Boundary-layer effects on internal flow choking in dual-thrust solid rocket motors

Theoretical studies have been carried out to examine internal flow choking in the inert simulators of a dual-thrust motor. Using a two-dimensional k-omega turbulence model, detailed parametric studies have been carried out to examine aerodynamic choking and the existence of a fluid throat at the transition region during the startup transient of dual-thrust motors. This code solves standard k-omega turbulence equations with shear flow corrections using a coupled second-order-implicit unsteady formulation. In the numerical study, a fully implicit finite volume scheme of the compressible, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations is employed. It was observed that, at the subsonic inflow conditions, there is a possibility of the occurrence of internal flow choking in dual-thrust motors due to the formation of a fluid throat at the beginning of the transition region induced by area blockage caused by boundary-layer-displacement thickness. It has been observed that a 55% increase in the upstream port area of the dual-thrust motor contributes to a 25% reduction in blockage factor at the transition region, which could negate the internal How choking and supplement with an early choking of the dual-thrust motor nozzle. If the height of the upstream port relative to the motor length is too small, the developing boundary layers from either side of the port can interact, leading to a choked,flow. On the other hand, if the developing boundary layers are far enough apart, then choking does not occur. The blockage factor is greater in magnitude for the choked case than for the unchoked case. More tangible explanations are presented in this paper for the boundary-layer blockage and the internal flow choking in dual-thrust motors, which hitherto has been unexplored.

Operationalising and measuring flow in video games

This paper explores the obstacles associated with designing video game levels for the purpose of objectively measuring flow. We sought to create three video game levels capable of inducing a flow state, an overload state (low-flow), and a boredom state (low-flow). A pilot study, in which participants self-reported levels of flow after playing all three game levels, was undertaken. Unexpected results point to the challenges of operationalising flow in video game research, obstacles in experimental design for invoking flow and low-flow, concerns about flow as a construct for measuring video game enjoyment, the applicability of self-report flow scales, and the experience of flow in video game play despite substantial challenge-skill differences.

Flow during individual and co-operative gameplay

This study aims to further research in the field of video games by examining flow during individual and co-operative gameplay. Using a puzzle game called Droppit, we examined differences in flow based on two modes of play: single player vs. co-operative gameplay. Co-operative gameplay was found to induce greater flow in participants than single player gameplay. Additionally, co-operative gameplay participants had increased feelings of Challenge-Skill Balance, Unambiguous Feedback, Transformation of Time and Autotelic Experience. Our findings suggest that co-operative gameplay, involving puzzle-based problems, may result in increased flow during video game play.

Constitutive equation for elevated temperature flow behavior of plain carbon steels using dimensional analysis

Dimensional analysis using π-theorem is applied to the variables associated with plastic deformation. The dimensionless groups thus obtained are then related and rewritten to obtain the constitutive equation. The constants in the constitutive equation are obtained using published flow stress data for carbon steels. The validity of the constitutive equation is tested for steels with up to 1.54 wt%C at temperatures: 850–1200 °C and strain rates: 6 × 10−6–2 × 10−2 s−1. The calculated flow stress agrees favorably with experimental data.

Temperature-dependent infrared reflectivity studies of multiferroic TbMnO3: Evidence for spin-phonon coupling

We have measured near normal incidence far-infrared (FIR) reflectivity spectra of a single crystal of TbMnO3 from 10 K to 300 K in the spectral range of 50 cm(-1)-700 cm(-1). Fifteen transverse optic (TO) and longitudinal optic (LO) modes are identified in the imaginary part of the dielectric function epsilon(2)(omega) and energy loss function Im(-1/epsilon(omega)), respectively. Some of the observed phonon modes show anomalous softening below the magnetic transition temperature T-N (similar to 46 K). We attribute this anomalous softening to the spin-phonon coupling caused by phonon modulation of the superexchange integral between the Mn3+ spins. The effective charge of oxygen (Z(O)) calculated using the measured LO-TO splitting increases below TN.

Continuous-Flow Surface Aeration Systems

An aeration process in ail activated sludge plant is a continuous-flow system. In this system, there is a steady input flow (flow from the primary clarifier or settling tank with some part from the secondary clarifier or secondary settling tank) and output flow connection to the secondary clarifier or settling tank. The experimental and numerical results obtained through batch systems can not be relied on and applied for the designing of a continuous aeration tank. In order to scale up laboratory results for field application, it is imperative to know the geometric parameters of a continuous system. Geometric parameters have a greater influence on the mass transfer process of surface aeration systems. The present work establishes the optimal geometric configuration of a continuous-flow surface aeration system. It is found that the maintenance of these optimal geometric parameters systems result in maximum aeration efficiency. By maintaining the obtained optimal geometric parameters, further experiments are conducted in continuous-flow surface aerators with three different sizes in order to develop design curves correlating the oxygen transfer coefficient and power number with the rotor speed. The design methodology to implement the presently developed optimal geometric parameters and correlation equations for field application is discussed.

Field Flow Sensitive Pointer and Escape Analysis for Java Using Heap Array SSA

Context sensitive pointer analyses based on Whaley and Lam’s bddbddb system have been shown to scale to large Java programs. We provide a technique to incorporate flow sensitivity for Java fields into one such analysis and obtain an escape analysis based on it. First, we express an intraprocedural field flow sensitive analysis, using Fink et al.’s Heap Array SSA form in Datalog. We then extend this analysis interprocedurally by introducing two new φ functions for Heap Array SSA Form and adding deduction rules corresponding to them. Adding a few more rules gives us an escape analysis. We describe two types of field flow sensitivity: partial (PFFS) and full (FFFS), the former without strong updates to fields and the latter with strong updates. We compare these analyses with two different (field flow insensitive) versions of Whaley-Lam analysis: one of which is flow sensitive for locals (FS) and the other, flow insensitive for locals (FIS). We have implemented this analysis on the bddbddb system while using the SOOT open source framework as a front end. We have run our analysis on a set of 15 Java programs. Our experimental results show that the time taken by our field flow sensitive analyses is comparable to that of the field flow insensitive versions while doing much better in some cases. Our PFFS analysis achieves average reductions of about 23% and 30% in the size of the points-to sets at load and store statements respectively and discovers 71% more “caller-captured” objects than FIS.

Design of plane sand-bed channels affected by seepage

The importance of seepage in the design of channels is discussed. Experimental investigations reveal that seepage, either in the downward direction (suction) or in the upward direction (injection), can significantly change the resistance as well as the mobility of the sand-bed particles. A resistance equation relating 'particle Reynolds number' and 'shear Reynolds number' under seepage conditions is developed for plane sediment beds. Finally, a detailed design procedure of the plane sediment beds affected by seepage is presented.

Network flow-control using asynchronous stochastic approximation

We propose several stochastic approximation implementations for related algorithms in flow-control of communication networks. First, a discrete-time implementation of Kelly's primal flow-control algorithm is proposed. Convergence with probability 1 is shown, even in the presence of communication delays and stochastic effects seen in link congestion indications. This ensues from an analysis of the flow-control algorithm using the asynchronous stochastic approximation (ASA) framework. Two relevant enhancements are then pursued: a) an implementation of the primal algorithm using second-order information, and b) an implementation where edge-routers rectify misbehaving flows. Next, discretetime implementations of Kelly's dual algorithm and primaldual algorithm are proposed. Simulation results a) verifying the proposed algorithms and, b) comparing the stability properties are presented.

Field performance of in-service cast iron gas reticulation pipe buried in reactive clay

Field instrumentation of an in-service cast iron gas pipe buried in a residential area is detailed in this paper. The aim of the study was to monitor the long-term pipe behavior to understand the mechanisms of pipe bending in relation to ground movement as a result of seasonal fluctuation of soil moisture content. Field data showed that variation of soil temperature, suction, and moisture content are closely related to the prevailing climate. Change of soil temperature is generally related to the ambient air temperature, with a variation of approximately −3°C −3°C per meter depth from the ground surface in summer (decrease with depth) and winter (increase with depth). Seasonal cyclic variation in moisture content was observed with maxima in February and March, and a minimum around September. The pipe top was under tensile strain during summer and subsequently subjected to compressive strain as soil swelling occurred as a result of increase in moisture content. The study suggests that downward pipe bending occurs in summer because of soil shrinkage, while upward pipe bending occurs in winter when the soil swells.

Observations of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

In this thesis, the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is studied observationally, with the main focus on the ionospheric currents in the auroral region. The thesis consists of five research articles and an introductory part that summarises the most important results reached in the articles and places them in a wider context within the field of space physics. Ionospheric measurements are provided by the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometer network, by the low-orbit CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite, by the European Incoherent SCATter (EISCAT) radar, and by the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite. Magnetospheric observations, on the other hand, are acquired from the four spacecraft of the Cluster mission, and solar wind observations from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and Wind spacecraft. Within the framework of this study, a new method for determining the ionospheric currents from low-orbit satellite-based magnetic field data is developed. In contrast to previous techniques, all three current density components can be determined on a matching spatial scale, and the validity of the necessary one-dimensionality approximation, and thus, the quality of the results, can be estimated directly from the data. The new method is applied to derive an empirical model for estimating the Hall-to-Pedersen conductance ratio from ground-based magnetic field data, and to investigate the statistical dependence of the large-scale ionospheric currents on solar wind and geomagnetic parameters. Equations describing the amount of field-aligned current in the auroral region, as well as the location of the auroral electrojets, as a function of these parameters are derived. Moreover, the mesoscale (10-1000 km) ionospheric equivalent currents related to two magnetotail plasma sheet phenomena, bursty bulk flows and flux ropes, are studied. Based on the analysis of 22 events, the typical equivalent current pattern related to bursty bulk flows is established. For the flux ropes, on the other hand, only two conjugate events are found. As the equivalent current patterns during these two events are not similar, it is suggested that the ionospheric signatures of a flux rope depend on the orientation and the length of the structure, but analysis of additional events is required to determine the possible ionospheric connection of flux ropes.