PTPN22 Association in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with Respect to Individual Ancestry and Clinical Sub-Phenotypes

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a negative regulator of T-cell activation associated with several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Missense rs2476601 is associated with SLE in individuals with European ancestry. Since the rs2476601 risk allele frequency differs dramatically across ethnicities, we assessed robustness of PTPN22 association with SLE and its clinical subphenotypes across four ethnically diverse populations. Ten SNPs were genotyped in 8220 SLE cases and 7369 controls from in European-Americans (EA), African-Americans (AA), Asians (AS), and Hispanics (HS). We performed imputation-based association followed by conditional analysis to identify independent associations. Significantly associated SNPs were tested for association with SLE clinical sub-phenotypes, including autoantibody profiles. Multiple testing was accounted for by using false discovery rate. We successfully imputed and tested allelic association for 107 SNPs within the PTPN22 region and detected evidence of ethnic-specific associations from EA and HS. In EA, the strongest association was at rs2476601 (P = 4.761029, OR = 1.40 (95% CI = 1.25–1.56)). Independent association with rs1217414 was also observed in EA, and both SNPs are correlated with increased European ancestry. For HS imputed intronic SNP, rs3765598, predicted to be a cis-eQTL, was associated (P = 0.007, OR = 0.79 and 95% CI = 0.67–0.94). No significant associations were observed in AA or AS. Case-only analysis using lupus-related clinical criteria revealed differences between EA SLE patients positive for moderate to high titers of IgG anti-cardiolipin (aCL IgG .20) versus negative aCL IgG at rs2476601 (P = 0.012, OR = 1.65). Association was reinforced when these cases were compared to controls (P = 2.761025, OR = 2.11). Our results validate that rs2476601 is the most significantly associated SNP in individuals with European ancestry. Additionally, rs1217414 and rs3765598 may be associated with SLE. Further studies are required to confirm the involvement of rs2476601 with aCL IgG.

El régimen colombiano de la contratación estatal frente al TLC con Estados Unidos

El presente escrito desarrolla un análisis comparado entre el sistema de compras públicas colombiano y el Tratado de Libre Comercio suscrito con los Estados Unidos en cuanto a compras públicas se refiere, poniendo en evidencia inconsistencias de tipo jurídico para efectos principalmente prácticos, acudiendo a temas de soporte para el desarrollo de las obligaciones contenidas en el acuerdo, como son las Normas de Origen de los Bienes y el régimen de responsabilidad del contratista estatal colombiano.

Facilitating the access of minorities to post-secundari education in the United States. 'Facilitar el acceso a la educación post-secundaria de las minorías'.

No publicada

The making of the United Kingdom.

A partir de la pregunta inicial sobre cuales son los cambios más importantes ocurridos en el Reino Unido entre 1500 y 1750, los alumnos realizan su propia investigación con los textos y las fuentes de información propuestos y la ayuda del profesor. El punto de partida son sus propias ideas, prejuicios y suposiciones sobre el tema, que les permite proponer una hipótesis inicial de trabajo que puede revisarse en las conclusiones y conocer, así, el nivel de comprensión alcanzado sobre esta época histórica. En cub. : Key stage 3. .

The United Kingdom today.

Un resumen con información de hoy en el Reino Unido. Cómo se formó y cómo se desarrolló. Incluye una breve descripción de cada país y perspectivas de futuro, su lugar en la Unión Europea. Mapa, cuadro cronológico de sucesos importantes, glosario, sitios web e índice .

United Nations.

Título que forma parte de una serie 'Las organizaciones del mundo' que examina las organizaciones internacionales clave y el papel que desempeñan en mejorar las vidas de personas alrededor del mundo. Cada título incluye estudios de casos que revela cómo funciona la organización. En éste se examina el modo en que las Naciones Unidas ayuda a traer la paz y resolver conflictos en todo el mundo.

Historical perspectives of bilingual Education in the United States. 'Una perspectiva histórica de la educación bilingüe en Estados Unidos'.

Monográfico con el título: 'Sociedad de la Información, lenguas minoritarias y educación en bilingüismo'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

The Ideological Becoming of International Graduate Assistants in A United States University

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Comparison of self-reported attachment in young adults from Spain and the United States

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Neoconservatism in the United States and the institutionalized exclusion of Poor Women

Public Assistance to the poor in the United States was always been reluctant and especially cruel to women. A society that from the outset prized Kantian principles of individual freedom over Rousseau’s notions of social contract and that was dominated by a puritanical morality saw poverty as self-made. If individuals had freedom of choice, bad outcomes were necessarily caused by bad choices. The poor had themselves to blame.

United States geography curricula

This paper presents a geography curricula designed for hearing-impaired children between 8 and 10 years of age who are behind their normal-hearing peers in vocabulary, language and reading skills.

Postsecondary education for the deaf and its supportive system: the United States in comparison to Japan

This paper examines available post-secondary education and supportive systems for the deaf in Japan as compared to the United States.