Promoting oral health in adults with learning disability

Introduction: It is complex to define learning disabilities, there is no single universal definition used; there are different interpretations and definitions used for learning disabilities in different countries and communities. Primarily, the term “learning disability” sometimes used as “learning difficulties” is a term widely used in UK. There are various types and degree of severity of learning disabilities depending upon the extent of disorder. Though different definitions used all over the world, its types and classification coupled with their health and oral health needs are discussed in this review. Objectives:  To review the background literature on definitions of learning disabilities and health needs of this population.  To review literature on individual clinical preventive intervention to determine the effectiveness in promoting oral health amongst adults in learning disabilities.  To review literature in relation to community based preventive dental measures.  To determine the interventions in this areas are appropriate to support policy and practice and if these interventions establish good evidence to suggest that the oral health needs of adults with learning disabilities are met or not.  To make recommendations in implementing future preventive oral health interventions for adults with learning disabilities. Methodology: It was develop a comprehensive narrative synthesis of previously published literature from different sources and summarizes the whole research in a particular area identifying gap of knowledge. It provides a broad perspective of a subject and supports continuing education. It also is directed to inform policy and further research. It is a qualitative type of research with a broad question and critical analysis of literature published in books, article and journals. The research question evaluated on PICOS criteria is: Effectiveness of preventive dental interventions in adults with learning disabilities. The research question clearly defines the PICOS i.e. participants, interventions, comparison, outcome and study design. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (CDSR), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of effects (DARE) through York University and National institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) was searched to identify need of this review. There was no literature review found on the preventive dental interventions found hence, justifying this review. The guidance used in this review is from York University and methods opted for search of literature is based on the following: Type of participants, interventions, outcome measure, studies and search. The review of literature; author search; systematic and narrative reviews, through the following electronic databases via UFP library services: Pub-Med, Medline, EMBASE, CINHAL, Google scholar; Science Direct; Social and Medicine. A comprehensive search of all available literature from 1990-2015, including systematic reviews, policy documents and some guideline documents was done. Internet resource used to access; Department of Health, World Health Organization, Disability World, Disability Rights Commission, the Stationery office, MENCAP, Australian Learning Disability Association. The literature search was carried out with single word, combined words and phrases, authors' names and the title of literature search. Results: It is primarily looking at the oral health interventions available for adults with learning disabilities in clinical settings and the community measures observed over a period of 25 years 1990-2015. There were 7of the clinical intervention studies and one community based intervention study was added in this review. Conclusion: There is a gap of knowledge identified in not having ample research in the area of preventive dental interventions in adults with learning or intellectual disabilities and there is a need of more research, studies need to be of a better quality and a special consideration is required in the community settings where maintenance of oral hygiene for this vulnerable group of society is hugely dependent on their caregivers. Though, the policy and guideline directs on the preventive dental interventions of adults with LD there still a gap evident in understanding and implication of the guidance in practice by the dental and care support team. Understanding learning disabilities and to identify their behavior, compliance and oral health needs is paramount for all professionals working with or for them at each level.

Remição pela leitura: o letramento literário ressignificando a educação na prisão

Acompanha: Remição pela leitura: o letramento literário ressignificando a educação na prisão

O e-portefólio em contextos de aprendizagem: potencialidades do Mahara

A ligeireza com que a tecnologia se desenvolve e a concorrência geral que se estabeleceram nos últimos anos na nossa sociedade, conduzem a uma exigência crescente de cidadãos mais capazes, criadores e inovadores. A sedução e o fascínio causados por essa mesma tecnologia nos jovens estudantes levam a uma distância frequentemente da sala de aula, sempre que esta persiste em resistir às mudanças do exterior. O importante é que haja uma articulação entre as preferências e as capacidades dos estudantes, em relação à tecnologia, através de práticas pedagógicas que permitam um “saber ensinar” mais aliciante e que despertem o interesse intelectual e a desejo para aprender. Este projecto centrou-se na pesquisa do e-Portefólio reflexivo e na contribuição das potencialidades do software Mahara para uma aprendizagem activa e reflexiva. Optamos por esta temática por ser a que melhor se adequa às necessidades/especificidades dos nossos alunos, e porque o Mahara permite que cada autor controle a informação (artefactos) que deseja conter no seu e-portefólio e partilhar com os outros usuários, o que o torna diferente de outros softwares de e-portefólios.

La transition vers la vie adulte : les besoins des jeunes adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle profonde et de leur famille, les facteurs qui l'influencent et les pistes de solutions pour la faciliter

Résumé : Introduction : Au Québec, jusqu’à l’âge de 21 ans, les enfants et adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) profonde ont des services de pédiatrie adaptés et l’opportunité de fréquenter des écoles spécialisées publiques. Toutefois, au-delà de cet âge, l’accès à ces services spécialisés est plus limité : le financement pour la fréquentation scolaire cesse et les jeunes adultes transfèrent des services de santé pédiatriques vers le secteur adulte. Malgré la mise en place de solutions visant à faciliter cette transition, des difficultés tendent à persister, une situation pouvant avoir des effets négatifs considérables au niveau de la personne ayant un handicap et de sa famille. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées aux facteurs qui influencent le vécu de la transition vers la vie adulte des familles de jeunes personnes présentant une DI profonde, rendant difficile l’adaptation des programmes déjà existants de planification de la transition à la réalité de ces familles. Objectif : Ce projet vise à décrire les besoins des personnes présentant une DI profonde et de leur famille lors de la transition vers la vie adulte, en décrivant le vécu des parents lors de cette période et les facteurs qui l’influencent, ainsi qu’en explorant les pistes de solution à mettre en place. Méthodologie : Afin de réaliser cette étude qualitative, un devis descriptif interprétatif a été choisi. Deux entrevues semi-dirigées individuelles ont été réalisées auprès de quatorze parents, la deuxième entrevue permettant de valider et d’approfondir les résultats à l’aide d’un résumé de la première rencontre. Résultats : Plusieurs facteurs multisystémiques de l’ordre du soutien matériel, informatif, cognitif et affectif semblent influencer la transition vers la vie adulte. Ces différents facteurs contribuent au vécu particulièrement difficile des familles, qui vivent beaucoup d’anxiété et de frustration face au peu de soutien qui leur est offert. Plusieurs idées intéressantes ont été proposées par les parents pour répondre à ce manque de soutien, autant au plan du partage des connaissances, de l’amélioration de la collaboration inter-établissement que du soutien psychologique. Conclusion : Cette étude souligne l’importance d’impliquer l’ensemble des acteurs œuvrant auprès du jeune adulte et de sa famille dans la planification de la transition. La compréhension de la réalité des personnes avec une DI profonde et de leur famille devrait permettre de développer des interventions concrètes leur étant destinées dans de futurs projets.

Estado laico y autonomía de las confesiones religiosas. A propósito de una sentencia reciente de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia

La jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia ha defendido continuamente la autonomía de las iglesias como uno de los aspectos del derecho fundamental de libertad religiosa y de la laicidad del Estado. Sin embargo, en una reciente sentencia (Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Sentencia T-658 de 2013, 2013), al resolver la acción de tutela de una religiosa en contra de su monasterio, se ordenó el reintegro de la demandante a su comunidad con el fin de garantizarle su derecho a una vida digna. Las cuestiones problemáticas principales que plantea la sentencia son las siguientes: el adecuado respeto de la libertad religiosa y la efectiva autonomía de las iglesias y confesiones; los límites al derecho de libertad religiosa; el papel de los ordenamientos confesionales (en concreto, del Derecho Canónico) en relación con el derecho del Estado, y el modo de entender el principio de laicidad por parte de la sentencia comentada. El trabajo se detiene en cada uno de estos aspectos y trata de ofrecer criterios alternativos de resolución del conflicto, compatibles con la libertad religiosa de personas e instituciones.

Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo e a sociedade portuguesa

Sendo certo que as estruturas sociais condicionam e, muitas vezes, determinam a identidade dos indivíduos que se inserem numa sociedade e cultura específica, pareceu-nos importante analisar o modo como Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo conseguiu romper com algumas estruturas de pensamento e criar novas práticas sociais que conferiram à mulher um novo papel social. Em que medida a transformação política, económica, social e cultural que ocorreu em Portugal na segunda metade do século XX, possibilitou a Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo a representação do papel de mulher, técnica, representante política e eclesial? Quais as estruturas culturais que entretanto se alteraram e influenciaram o desenvolvimento da condição da mulher na sociedade portuguesa? Como é que a sociedade nacional e internacional representa Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo? A pesquisa documental e bibliográfica que realizámos permitiu a análise dos códigos culturais que regularam as práticas sociais vigentes na sociedade portuguesa durante a ditadura do Estado Novo. Numa época e num país em que as mulheres se viam arredadas da participação ativa na vida política, Maria de Lourdes destaca-se. Acreditamos que, para o prestígio e projeção que alcançou a nível nacional e internacional, muito contribuiu a sua constante necessidade de confrontação, a sua criatividade intelectual e a sua fé.

Controller system design using the coefficient diagram method

Coefficient diagram method is a controller design technique for linear time-invariant systems. This design procedure occurs into two different domains: an algebraic and a graphical. The former is closely paired to a conventional pole placement method and the latter consists on a diagram whose reading from the plotted curves leads to insights regarding closed-loop control system time response, stability and robustness. The controller structure has two degrees of freedom and the design process leads to both low overshoot closed-loop time response and good robustness performance regarding mismatches between the real system and the design model. This article presents an overview on this design method. In order to make more transparent the presented theoretical concepts, examples in Matlab®code are provided. The included code illustrates both the algebraic and the graphical nature of the coefficient diagram design method. © 2016, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals.

Critics of Human Rights from a Historical Perspective

Implementation of human rights is often criticized because it is perceived as being imposed on the rest of the world. In this case, human rights start to be seen as a sole abstraction, an empty word. What are the theoretical arguments of these critics and can we determine any historical grounds for them? In this paper, I will try to point at similar critics after the French Revolution – like that of the Historical School and Hegel – and try to show if some of these critics are still relevant. And I will compare these critics with contemporary arguments of cultural relativists. There are different streams and categorizations of human rights theories in today’s world. What differentiates them is basically the source of the human rights. After the French Revolution, the historical school had criticized the individuation and Hegel had criticized the formal freedom which was, according to him, a consequence of the Revolution. In this context Hegel drew a distinction between real freedom and formal freedom. Besides the theory of sources, the theories of implementation such as human rights as a model of learning, human rights as a result of an historical process are worth attention. The crucial point is about integrating human rights as an inner process and not to use them as a tool for intervention in other countries, which we observe in today’s world. And this is the exact point why I find the discussion of the sources more important. This discussion can help us to show how the inner evaluation of a society makes the realization of human rights possible and how we can avoid the above mentioned abstraction and misuse.

The clinical significance of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 duplications: - Where do we stand?

The 15q11.2-q13 region has been well characterized, being associated with a range of syndromatic copy number variants (CNVs), and comprises five established break points sites (BP1 to BP5). While the clinical effect for BP1-BP3, BP2-BP3 and BP4-BP5 CNVs is well established, the same cannot be said for BP1-BP2 CNVs. Recently the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion has been reviewed, emerging as a microdeletion syndrome with low penetrance and variable expressivity being the CNV frequently inherited from a healthy parent. This microdeletion is considered to be a risk factor for several neurodevelopment disorders. For the reciprocal duplication the picture has been less conclusive. Aiming for a better understanding of the clinical significance of this CNV, we collected patients with intellectual disability and/or other clinical features, referred for microarray testing, gathering clinical details for the ones with the duplication. Data was collected from two genetic laboratories. With a total of 1545 patients, we identified eleven carrying the duplication at 15q11.2 BP1-BP2. It was possible to assess inheritance in only four cases, all inherited from a healthy parent. All patients presented intellectual disability,and facial dysmorphism was the second most common feature observed. Microcephaly, autism, congenital abnormalities, dystonia and cataplexy where reported individually. The magnitude of the effect of 15q11.2 duplication remains elusive, and the outcome unclear, posing a major challenge to genetic counseling. Nevertheless, we expect the collection of more of these cases will establish this gain, as it happened with the reciprocal deletion, as a microduplication syndrome with low penetrance and variable expressivity.

Estudio de la pintura del paisaje campestre del Cantón Cuenca, siglo XX

La pintura de paisaje surge como corriente pictórica a finales del siglo XIX como un producto de una suma de intereses tanto académicos como científicos que desembocan en el interés por la naturaleza. Se enmarca dentro de un pensamiento político que sitúa a nuestro país en las expectativas de una nueva estructura socio cultural que pone énfasis en la libertad y en los derechos humanos, el derecho a la propiedad privada y sobre todo abre sus horizontes a la integración social y cultural, se ve la necesidad de comunicar e inspirarse en la propia tierra. En ésta investigación se pretende inquirir en los diferentes procesos que experimentan los artistas al contacto con la naturaleza; que se interiorizan a través de las distintas experiencias que tienen con las técnicas de proceso artístico, dentro de las cuales se capturan la luz, el espacio, la cromática, la vivencia que capta el espectador de las obras y las expectativas que tiene del artista. Este proceso puede o no ser artístico: algunas veces guiado por el academicismo, otras veces por encargo, con expectativas que muchas veces tienen fines políticos (poniendo en desmedro del valor académico, el tema). Obras que se traducen en una exigencia de la técnica, ya que se trata de captar la naturaleza, que de por sí es perfecta, en un prolijo uso casi perfeccionista de la misma, sin llegar a comprender que los individuos como las huellas dactilares, son diferentes en su interior; por lo que captarán la esencia de la naturaleza de acuerdo a las numerosas experiencias que hayan tenido con ella. La idea de pintar paisaje ya no está relacionada solamente con la observación sino con la perspectiva de representar el entorno de acuerdo a la manera muy particular y especial de cada artista.

Gerência da propriedade intelectual na academia

O trabalho analisa como as instituições acadêmicas, em nível internacional, organizam-se para gerenciar o processo de proteção e exploração econômica da propriedade intelectual. Diversos aspectos são abordados: a organização do Escritório de Propriedade Intelectual e Transferência de Tecnologia (Epitt), as políticas institucionais que sustentam as atividades do Epitt, o perfil dos profissionais, os elementos necessários à construção do portfolio de patentes e outros ativos intangíveis, o uso do documento de patentes como importante fonte de informação para diversos tipos de projetos, as atividades de marketing, negociação e exploração econômica dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a distribuição dos royalties.

Editorial

The continuous emergence of new scenarios that provide access and availability of information, promote synergies compared to the transfer of data, breaking the traditional schemes for the promotion of universal freedom and development of world democracy.

Décimas e quadras populares do concelho de Vidigueira: tradução para a língua francesa

No presente relatório, apresento um trabalho que foca parte dos elementos representativos do património popular, oral, poético e cultura do concelho de Vidigueira, composto por uma abordagem que respeita o trabalho dos seus poetas populares e por um processo que se prende com a tradução destas poesias populares na sua passagem da língua portuguesa para a língua francesa. É através destas formas poéticas, décimas e quadras, que cinco poetas e uma poetisa, todos eles autóctones e residentes neste concelho, retratam as suas matrizes sócio-culturais, espaciais e intelectuais. Quanto à tradução dos poemas, este processo aspira à transmissão da carga cultural contida nestas formas de poesia popular, a cidadãos francófonos. Para além da utilização de algumas ferramentas de tradução, aqui, e em simultâneo, são também aplicadas as técnicas de tradução apreendidas durante o percurso académico. ABSTRACT; ln this report, I present a work that focuses a part of the representative elements of the popular, oral and poetic heritage as well as the culture of Vidigueira council, based on a study containing the work of its popular poets and the process of dealing with the translation of these popular poems from Portuguese to French. It's through these poetic forms, tenth and quatrains, that five poets and a poetess, all of them native and residents in this council, portray their intellectual, spatial, and sociocultural frameworks. Regarding the translation of the poems, the process aims at the transmission of the cultural environment included in these forms of popular poetry, to francophone citizens. Besides the using of some translation tools, here, and simultaneously, are also used the techniques of translation learnt during my academic studies. Résumé; Dans ce rapport, je présent un travai! concentré dans une partie des éléments représentatifs du patrimoine populaire, oral, poétique et culturel de la municipalité de Vidigueira, composé par une approche concemant le travai!de ses poetes populaires et aussi un processus dont l'objectif est de traduire ces poésies populaires du Portugais vers le Français. C'est à travers ces formes poétiques, dizains et quatrains, que cinq poetes et une poétesse, autochtones et résidents dans cette municipalité, présentent leurs matrices socioculturelles, spatiales et intellectuelles. En ce qui concerne la traduction des poemes, ce processus vise la transmission de la charge culturelle contenue dans ces formes de poésie populaire, aux citoyens francophones. Au même temps que j'en utilise quelques outils de traduction, j'en applique aussi les techniques de traduction apprises pendant le parcours académique.

Formación de profesionales en información: Educación virtual en Centroamérica

La educación es un área prioritaria en el desarrollo de los países y la formación y capacitación del recurso humano fortalece la productividad económica e intelectual y debe convertirse en un importante transmisor de conocimiento. La revolución que se ha producido en el campo de la información y de las tecnologías ha provocado la necesidad de un nuevo profesional que posea los conocimientos apropiados que le permita enfrentar estos cambios con seguridad y eficiencia.La Escuela de Bibliotecología, Documentación e Información de la Universidad Nacional en Costa Rica, dentro de su visión prospectiva plantea extender su plan de estudios al área centroamericana. Con las facilidades que ofrecen las redes de telecomunicaciones y las tecnologías de información se propone ofrecer una opción educativa en la formación de los profesionales de la información a través de la educación virtual. Esta es una propuesta de educación formal y continua que contribuirá al desarrollo bibliotecológico en esta región.

Remédiation cognitive portant sur les aspects fluide et cristallisé de l’intelligence auprès d'adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite : approche par le jeu

L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de créer, d’implanter et d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un programme de remédiation cognitive, intervenant de façon comparable sur les aspects fluide (Gf) et cristallisé (Gc) de l’intelligence, au sein d’une population d’intérêt clinique, les adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite (FIL). Compte tenu de la forte prévalence de ce trouble, le programme de remédiation GAME (Gains et Apprentissages Multiples pour Enfant) s’est développé autour de jeux disponibles dans le commerce afin de faciliter l’accès et l’implantation de ce programme dans divers milieux. Le premier article de cette thèse, réalisé sous forme de revue systématique de la littérature, avait pour objectif de faire le point sur les études publiées utilisant le jeu comme outil de remédiation cognitive dans la population pédiatrique. L’efficacité, ainsi que la qualité du paradigme utilisé ont été évaluées, et des recommandations sur les aspects méthodologiques à respecter lors de ce type d’étude ont été proposées. Cet article a permis une meilleure compréhension des écueils à éviter et des points forts méthodologiques à intégrer lors de la création du programme de remédiation GAME. Certaines mises en garde méthodologiques relevées dans cet article ont permis d’améliorer la qualité du programme de remédiation cognitive développé dans ce projet de thèse. Compte tenu du peu d’études présentes dans la littérature scientifique concernant la population présentant un FIL (70