Analyse der Beteiligung von Toll-like-Rezeptoren an der DC-Aktivierung nach Parvovirus-H-1-Infektion

Ziel dieser Dissertation war es die funktionelle Rolle der Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLRs) und ihrer Signalwege bei der Aktivierung von dendritischen Zellen (DC) durch Parvovirus H-1- rn(H-1PV) induzierte Tumorzelllysate (TCL) zu untersuchen. rnDas angeborene Immunsystem bekämpft die Bildung und das Wachstum von Tumoren, insbesondere durch Interaktion von Effektor-Immunzellen mit Tumorzellen. Die Aktivierung dieser Immunreaktionen in der Antitumortherapie ist wünschenswert, aber in vielen Situationen nicht zufriedenstellend, da sie durch klassische systemische Therapie allein nicht immer erreicht werden kann. Die therapeutische Anwendung von onkolytischen Viren bei Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen (Virotherapie) ist ein vielversprechendes Gebiet der Forschung. Die onkosuppressive und immunstimulierende Wirkung von H-1PV auf humane Tumor- und Immunzellen spricht für eine Verwendung in der Krebstherapie. Ein Aktivierung des Immunsystems durch H-1PV konnte bereits in unserer Arbeitsgruppe gezeigt werden.rnIn dieser Arbeit wurden wichtige Aspekte bezüglich der Aktivierung von Toll-like Rezeptoren bei einer H-1PV Infektion untersucht. Zunächst wurde die Rolle von TLRs nach der H-1PV Infektion untersucht. Humane embryonale Nierenzellen (HEK293) wurden stabil mit humanen TLRs transfiziert, um die Rolle spezifischer TLRs während der Aktivierung des Immunsystems zu untersuchen. TLR3 und TLR9 wurden durch eine H-1PV Infektion, die mit der NFκB-Translokation in den Zellkern korreliert, aktiviert. Mit Hilfe eines Reporterplasmides (pNiFty-Luc), wurde durch erhöhte Expression eines NFκB-induzierbaren Reportergens die NFκB-Aktivität im Anschluss an eine H-1PV Infektion nachgewiesen. Zudem wurde die immunologische Wirkung von H-1PV-induzierten Tumorzelllysaten (TCL) auf die humane antitumor-gerichtete Immunantworten analysiert. Ein humanes ex vivo-Modell, bestehend aus einer HLA-A2-positiven humanen Melanom-Zelllinie (SK29Mel) wurde verwendet, um Immunreaktionen mit entsprechenden HLA-restringierten humanen DCs zu untersuchen. DCs die mit H-1PV-infizierten SK29Mel Zellen koinkubiert wurden, zeigten eine erhöhte TLR3- und TLR9-Expression. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass H-1PV-induzierte TCLs humane DCs stimulieren und dies zumindest teilweise durch TLR-abhängige Signalwege geschieht. Demnach wird eine DC-Reifung durch Kokultur mit H-1PV-induzierten TCLs über den TLR-Signalweg erreicht und führte u.a. zu einer NFκB-abhängigen Aktivierung des adaptiven Immunsystems. Die onkolytischen Virotherapie mit H-1PV erhöht so durch unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf DCs die Immunreaktion und verstärkt die Anti-Tumor-Immunität. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen einen neuen potenziellen Ansatz für den Einsatz onkolytischer Viren für TLR-zielgerichtete Therapieoptionen und stellen eine ideale Möglichkeit zur Erweiterung der Krebsbehandlung dar.rn

Regulation von "Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog Type" 1 (SIRT1) durch die nach DNA-Schaden induzierte Kinase "Homeodomain-interaction kinase" (HIPK2)

"Silent mating type information regulation 2 Type" 1 (SIRT1), das humane Homolog der NAD+-abhängigen Histondeacetylase Sir2 aus Hefe, besitzt Schlüsselfunktionen in der Regulation des Metabolismus, der Zellalterung und Apoptose. Letztere wird vor allem durch die Deacetylierung von p53 an Lys382 und der dadurch verringerten Transkription proapoptotischer Zielgene vermittelt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die SIRT1 Regulation im Zusammenhang mit der DNA-Schadensantwort untersucht.rnIn der Apoptoseregulation übernimmt die Serin/Threonin-Kinase "Homeodomain interacting protein kinase" 2 (HIPK2) eine zentrale Rolle und daher wurde die SIRT1 Modifikation und Regulation durch HIPK2 betrachtet. Durch Phosphorylierung des Tumorsuppressorproteins p53 an Ser46 aktiviert HIPK2 das Zielprotein und induziert die Transkription proapoptotischer Zielgene von p53. Es wurde beschrieben, dass HIPK2 nach DNA-Schädigung über einen bisher unbekannten Mechnismus die Acetylierung von p53 potenzieren kann.rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass SIRT1 von HIPK2 in vitro und in Zellen an Serin 27 und 682 phosphoryliert wird. Weiterhin ist die Interaktion von SIRT1 mit HIPK2 sowie die SIRT1 Phosphorylierung an Serin 682 durch DNA-schädigende Adriamycinbehandlung erhöht. Es gibt Hinweise, dass HIPK2 die Expression von SIRT1 reguliert, da HIPK2 RNA-Interferenz zur Erniedrigung der SIRT1 Protein- und mRNA-Mengen führt.rnEin weiterer interessanter Aspekt liegt in der Beobachtung, dass Ko-Expression von PML-IV, welches SIRT1 sowie HIPK2 in PML-Kernkörper rekrutiert, die SIRT1 Phosphorylierung an Serin 682 verstärkt. Phosphorylierung von SIRT1 an Serin 682 interferiert wiederum mit der SUMO-1 Modifikation, welche für die Lokalisation in PML-Kernkörpen wichtig ist.rnBemerkenswerterweise reduziert die DNA-schadendsinduzierte SIRT1 Phosphorylierung die Bindung des SIRT1 Ko-Aktivators AROS, beeinflusst aber nicht diejenige des Inhibitors DBC1. Dies führt zur Reduktion der enzymatischen Aktivität von SIRT1 und der darausfolgenden weniger effizienten Deacetylierung des Zielproteins p53.rnDurch die von mir in der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit erzielten Ergebnisse konnte ein neuer molekularer Mechanismus entschlüsselt werden, welcher die durch HIPK2 modulierte Acetylierung von p53 und die daran anschließende Induktion der Apoptose beschreibt.rnHIPK2-vermittelte SIRT1 Phosphorylierung resultiert in einer verminderten Deacetylasefunktion von SIRT1 und führt so zu einer verstärkten acetylierungsinduzierten Expression proapoptotischer p53 Zielgene.

The protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1 is the p170 antigen recognized by paraneoplastic pemphigus autoantibodies in human

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a devastating autoimmune blistering disease, involving mucocutaneous and internal organs, and associated with underlying neoplasms. PNP is characterized by the production of autoantibodies targeting proteins of the plakin and cadherin families involved in maintenance of cell architecture and tissue cohesion. Nevertheless, the identity of an antigen of Mr 170,000 (p170), thought to be critical in PNP pathogenesis, has remained unknown.

Characterization of major zinc containing myonecrotic and procoagulant metalloprotease 'malabarin' from non lethal trimeresurus malabaricus snake venom with thrombin like activity: its neutralization by chelating agents

A major myonecrotic zinc containing metalloprotease 'malabarin' with thrombin like activity was purified by the combination of gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography from T. malabaricus snake venom. MALDI-TOF analysis of malabarin indicated a molecular mass of 45.76 kDa and its N-terminal sequence was found to be Ile-Ile-Leu- Pro(Leu)-Ile-Gly-Val-Ile-Leu(Glu)-Thr-Thr. Atomic absorption spectral analysis of malabarin raveled the association of zinc metal ion. Malabarin is not lethal when injected i.p. or i.m. but causes extensive hemorrhage and degradation of muscle tissue within 24 hours. Sections of muscle tissue under light microscope revealed hemorrhage and congestion of blood vessel during initial stage followed by extensive muscle fiber necrosis with elevated levels of serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Malabarin also exhibited strong procoagulant action and its procoagulant action is due to thrombin like activity; it hydrolyzes fibrinogen to form fibrin clot. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes A? followed by B subunits of fibrinogen from the N-terminal region and the released products were identified as fibrinopeptide A and fibrinopeptide B by MALDI. The myonecrotic, fibrinogenolytic and subsequent procoagulant activities of malabarin was neutralized by specific metalloprotease inhibitors such as EDTA, EGTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline but not by PMSF a specific serine protease inhibitor. Since there is no antivenom available to neutralize local toxicity caused by T. malabaricus snakebite, EDTA chelation therapy may have more clinical relevance over conventional treatment.

Purification, cDNA structure and biological significance of a single insulin-like growth factor-binding domain protein (SIBD-1) identified in the hemocytes of the spider Cupiennius salei

Cupiennius salei single insulin-like growth factor-binding domain protein (SIBD-1), which exhibits an IGFBP N-terminal domain-like profile, was identified in the hemocytes of the spider C. salei. SIBD-1 was purified by RP-HPLC and the sequence determined by a combination of Edman degradation and 5'-3'- RACE PCR. The peptide (8676.08 Da) is composed of 78 amino acids, contains six intrachain disulphide bridges and carries a modified Thr residue at position 2. SIBD-1 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR mainly in hemocytes, but also in the subesophageal nerve mass and muscle. After infection, the SIBD-1 content in the hemocytes decreases and, simultaneously, the temporal SIBD-1 expression seems to be down-regulated. Two further peptides, SIBD-2 and IGFBP-rP1, also exhibiting IGFBP N-terminal domain variants with unknown functions, were identified on cDNA level in spider hemocytes and venom glands. We conclude that SIBD-1 may play an important role in the immune system of spiders.

Role of Toll interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) 8, a negative regulator of IL-1R/Toll-like receptor signaling, in resistance to acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

Toll interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) 8 (TIR8), also known as single Ig IL-1 receptor (IL-R)-related molecule, or SIGIRR, is a member of the IL-1R-like family, primarily expressed by epithelial cells. Current evidence suggests that TIR8 plays a nonredundant role as a negative regulator in vivo under different inflammatory conditions that are dependent on IL-R and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. In the present study, we examined the role of TIR8 in innate resistance to acute lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative pathogen responsible for life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals and cystic fibrosis patients. We show that Tir8 deficiency in mice was associated with increased susceptibility to acute P. aeruginosa infection, in terms of mortality and bacterial load, and to exacerbated local and systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], IL-1β, and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2). It has been reported that host defense against P. aeruginosa acute lung infection can be improved by blocking IL-1 since exaggerated IL-1β production may be harmful for the host in this infection. In agreement with these data, IL-1RI deficiency rescues the phenotype observed in Tir8-deficient mice: in Tir8-/- IL-1RI-/- double knockout mice we observed higher survival rates, enhanced bacterial clearance, and reduced levels of local and systemic cytokine and chemokine levels than in Tir8-deficient mice. These results suggest that TIR8 has a nonredundant effect in modulating the inflammation caused by P. aeruginosa, in particular, by negatively regulating IL-1RI signaling, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this infectious disease.

The formyl peptide receptor like-1 and scavenger receptor MARCO are involved in glial cell activation in bacterial meningitis

Recent studies have suggested that the scavenger receptor MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) mediates activation of the immune response in bacterial infection of the central nervous system (CNS). The chemotactic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) formyl-peptide-receptor like-1 (FPRL1) plays an essential role in the inflammatory responses of host defence mechanisms and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin CRAMP/LL-37 is up-regulated in bacterial meningitis, but the mechanisms underlying CRAMP expression are far from clear.

Caveolin-1 is required for signaling and membrane targeting of EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinase

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are key players during the development of the embryonic vasculature; however, their role and regulation in adult angiogenesis remain to be defined. Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the cell membrane; their major structural protein, caveolin-1, has been shown to regulate signaling molecules localized in these micro-domains. The interaction of caveolin-1 with several of these proteins is mediated by the binding of its scaffolding domain to a region containing hydrophobic amino acids within these proteins. The presence of such a motif within the EphB1 kinase domain prompted us to investigate the caveolar localization and regulation of EphB1 by caveolin-1. We report that EphB1 receptors are localized in caveolae, and directly interact with caveolin-1 upon ligand stimulation. This interaction, as well as EphB1-mediated activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), was abrogated by overexpression of a caveolin-1 mutant lacking a functional scaffolding domain. Interaction between Ephs and caveolin-1 is not restricted to the B-subclass of receptors, since we show that EphA2 also interacts with caveolin-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the caveolin-binding motif within the kinase domain of EphB1 is primordial for its correct membrane targeting. Taken together, our findings establish caveolin-1 as an important regulator of downstream signaling and membrane targeting of EphB1.

Evidence that N-acetylcysteine inhibits TNF-alpha-induced cerebrovascular endothelin-1 upregulation via inhibition of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is neuroprotective in animal models of acute brain injury such as caused by bacterial meningitis. However, the mechanism(s) by which NAC exerts neuroprotection is unclear. Gene expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1), which contributes to cerebral blood flow decline in acute brain injury, is partially regulated by reactive oxygen species, and thus a potential target of NAC. We therefore examined the effect of NAC on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced ET-1 production in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. NAC dose dependently inhibited TNF-alpha-induced preproET-1 mRNA upregulation and ET-1 protein secretion, while upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was unaffected. Intriguingly, NAC had no effect on the initial activation (i.e., IkappaB degradation, nuclear p65 translocation, and Ser536 phosphorylation) of NF-kappaB by TNF-alpha. However, transient inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding suggested that NAC may inhibit ET-1 upregulation by inhibiting (a) parallel pathway(s) necessary for full transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB-mediated ET-1 gene expression. Similar to NAC, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, the p38 inhibitor SB203580, and the protein kinase inhibitor H-89 selectively inhibited ET-1 upregulation without affecting nuclear p65 translocation, suggesting that NAC inhibits ET-1 upregulation via inhibition of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK). Supporting this notion, cotreatment with NAC inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced rise in MSK1 and MSK2 kinase activity, while siRNA knock-down experiments showed that MSK2 is the predominant isoform involved in TNF-alpha-induced ET-1 upregulation.