Mixed ion transfer analysis in redox processes of electroactive thin films

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique was used to measure the ion transfer in redox processes in electroactive organic thin films, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (4-pyridyl hydroquinone, abbr. 4PHQ), multilayer based on SAM and conducting polymer film (here poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), abbr. PEDOT). A mechanism of mixed ion transfer is developed and presented. Analysis of mixed ion transfer during redox processes successfully elucidates the deviation of oscillation frequency of the quartz crystal from theoretical expectation.

SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHROMISM IN SOLUTION OF PHENOXYNAPHTHACENEQUINONE DERIVATIVES

Two new phenoxynaphthacenequinone derivatives, 6-[4-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)phenoxy] -5,12-naphthacenequinone (7) and 6-[4-(potassium sulfophenylazo)phenoxy]-5,12-naphthacenequinone (8), were synthesized, and their photochromism in solution was investigated and compared with that of 6-phenoxy-5,12-naphthacenequinone (1). On the basis of the spectral data and the selective irreversible reaction of ammonia with the colored phenoxy-ana-naphthacenequinone, the concentrations of the ana forms at the photostationary state (PSS), achieved by 365 nm UV irradiation, and the molar extinction coefficients of the pure ana forms at 481-482 nm of compounds 1, 7 and 8 in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were found to be 83 mol.% and 1.70x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1), 82 mol.% and 1.62x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1) and 16 mol.% and approximately 1.34x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1) respectively; the absorption spectra of the colored ana forms of 7 and 1 in DMSO were estimated; the rate;constants of photoconversion induced by 365 nm light were obtained. The results show the strong effect of the structure of the phenoxynaphthacenequinones on their photochromism in solution. In addition to DMSO solution, compound 7 exhibited normal photochromism in toluene, benzene, chloroform and a DMSO-ethanol mixed solvent, but not in dimethylformamide (DMF) in which a photoinduced reaction occurred between 7 and DMF or impurities.

Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China

In old China there were very few people engaged in the study of the algae, but in new China, freshwater and marine algae are studied by over one hundred old and new phycologists. There is now an algal biotechnology industry consisting of an aquaculture industry, producing large amounts of the seaweeds Laminaria, Porphyra, Undaria, Gracilaria, eucheumoids, and the microalgae Dunaliella and Spirulina. There is also a phycocolloid industry, producing algin, agar and carrageenan; an industry producing chemicals and drugs, such as iodine, mannitol, phycocyanin, beta -carotene, PSS (propylene glycol alginate sulfate) and FPS (fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides) and an industry producing food, feed and fertilizer. The Laminaria cultivation industry produces about 900,000 t dry Laminaria, probably the largest producer in the world and 13,000 t algin, undoubtedly one of the largest algin producer in the world.

SWCNT场效应晶体管的介电泳装配与制造

在基于单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)的纳电子器件或系统制备过程中,SWCNT场效应晶体管(SWCNTFET)作为最基本的构成元件,如何进行其可控装配与制造成为了关键课题.为此,在利用十二烷基硫酸纳(SDS)辅助超声分散SWCNT及离心去除杂质的基础上,针对所设计制作的背栅式FET微电极芯片,采用介电泳驱动方法实现了SWCNT的可控均匀排布与装配.排布与装配实验表明,SWCNT在电极间隙处具有很好的均匀定向排布与装配效果,且沿电极宽度方向的排布密度与电泳持续时间、溶液浓度基本成正比.经过初步漂洗及干燥,再通过场效应特性改善处理,烧断金属性SWCNT并进一步去除残留的SDS,获得了良好的SWCNTFET场效应特性.

碳纳米管场效应晶体管的自动化装配方法研究

自碳纳米管(Carbon nanotube,CNT)被发明以来,研究者就对CNT所表现出来的优异的物理、化学以及电学特性产生了浓厚的兴趣。近年来,CNT基纳米器件的研究取得了重要进展。特别是利用半导体性CNT制造的碳纳米管场效应晶体管(Carbon nanotube field effect transistor,CNT-FET),在化学传感器以及生物传感器等领域表现出了巨大的应用潜力。为此,本文首先介绍了目前CNT-FET制造方法的研究现状。对基于介电泳(Dielectrophoresis,DEP)的CNT-FET制造方法进行了系统分析,构建了基于DEP方法可实现碳纳米管场效应晶体管的自动化装配的微滴定实验系统。本文进行的CNT-FET装配实验,证明了该系统的有效性。

基于点集曲面投影算法的自由曲面匹配

测量数据的精确定位是实现复杂曲面加工检测的关键,针对测量点云数据与NURBS表示的CAD自由曲面模型匹配中求最近点计算方面存在的问题,提出了一种简单、有效的寻找最近点的方法。该方法与由测量点集评估给定曲面上的最近点的传统算法相反,采用点集曲面(point set surface,PSS)投影算法,对给定自由曲面模型上有限个点与不附加任何几何和拓扑信息的散乱点集之间进行粗匹配获得初始位置,进而以最近点迭代算法(ICP)完成测量数据定位的精确调整,达到全局及局部最优的目标。实验结果表明,采用PSS投影算法法寻找最近点不仅效率高,而且能得到全局匹配结果,可以为精匹配提供较好的计算初值,减少了ICP算法进行二次匹配时,迭代次数及执行时间并且精度得到了较大提高。

北京市中学生考试焦虑状况及其相关因素分析

In order to analyze the test anxiety of Beijing's high school students, relevant factors affecting test anxiety and how those factors have effect on the test anxiety of those high school students, a cross-sectional study had been conducted among 2,089 students randomly selected from 15 high schools in Beijing, using the Test Anxiety Scale（TAS）, Parenting Style Scale (PSS) and Academic Aggregate Graphic (AAG). Five months later, 194 students from one of those high schools were retested with TAS with students remaining anonymous. In the retest, the classes and birth dates of those students were strictly matched. This paper is composed of three parts to examine the issue. The first part examines the test anxiety among high school students in Beijing and establishes the model; the second part conducts a comparative study of issues related to test anxiety and academic performance; the third part examines the factors affecting test anxiety and establishes the model. Results showed that: 1. The reliability and validity of TAS are satisfied and can meet survey requirement. The 25-item version of TAS turned out to have equal or even better performance compared with the original 37-item version. 2. Incidence of test anxiety in high schools of Beijing: 57.9 percent of samples have an overall score at or higher 15. 55 percent of male student samples have a score at or higher than 15 while that for female student samples is 61 percent. A score of 20 refers to fairly serious test anxiety and 31.9 percent of samples have a score over 20. 28.1 percent of the male student samples have a score of over 20 while that for female student samples is 35.9 percent. 3. The effect of grade and sex and the interaction between the two factors are statistically significant. Female students have higher test anxiety than male students and the level of test anxiety varies from grade to grade. 4. Samples are divided into two groups, one with test anxiety and the other without. The academic performance gap between the two groups is very significant. There is a significant negative correlation between academic score and test anxiety. 5. There is a negative correlation between test anxiety and mastery goal orientation and a positive correlation between test anxiety and performance goal orientation. Students with higher academic self-efficiency have lower test anxiety. The more one thinks study is valuable, the lower his/her test anxiety is. Those whose parents communicate smoothly with them have lower test anxiety. Those whose parents have an inconsistent communication style have higher test anxiety. 6. Achievement goal is mediate variable for the effect of lack of values on test anxiety. 7. The indirect effect of introduction of achievement goal and parenting style, including communication, monitoring and communication consistence, on test anxiety is significant. Key words: Test anxiety，reliability, validity, self-efficiency，parenting style，achievement goal orientation, academic values, academic score

员工的组织支持感和工作压力对工作结果变量的作用——中国民航管制员研究

Both perceived organizational support and job stresses have impact on employees’ work outcomes. Great progresses have been made in past researches. However, there are many disputes about the impact of perceived organizational support (POS) on job performance (especially, safety performance), the impact of job stresses on job performance (especially, safety performance) and job attitudes, as well as the interaction of subordinates’ POS and job stresses, and the impact of supervisor on subordinates’ POS et al.. Thus, the aim of the study is to explore the impact of supervisors’ POS, leader-member exchange(LMX) on subordinates’ POS, the direct impact of subordinates’ POS and job stressors from task and rewards on work attitudes(job satisfaction, turnover intention) and safety behaviors(safety compliance and safety participation), and the interaction of subordinates’ POS and job stresses. Analyses are based on the data from interviewing of 20 staff, posts of a Chinese civil aviation Bulletin Board System (BBS) and surveys of 216 subordinates and 42 supervisors from two Chinese civil aviation Air traffic control centers (ATC). The major findings are listed as follows: Firstly, the exchange relationship between supervisors and members has impact on subordinates’ POS by the fully mediating role of subordinates’ perceived supervisor support (PSS). But supervisors’ POS have no impact on subordinates’ POS. Secondly, subordinates’ POS has a direct and positive impact on their job satisfaction and safety behaviors, and a negative impact on turnover intention. Specifically, the higher the employees’ perceived organizational support, the higher job satisfaction and safety behaviors, as well as the lower turnover intention they have. Moreover, POS has stronger relationship with safety participation behaviors than that of safety compliance behaviors. Thirdly, task-related stressor has no significant impact on job satisfaction, turnover intention and safety behaviors. And compensation-related stressor has significant and positive impact on turnover intention and safety behaviors, which means that with the compensation-related stress increases, turnover intention increases, safety behaviors including safety compliance and safety participation also increases. Fourthly, POS and task-related stressor, POS and compensation-related stressor have significant interaction, respectively. Specifically, POS moderates the relationship between task-related stressor and job satisfaction, and between task-related stressor and turnover intention. Moreover, POS also moderates the relationship between compensation-related stressor and safety compliance behaviors.

Metodologias simplificadas para a análise da matéria orgânica dos solos.

1998

Qualitative Analysis of MOS Circuits

With the push towards sub-micron technology, transistor models have become increasingly complex. The number of components in integrated circuits has forced designer's efforts and skills towards higher levels of design. This has created a gap between design expertise and the performance demands increasingly imposed by the technology. To alleviate this problem, software tools must be developed that provide the designer with expert advice on circuit performance and design. This requires a theory that links the intuitions of an expert circuit analyst with the corresponding principles of formal theory (i.e. algebra, calculus, feedback analysis, network theory, and electrodynamics), and that makes each underlying assumption explicit.

Ata e resumos.

Abertura e apresentacao do Programa Cooperativo de Pesquisa Sobre Percevejo castanho - 29/04/99; Diagnostico e informacoes gerais sobre o percevejo castanho - 29/04/99; Apresentacao de trabalhos - 29/04/99; Debate geral sobre os trabalhos e as informacoes apresentadas - 29/04/99; Prioridade de pesquisa e planejamento - 30/04/99; Ocorrencia do percevejo castanho scaptocoris castanea perty em soja, em Cornelio Procopio, PR; Historico e situacao atual do percevejo castanho (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) no estado de Sao Paulo; Percevejo castanho em pastagens: Descricao do problema e observacoes gerais; Utilizacao de calcario, gesso e NPK na renovacao da pastagens em solos arenosos e acidos, visando ao controle do percevejo-castanho-das-raizes Atarsocoris brachiariae Becker, 1996; Efeitos dos tipos de preparacao do solo e dos modelos alternativos de formacao de pastagens do controle do percevejo castanho (Scaptocoris castanea Perty, 1830); Avaliacao das perdas do valor nutritivo e da resistencia de quatro gramineas, quanto a acao do percevejo castanho das raizes (Scaptocoris castanea Perty, 1830); Efeito da calagem associada a niveis de incorporacao de materia organica no solo, no controle do percevejo castanho das raizes; Efeito da associacao da materia organica e do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae no controle do percevejo-castanho-das-raizes Atarsocoris brachiariae Becker, 1996; Primeiro relato de atarsocoris brachiariae (Hemiptera: Cydnidae: Scaptocorinae) em pastagens no Estado de Sao Paulo; Ensaio visando o controle do percevejo castanho com alguns inseticidas; Resultados de pesquisa de controle quimico do percevejo castanho scaptocoris em cultura de milho safrinha no Estado de Sao Paulo; Efeito de inseticidas pulverizados no Sulco de semeadura e misturados as sementes de soja sobre percevejo castanho da raiz em Candido Mota, SP; Efeito de insecticidas pulverizados no sulco de plantio ou nas folhas, e misturados as sementes de soja, sobre a populacao de percevejo castanho de raiz, em Rio Verde, GO; Efeito de diversos inseticidas sobre a populacao de percevejo castanho da raiz, em soja - Sapezal, MT.

Mancha foliar do coqueiro causada por Bipolaris incurvata.

Descricao dos sintomas da mancha foliar do coqueiro, causada por Bipolaris incurvata. Como medida de controle, e recomendado efetuar a correcao do solo com calcario dolomitico e prover adubacoes adequadas, principalmente com materia organica e potassio, na cova de plantio, dentre outras medidas.

Integracao lavoura-pecuaria: atividades desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Cerrados.

A regiao do Cerrado com 205 milhoes de hectares, em menos de tres decadas, transformou-se na principal area agricola do Brasil. Essa rapida transformacao foi possivel devido a investimentos expressivos do governo em infra-estrutura e programas de desenvolvimento para ocupar esse ecossistema aliados aos avancos tecnologicos em manejo de solo e selecao de cultivares adaptadas as condicoes edafoclimaticas da regiao. O crescimento da agricultura nessa regiao teve influencia positiva na geracao de riquezas e de empregos. No entanto, tem gerado impactos ambientais negativos como: compactacao, erosao e perda de materia organica do solo nos sistemas de cultivos anuais. Ao mesmo tempo, os problemas de degradacao de pastagens agravaram-se, sendo especialmente severos em mais de 50% dos 49 milhoes de hectares implantados na regiao. Para manter os solos do bioma Cerrado produtivos de forma sustentavel, e necessario desenvolver sistemas agricolas que permitam manter ou melhorar as propriedades fisicas, quimicas e biologicas do solo. A rotacao de culturas anuais com pastagens e indicada como uma das alternativas para atingir esse proposito. A sustentabilidade economica e ecologica dos sistemas de producao agropecuaria, no Cerrado, podera beneficiar-se mais da integracao lavoura-pecuaria do que de qualquer outra inovacao. Desde 1991, a Embrapa Cerrados e o Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) tem trabalhado com outras instituicoes para desenvolver sistemas agropastoris, baseados em leguminosas forrageiras, adaptadas a diferentes niveis de uso de corretivos e fertilizantes, quantificando, no tempo, os impactos na produtividade e nas propriedades fisicas, quimicas e biologicas do solo. Praticas de manejo como: calagem, adubacao, preparo de solo e manejo animal influenciam na contribuicao das culturas e das pastagens na producao dos sistemas integrados lavoura-pecuaria. Para medir esses efeitos, um experimento de longa duracao foi estabelecido num Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina (DF). Esse experimento tem por objetivos avaliar o efeito da integracao lavoura pecuaria na produtividade de graos e carne e identificar parametros-chave fisicos, quimicos e biologicos, relacionados a melhoria ou a degradacao do solo. Os tratamentos foram constituidos pela combinacao de sistemas, niveis de fertilidade e preparo do solo. Os sistemas utilizados são os seguintes: pastagem continua de graminea pura; pastagem consorciada continua; rotacao de lavoura/pastagem consorciada; lavoura continua; cerrado nativo. O experimento foi complementado com prototipos localizados em Uberlandia (MG). Esses prototipos foram estabelecidos em 1992 em solos arenosos e argilosos em dois sistemas de producao: pastagens em processo de degradacao e lavouras continuas. Os resultados obtidos nesses trabalhos demonstram que os sistemas agropastoris tem potencial para aumentar a produtividade e reduzir os riscos de degradacao, melhorando as propriedades quimicas, fisicas e biologicas do solo. O impacto positivo desses sistemas e ainda maior quando se incluem as leguminosas.

Manejo de adubos verdes no cerrado.

O uso intensivo e inadequado dos solos acelera a degradacao da materia organica, principal componente da fertilidade dos solos do Cerrado. Os adubos verdes podem promover a adicao de quantidades extras de residuos vegetais ao solo e contribuir para o incremento da materia organica. Alem do aspecto da materia organica, ressalta-se as demais vantagens dos adubos verdes, quais sejam: a cobertura do solo, o fornecimento de nutrientes, em especial o N, dentre outras. Esta publicacao apresenta informacoes sobre o manejo de adubos verdes adaptados a regiao do Cerrado, relativas a producao e manejo de biomassa, a ciclagem de nutrientes, a cobertura do solo proporcionada, as formas de semeadura e producao de sementes e alguns cuidados especiais que devem ser tomados ao se utilizar determinadas especies de adubos verdes. Tambem sao relatadas as opcoes de cultivo mais indicadas para inserir os adubos verdes nos sistemas agricolas da regiao, bem como o efeito deles na producao da cultura comercial sucessiva. Sem duvida, ja existem opcoes viaveis de sistemas com adubos verdes para essa que podem trazer beneficios significativos para a cultura comercial e para a conservacao dos solos do Cerrado.

Reflectancia espectral de solos.

Usando as cores para caracterizar as propriedades dos solos ou atraves de fotografias aereas para a discriminacao de pedoformas , os pedologos, ja ha algum tempo, compreenderam a importancia do uso dos recursos oferecidos pela luz refletida como instrumento para compreender a distribuicao dos solos na paisagem ou para a descricao de suas propriedades. A rapida evolucao da espectroscopia de reflectancia, amplamente explorada no sensoriamento remoto multiespectral, permitiu estender esse uso a comprimentos de onda outros que o visivel. Mais recentemente, com o desenvolvimento da espectroscopia de imageamento o interesse pelas propriedades de reflectancia espectral dos solos ganha nova importancia, por causa da possibilidade de identificar e de mapear ocorrencias de componentes do solo com dados de imagens obtidas por avioes ou satelites. Este trabalho tem por objetivo oferecer ao leitor a alguns elementos importantes para a compreensao das possibilidades reais do uso dos dados de reflectancia espectral em pedologia . Apos rever conceitos basicos sobre a interacao entre a energia eletromagnetica e a materia, sao discutidas as caracteristicas de reflectancia dos principais minerais existentes nos solos tropicais, da materia organica, da umidade e da granulometria. Finalmente introduz-se, sinteticamente, os conceitos de cor e de seu calculo com base em espectros de reflectancia.