kind is referred to as non-perturbatively renormalizable. In the last decade a considerable amount of evidence has been collected that in four dimensional metric gravity such a fixed point, suitable for the Asymptotic Safety construction, indeed exists. This thesis extends the Asymptotic Safety program of quantum gravity by three independent studies that differ in the fundamental field variables the investigated quantum theory is based on, but all exhibit a gauge group of equivalent semi-direct product structure. It allows for the first time for a direct comparison of three asymptotically safe theories of gravity constructed from different field variables. The first study investigates metric gravity coupled to SU(N) Yang-Mills theory. In particular the gravitational effects to the running of the gauge coupling are analyzed and its implications for QED and the Standard Model are discussed. The second analysis amounts to the first investigation on an asymptotically safe theory of gravity in a pure tetrad formulation. Its renormalization group flow is compared to the corresponding approximation of the metric theory and the influence of its enlarged gauge group on the UV behavior of the theory is analyzed. The third study explores Asymptotic Safety of gravity in the Einstein-Cartan setting. Here, besides the tetrad, the spin connection is considered a second fundamental field. The larger number of independent field components and the enlarged gauge group render any RG analysis of this system much more difficult than the analog metric analysis. In order to reduce the complexity of this task a novel functional renormalization group equation is proposed, that allows for an evaluation of the flow in a purely algebraic manner. As a first example of its suitability it is applied to a three dimensional truncation of the form of the Holst action, with the Newton constant, the cosmological constant and the Immirzi parameter as its running couplings. A detailed comparison of the resulting renormalization group flow to a previous study of the same system demonstrates the reliability of the new equation and suggests its use for future studies of extended truncations in this framework.

Thermoelectric properties of TiNiSn and Zr 0.5 Hf 0.5 NiSn thin films and superlattices with reduced thermal conductivities

Durch steigende Energiekosten und erhöhte CO2 Emission ist die Forschung an thermoelektrischen (TE) Materialien in den Fokus gerückt. Die Eignung eines Materials für die Verwendung in einem TE Modul ist verknüpft mit der Gütezahl ZT und entspricht α2σTκ-1 (Seebeck Koeffizient α, Leitfähigkeit σ, Temperatur T und thermische Leitfähigkeit κ). Ohne den Leistungsfaktor α2σ zu verändern, soll ZT durch Senkung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit mittels Nanostrukturierung angehoben werden.rnBis heute sind die TE Eigenschaften von den makroskopischen halb-Heusler Materialen TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn ausgiebig erforscht worden. Mit Hilfe von dc Magnetron-Sputterdeposition wurden nun erstmals halbleitende TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn Schichten hergestellt. Auf MgO (100) Substraten sind stark texturierte polykristalline Schichten bei Substrattemperaturen von 450°C abgeschieden worden. Senkrecht zur Oberfläche haben sich Korngrößen von 55 nm feststellen lassen. Diese haben Halbwertsbreiten bei Rockingkurven von unter 1° aufgewiesen. Strukturanalysen sind mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten (XRD) durchgeführt worden. Durch Wachstumsraten von 1 nms 1 konnten in kürzester Zeit Filmdicken von mehr als einem µm hergestellt werden. TiNiSn zeigte den höchsten Leistungsfaktor von 0.4 mWK 2m 1 (550 K). Zusätzlich wurde bei Raumtemperatur mit Hilfe der differentiellen 3ω Methode eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von 2.8 Wm 1K 1 bestimmt. Es ist bekannt, dass die thermische Leitfähigkeit mit der Variation von Massen abnimmt. Weil zudem angenommen wird, dass sie durch Grenzflächenstreuung von Phononen ebenfalls reduziert wird, wurden Übergitter hergestellt. Dabei wurden TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn nacheinander abgeschieden. Die sehr hohe Kristallqualität der Übergitter mit ihren scharfen Grenzflächen konnte durch Satellitenpeaks und Transmissionsmikroskopie (STEM) nachgewiesen werden. Für ein Übergitter mit einer Periodizität von 21 nm (TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn jeweils 10.5 nm) ist bei einer Temperatur von 550 K ein Leistungsfaktor von 0.77 mWK 2m 1 nachgewiesen worden (α = 80 µVK 1; σ = 8.2 µΩm). Ein Übergitter mit der Periodizität von 8 nm hat senkrecht zu den Grenzflächen eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von 1 Wm 1K 1 aufgewiesen. Damit hat sich die Reduzierung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit durch die halb-Heusler Übergitter bestätigt. Durch die isoelektronischen Eigenschaften von Titan, Zirkonium und Hafnium wird angenommen, dass die elektrische Bandstruktur und damit der Leistungsfaktor senkrecht zu den Grenzflächen nur schwach beeinflusst wird.rn

Bouncing black holes in loop quantum gravity

In questo lavoro viene presentato un recente modello di buco nero che implementa le proprietà quantistiche di quelle regioni dello spaziotempo dove non possono essere ignorate, pena l'implicazione di paradossi concettuali e fenomenologici. In suddetto modello, la regione di spaziotempo dominata da comportamenti quantistici si estende oltre l'orizzonte del buco nero e suscita un'inversione, o più precisamente un effetto tunnel, della traiettoria di collasso della stella in una traiettoria di espansione simmetrica nel tempo. L'inversione impiega un tempo molto lungo per chi assiste al fenomeno a grandi distanze, ma inferiore al tempo di evaporazione del buco nero tramite radiazione di Hawking, trascurata e considerata come un effetto dissipativo da studiarsi in un secondo tempo. Il resto dello spaziotempo, fuori dalla regione quantistica, soddisfa le equazioni di Einstein. Successivamente viene presentata la teoria della Gravità Quantistica a Loop (LQG) che permetterebbe di studiare la dinamica della regione quantistica senza far riferimento a una metrica classica, ma facendo leva sul contenuto relazionale del tessuto spaziotemporale. Il campo gravitazionale viene riformulato in termini di variabili hamiltoniane in uno spazio delle fasi vincolato e con simmetria di gauge, successivamente promosse a operatori su uno spazio di Hilbert legato a una vantaggiosa discretizzazione dello spaziotempo. La teoria permette la definizione di un'ampiezza di transizione fra stati quantistici di geometria spaziotemporale, applicabile allo studio della regione quantistica nel modello di buco nero proposto. Infine vengono poste le basi per un calcolo in LQG dell'ampiezza di transizione del fenomeno di rimbalzo quantistico all'interno del buco nero, e di conseguenza per un calcolo quantistico del tempo di rimbalzo nel riferimento di osservatori statici a grande distanza da esso, utile per trattare a posteriori un modello che tenga conto della radiazione di Hawking e, auspicatamente, fornisca una possibile risoluzione dei problemi legati alla sua esistenza.

Thermally reduced Graphene Oxide: a well promising way to transparent flexible electrodes.

L'elaborato tratta dell'ottimizzazione del processo di riduzione termica dell'ossido di grafene in termini di conduttività e trasmittanza ottica. Definiti gli standard di deposizione tramite spin-coating e riduzione termica, i film prodotti vengono caratterizzati tramite XPS, AFM, UPS, TGA, ne vengono testate la conducibilità, con e senza effetto di gate, e la trasmittanza ottica, ne si misura l'elasticità tramite spettroscopia di forza, tutto al fine di comprendere l'evoluzione del processo termico di riduzione e di individuare i parametri migliori al fine di progredire verso la produzione di elettrodi flessibili e trasparenti a base di grafen ossido ridotto.

Bianchi type II cosmology in Hořava–Lifshitz gravity

In this work a Bianchi type II space-time within the framework of projectable Horava Lifshitz gravity was investigated; the resulting field equations in the infrared limit λ = 1 were analyzed qualitatively. We have found the analytical solutions for a toy model in which only the higher curvature terms cubic in the spatial Ricci tensor are considered. The resulting behavior is still described by a transition among two Kasner epochs, but we have found a different transformation law of the Kasner exponents with respect to the one of Einstein's general relativity.

Examination of FGFRL1 as a candidate gene for diaphragmatic defects at chromosome 4p16.3 shows that Fgfrl1 null mice have reduced expression of Tpm3, sarcomere genes and Lrtm1 in the diaphragm

Fgfrl1 (also known as Fgfr5; OMIM 605830) homozygous null mice have thin, amuscular diaphragms and die at birth because of diaphragm hypoplasia. FGFRL1 is located at 4p16.3, and this chromosome region can be deleted in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We examined FGFRL1 as a candidate gene for the diaphragmatic defects associated with 4p16.3 deletions and re-sequenced this gene in 54 patients with CDH. We confirmed six known coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): c.209G > A (p.Pro20Pro), c.977G > A (p.Pro276Pro), c.1040T > C (p.Asp297Asp), c.1234C > A (p.Pro362Gln), c.1420G > T (p.Arg424Leu), and c.1540C > T (p.Pro464Leu), but we did not identify any gene mutations. We genotyped additional CDH patients for four of these six SNPs, including the three non-synonymous SNPs, to make a total of 200 chromosomes, and found that the allele frequency for the four SNPs, did not differ significantly between patients and normal controls (p > or = 0.05). We then used Affymetrix Genechip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays and found eight genes with significantly reduced expression levels in the diaphragms of Fgfrl1 homozygous null mice when compared with wildtype mice-Tpm3, Fgfrl1 (p = 0.004), Myl2, Lrtm1, Myh4, Myl3, Myh7 and Hephl1. Lrtm1 is closely related to Slit3, a protein associated with herniation of the central tendon of the diaphragm in mice. The Slit proteins are known to regulate axon branching and cell migration, and inhibition of Slit3 reduces cell motility and decreases the expression of Rac and Cdc42, two genes that are essential for myoblast fusion. Further studies to determine if Lrtm1 has a similar function to Slit3 and if reduced Fgfrl1 expression can cause diaphragm hypoplasia through a mechanism involving decreased myoblast motility and/or myoblast fusion, seem indicated.

Reduced muscle mass and bone size in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Decreased bone mineral density has been reported in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We used peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to assess bone mineralization, geometry, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in pediatric IBD. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, pQCT of the forearm was applied in 143 IBD patients (mean age 13.9 +/- 3.5 years); 29% were newly diagnosed, 98 had Crohn's disease, and 45 had ulcerative colitis. Auxological data, cumulative glucocorticoid dose, disease activity indices, laboratory markers for inflammation, and bone metabolism were related to the results of pQCT. RESULTS: Patients were compromised in height (-0.82 +/- 1.1 SD), weight (-0.77 +/- 1.0 SD), muscle mass (-1.12 +/- 1.0 SD), and total bone cross-sectional area (-0.79 +/- 1.0 SD) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (z-scores). In newly diagnosed patients, the ratio of bone mineral mass per muscle CSA was higher than in those with longer disease duration (1.00 versus 0.30, P = 0.007). Serum albumin level and disease activity correlated with muscle mass, accounting for 41.0% of variability in muscle mass (P < 0.01). The trabecular bone mineral density z-score was on average at the lower normal level (-0.40 +/- 1.3 SD, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced bone geometry was explained only in part by reduced height. Bone disease in children with IBD seems to be secondary to muscle wasting, which is already present at diagnosis. With longer disease duration, bone adapts to the lower muscle CSA. Serum albumin concentration is a good marker for muscle wasting and abnormal bone development.

N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression correlates with reduced pancreatic cancer growth and increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

The role of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) in cancer has recently gained interest, as potential regulator of cell death and tumor suppressor. Although its normal function in the pancreas is largely unknown, loss of NDRG1 expression is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poor outcome in pancreatic cancer patients.

Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial

Combined-modality treatment consisting of four to six cycles of chemotherapy followed by involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) is the standard of care for patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). It is unclear whether treatment results can be improved with more intensive chemotherapy and which radiation dose needs to be applied.