Naturally-occurring TGR5 agonists modulating glucagon-like peptide-1 biosynthesis and secretion

Selective GLP-1 secretagogues represent a novel potential therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study examined the GLP-1 secretory activity of the ethnomedicinal plant, Fagonia cretica, which is postulated to possess anti-diabetic activity. After extraction and fractionation extracts and purified compounds were tested for GLP-1 and GIP secretory activity in STC-1 pGIP/neo cells. Intracellular levels of incretin hormones and their gene expression were also determined. Crude F. cretica extracts stimulated both GLP-1 and GIP secretion, increased cellular hormone content, and upregulated gene expression of proglucagon, GIP and prohormone convertase. However, ethyl acetate partitioning significantly enriched GLP-1 secretory activity and this fraction underwent bioactivity-guided fractionation. Three isolated compounds were potent and selective GLP-1 secretagogues: quinovic acid (QA) and two QA derivatives, QA-3β-O-β-D-glycopyranoside and QA-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(28→1)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester. All QA compounds activated the TGR5 receptor and increased intracellular incretin levels and gene expression. QA derivatives were more potent GLP-1 secretagogues than QA. This is the first time that QA and its naturally-occurring derivatives have been shown to activate TGR5 and stimulate GLP-1 secretion. These data provide a plausible mechanism for the ethnomedicinal use of F. cretica and may assist in the ongoing development of selective GLP-1 agonists.

A randomized controlled trial on the effects of combined aerobic-resistance exercise on muscle strength and fatigue, glycemic control and health-related quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients

Aim: to evaluate the effects of a 12-weeks combined aerobic-resistance exercise therapy on fatigue and isokinetic muscle strength, glycemic control and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in moderately affected type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Methods: a randomized controlled trial design was employed. Forty-three T2DM patients were assigned to an exercise group (n = 22), performing 3 weekly sessions of 60 minutes of combined aerobic-resistance exercise for 12-weeks; or a no exercise control group (n = 21). Both groups were evaluated at a baseline and after 12-weeks of exercise therapy for: 1) muscle strength and fatigue by isokinetic dynamometry; 2) plasma glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C); and 3) HRQoL utilizing the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: the exercise therapy led to improvements in muscle fatigue in knee extensors (-55%) and increased muscle strength in knee flexors and extensors (+15 to +30%), while HbA1C decreased (-18%). In addition, the exercising patients showed sizeable improvements in HRQoL: physical function (+53%), vitality (+21%) and mental health (+40%). Conclusion: 12-weeks of combined aerobic-resistance exercise was highly effective to improve muscle strength and fatigue, glycemic control and several aspects of HRQoL in T2DM patients. These data encourage the use of aerobic and resistance exercise in the good clinical care of T2DM.

Um contributo da análise multivariada na educação da diabetes: metodologia CHAID para a criação de perfis de doentes

Dissertação de mestrado, Gestão Empresarial, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Trends in self-reported prevalence and management of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes in Swiss adults, 1997-2007.

Switzerland has a low mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases, but little is known regarding prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors (CV RFs: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes) in the general population. In this study, we assessed 10-year trends in self-reported prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in Switzerland. data from three national health interview surveys conducted between 1997 and 2007 in representative samples of the Swiss adult population (49,261 subjects overall). Self-reported CV RFs prevalence, treatment and control levels were computed. The sample was weighted to match the sex - and age distribution, geographical location and nationality of the entire adult population of Switzerland. self-reported prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes increased from 22.1%, 11.9% and 3.3% in 1997 to 24.1%, 17.4% and 4.8% in 2007, respectively. Prevalence of self-reported treatment among subjects with CV RFs also increased from 52.1%, 18.5% and 50.0% in 1997 to 60.4%, 38.8% and 53.3% in 2007 for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively. Self-reported control levels increased from 56.4%, 52.9% and 50.0% in 1997 to 80.6%, 75.1% and 53.3% in 2007 for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively. Finally, screening during the last 12 months increased from 84.5%, 86.5% and 87.4% in 1997 to 94.0%, 94.6% and 94.1% in 2007 for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively. in Switzerland, the prevalences of self-reported hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes have increased between 1997 and 2007. Management and screening have improved, but further improvements can still be achieved as over one third of subjects with reported CV RFs are not treated.

Estimating the risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a comparison of several risk scores: the Cohorte Lausannoise study.

To compare in the Swiss population the results of several scores estimating the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This was a single-center, cross-sectional study conducted between 2003 and 2006 in Lausanne, Switzerland. Overall, 3,251 women and 2,937 men, aged 35-75 years, were assessed, of which 5,760 (93%) were free from diabetes and included in the current study. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes was assessed using seven different risk scores, including clinical data with or without biological data. Participants were considered to be eligible for primary prevention according to the thresholds provided for each score. The results were then extrapolated to the Swiss population of the same sex and age. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increased with age in all scores. The prevalence of participants at high risk ranged between 1.6 and 24.9% in men and between 1.1 and 15.7% in women. Extrapolated to the Swiss population of similar age, the overall number of participants at risk, and thus susceptible to intervention, ranged between 46,708 and 636,841. In addition, scores that included the same clinical variables led to a significantly different prevalence of participants at risk (4.2% [95% CI 3.4-5.0] vs. 12.8% [11.5-14.1] in men and 2.9% [2.4-3.6] vs. 6.0% [5.2-6.9] in women). CONCLUSIONS; The prevalence of participants at risk for developing type 2 diabetes varies considerably according to the scoring system used. To adequately prevent type 2 diabetes, risk-scoring systems must be validated for each population considered.

Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals.

Circulating levels of adiponectin, a hormone produced predominantly by adipocytes, are highly heritable and are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and other metabolic traits. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 39,883 individuals of European ancestry to identify genes associated with metabolic disease. We identified 8 novel loci associated with adiponectin levels and confirmed 2 previously reported loci (P = 4.5×10(-8)-1.2×10(-43)). Using a novel method to combine data across ethnicities (N = 4,232 African Americans, N = 1,776 Asians, and N = 29,347 Europeans), we identified two additional novel loci. Expression analyses of 436 human adipocyte samples revealed that mRNA levels of 18 genes at candidate regions were associated with adiponectin concentrations after accounting for multiple testing (p<3×10(-4)). We next developed a multi-SNP genotypic risk score to test the association of adiponectin decreasing risk alleles on metabolic traits and diseases using consortia-level meta-analytic data. This risk score was associated with increased risk of T2D (p = 4.3×10(-3), n = 22,044), increased triglycerides (p = 2.6×10(-14), n = 93,440), increased waist-to-hip ratio (p = 1.8×10(-5), n = 77,167), increased glucose two hours post oral glucose tolerance testing (p = 4.4×10(-3), n = 15,234), increased fasting insulin (p = 0.015, n = 48,238), but with lower in HDL-cholesterol concentrations (p = 4.5×10(-13), n = 96,748) and decreased BMI (p = 1.4×10(-4), n = 121,335). These findings identify novel genetic determinants of adiponectin levels, which, taken together, influence risk of T2D and markers of insulin resistance.

Alcohol drinking, the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in a population with high mean alcohol consumption.

AIMS: To investigate the relationship of alcohol consumption with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in a population-based study with high mean alcohol consumption. Few data exist on these conditions in high-risk drinkers. METHODS: In 6172 adults aged 35-75 years, alcohol consumption was categorized as 0, 1-6, 7-13, 14-20, 21-27, 28-34 and ≥ 35 drinks/week or as non-drinkers (0), low-risk (1-13), medium-to-high-risk (14-34) and very-high-risk (≥ 35) drinkers. Alcohol consumption was objectively confirmed by biochemical tests. In multivariate analysis, we assessed the relationship of alcohol consumption with adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and insulin resistance, determined with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Seventy-three per cent of participants consumed alcohol, 16% were medium-to-high-risk drinkers and 2% very-high-risk drinkers. In multivariate analysis, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and mean HOMA-IR decreased with low-risk drinking and increased with high-risk drinking. Adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 24% in non-drinkers, 19% in low-risk (P<0.001 vs. non-drinkers), 20% in medium-to-high-risk and 29% in very-high-risk drinkers (P=0.005 vs. low-risk). Adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 6.0% in non-drinkers, 3.6% in low-risk (P<0.001 vs. non-drinkers), 3.8% in medium-to-high-risk and 6.7% in very-high-risk drinkers (P=0.046 vs. low-risk). Adjusted HOMA-IR was 2.47 in non-drinkers, 2.14 in low-risk (P<0.001 vs. non-drinkers), 2.27 in medium-to-high-risk and 2.53 in very-high-risk drinkers (P=0.04 vs. low-risk). These relationships did not differ according to beverage types. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol has a U-shaped relationship with the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and HOMA-IR, without differences between beverage types.

Smoking cessation and the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.

AIMS: Smoking cessation has been suggested to increase the short-term risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed at assessing the association between smoking cessation and incidence of T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). METHODS: Data from participants in the CoLaus study, Switzerland, aged 35-75 at baseline and followed for 5.5years were used. Participants were classified as smokers, recent (≤5years), long-term (>5years) quitters, and non-smokers at baseline. Outcomes were IFG (fasting serum glucose (FSG) 5.6-6.99mmol/l) and T2DM (FSG ≥7.0mmol/l and/or treatment) at follow up. RESULTS: 3,166 participants (63% women) had normal baseline FSG, of whom 26.7% were smokers, 6.5% recent quitters, and 23.5% long-term quitters. During follow-up 1,311 participants (41.4%) developed IFG (33.6% women, 54.7% men) and 47 (1.5%) developed T2DM (1.1% women, 2.1% men). Former smokers did not have statistically significant increased odds of IFG compared with smokers after adjustment for age, education, physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and alcohol intake, with OR of 1.29 [95% confidence interval 0.94-1.76] for recent quitters and 1.03 [0.84-1.27] for long-term quitters. Former smokers did not have significant increased odds of T2DM compared with smokers with multivariable-adjusted OR of 1.53 [0.58-4.00] for recent quitters and 0.64 [0.27-1.48] for long-term quitters. Adjustment for body-mass index and waist circumference attenuated the association between recent quitting and IFG (OR 1.07 [0.78-1.48]) and T2DM (OR 1.28 [0.48-3.40]. CONCLUSION: In this middle-aged population, smoking cessation was not associated with an increased risk of IFG or T2DM.

Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants.

One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue. We used data from 751 studies including 4,372,000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-7.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target. Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Wellcome Trust.

Representaciones cognitivas de salud de población en riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2

Tesis ( Doctor en Ciencias de Enfermería) U.A.N.L., Facultad de Enfermería.

Le rôle du récepteur B1 des kinines dans l'insulite et dans les complications du diabète de type 1 dans un modèle de choc spectique

Les kinines sont des peptides vasoactifs et des neuromédiateurs centraux impliqués dans le contrôle cardiovasculaire, la douleur et l’inflammation. Leurs actions sont relayées par deux types de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : le récepteur B2 (RB2), constitutif, et le récepteur B1 (RB1), inductible en présence de lésions tissulaires, de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, d’endotoxines bactériennes et dans certaines pathologies tel que le diabète. Le diabète sucré augmente à l’échelle mondiale et son étiologie est complexe; il aggrave les infections sévères et augmente la mortalité par hyperbactériémie résistante à un contrôle thérapeutique et une prise en charge en soins intensifs. Les décès surviennent dans la grande majorité des cas à la suite de l'apparition d'une coagulation intra- vasculaire disséminée (CIVD). Ce projet a pour but d’étudier le rôle du RB1 dans la CIVD dans un modèle de diabète de type 1 induit par la streptozotocine (STZ) (Article 1) et dans l’insulite (Article 2). La CIVD est produite par l’injection de lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg, i.p.), 4 jours après le traitement à la STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.). Dans le premier article, nous avons montré une augmentation significative de l'œdème et de la perméabilité vasculaire par le bleu d’Évans dans le rein, le poumon, le coeur et le foie chez les rats traités au LPS et/ou à la STZ, une situation qui favorise une hémoconcentration et le développement d'un état d'hypercoagulabilité. Nous avons aussi montré la présence d'indices de thrombus et de lésions tissulaires dans l'étude histologique ainsi qu’une augmentation de l'expression du RB1 dans le coeur, le rein et les plaquettes sanguines. Un traitement avec l’antagoniste du RB1, le SSR240612, a corrigé l’apparition de ces anomalies et a rendu normale la glycémie chez les rats STZ et l’hyperthermie induite par le LPS. De même, le SSR240612 a nettement amélioré la survie des animaux. Les bénéfices du SSR240612 ont été reproduits par l’inhibition de la iNOS avec le 1400W et de la COX-2 avec l’acide niflumique, suggérant que les médiateurs de ces enzymes pro-inflammatoires agissent en aval du RB1.Dans le deuxième article, le rat STZ est traité du jour 4 au jour 7 avec le SSR240612 (10 mg/kg/jr per os). Cet antagoniste du RB1 bloque l’infiltration du pancréas par les macrophages et les lymphocytes TCD4+ qui sont porteurs du RB1. L’antagoniste prévient aussi l’augmentation de l’expression de la iNOS, du TNF-α, du RB1 et du TRPV1 dans le pancréas des rats diabétiques. Le traitement avec l’antagoniste du RB1 a limité la perte des cellules β des îlots de Langerhans et a corrigé l’hypoinsulinémie et l’hyperglycémie. Ces deux études mettent en lumière un rôle important du RB1 dans la létalité associée au choc septique, à la thrombose et à l’insulite. Par conséquent, le RB1 représente une cible thérapeutique prometteuse dans le traitement du diabète et de ses complications.

Tipo de tratamiento farmacológico y deterioro de la función pulmonar en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Antecedentes: En la actualidad no es clara la relación de la DM 2 con respecto al deterioro de la función pulmonar y menos aún si el tipo de tratamiento modifica parámetros espirométricos e inflamatorios. Objetivo: Comparar la función pulmonar de pacientes con DM 2 tratados con metformina vs secretagogos y la combinación con insulinas. Establecer el nivel de biomarcadores inflamatorios entre los grupos de tratamiento. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal 495 pacientes diabéticos, entre julio 2005 y septiembre de 2007. Se obtuvieron variables espirométricas, niveles de biomarcadores inflamatorios como ferritina, fibrinógeno, PCR, Iinterleukina 6, TNF-α. Se realizó análisis de residuales de función pulmonar (valores esperados-observados) entre tipo de tratamiento con respecto al deterioro en la función pulmonar (variables espirométricas) y los niveles plasmáticos de biomarcadores. Resultados: Sin embargo un resultado valioso que se muestra en nuestro estudio, es que Después de ajustar por determinantes conocidos de la función pulmonar; los pacientes tratados con metformina tenían una tendencia no significativa de menor residual del VEF1 siendo de -133.2 vs -174.8 ml en el grupo de secretagogos. Al igual que un residual de CVF menor en los pacientes tratados con metformina en comparación con secretagogos, siendo de -212.1 ml vs -270.2 ml respectivamente con una p de 0.039. En el grupo de pacientes tratados con Metformina, los niveles de biomarcadores inflamatorios fueron menores. Conclusiones: Este estudio sustenta que la metformina parece evitar el deterioro de la función pulmonar de los pacientes diabéticos, al igual que parece tener un efecto antiinflamatorio.

Factores asociados a diabetes de nuevo inicio en pacientes postrasplante hepático, un estudio de casos y controles

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trasplante hepático ha permitido mejorar la calidad de vida y la supervivencia de los pacientes con cirrosis, se ha identificado un gran espectro de complicaciones crónicas, dentro de las cuales la Diabetes Mellitus de nuevo inicio posterior al trasplante (DMNPT) hace parte y genera un impacto significativo con relación a morbimortalidad. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar los factores asociados para el desarrollo de DMNPT. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles sobre una cohorte histórica donde se revisaron pacientes colombianos postrasplante hepático y se evaluaron factores clínicos asociados con el inicio de DMNPT. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que la incidencia de DMNPT en nuestra población fue de 14.3% (32/224), con una mediana de aparición desde el procedimiento hasta el diagnóstico de 10 meses (IQR 1 - 40). De los 32 casos el 62.5% (20/32) fueron hombres, con una mediana de edad de 55.5 años. La presencia de encefalopatía (ORA 3,55 IC 95% 1.07-8.2), intolerancia a los carbohidratos (ORA 2,97 IC 95% 1.35-9.32) y el tiempo de isquemia (ORA 1.005 IC 95% 1.001 – 1.01) fueron significativamente asociados con el desenlace, en contraste la etiología autoinmune de la cirrosis se comportó como un factor protector (OR 0.34 IC 95% 0.12-091). CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de las limitaciones del estudio, hay consistencia con resultados previos con respecto a la asociación entre estas variables independientes y el desarrollo de DMNPT, características que se deben tener en cuenta en el seguimiento de este grupo de pacientes estableciendo estrategias de seguimiento rigurosas y terapéuticas tempranas con miras a disminuir el riesgo de progresión a DM.

Diabetes relacionada a la fibrosis quística (DRFQ)

Importancia: el paciente con fibrosis quística después de las complicaciones gastrointestinales y pulmonares debe enfrentar otras comorbilidades como la diabetes relacionada a su condición . Dado el aumento en la esperanza de vida y el hecho de que virtualmente todas los pacientes con esta enfermedad pueden desarrollar alteración en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, se requiere una sensibilización frente al tema que posibilite una detección temprana de esta entidad y un tratamiento óptimo que evite las complicaciones microvasculares e impacte entre otros el crecimiento pondo-estatural en pacientes en desarrollo y la función pulmonar. Objetivo : realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura sobre la diabetes relacionada a la fibrosis quística, destacando las indicaciones de tamización y tratamiento. Conclusión : la FQ dentro de su abordaje requiere la detección temprana de la alteración del metabolismo de los carbohidratos con una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa , el daño del islote pancreático , la disfunción inmune, la resistencia a la insulina, el estrés oxidativo entre otros elementos fisiopatológicos conllevan a un estado de depleción de insulina que producirán un efecto negativo microvascular así como a una reducción marcada de la función pulmonar, mayores tasa de infección e incremento de la mortalidad. La piedra angular del tratamiento en pacientes con o sin hiperglicemia es la insulina que mejora tanto el estado nutricional como la función pulmonar ; nuevos antidiabéticos orales con efecto incretinas y fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad se vislumbran como alternativas al corto plazo

Diabetes gestacional como factor de riesgo para incontinencia urinaria: revisión sistemática de la literatura

La diabetes mellitus es una de las patologías frecuentes durante el embarazo, existe literatura que la ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de aparición de incontinencia urinaria en el postparto patología que de manera clara afecta la calidad de vida de las mujeres, pero a la fecha la literatura no es concluyente. Con la presente revisión sistemática se pretendió evaluar la evidencia relacionada con la diabetes gestacional como causa de incontinencia urinaria en el postparto.