Poverty - dynamic and sustainability perspectives: Implications for welfare and policy with reference to India

After outlining some comparative features of poverty in India, this article reviews critically recent literature on the dynamics of poverty. On economic efficiency grounds, it rejects the view that the chronically poor are more deserving than the non-chronic poor of poverty assistance. Mechanisms of households and communities for coping with poverty are discussed. The possibility is raised that where poverty has been persistent that rational methods for coping with it are likely to be well established, and less suffering may occur than for households and communities thrown temporarily into poverty. However, situations can also be envisaged where such rational behaviours deepen the poverty trap and create unfavourable externalities for poverty alleviation. Conflict can arise between programmes to alleviate poverty in poor communities and the sustainability of these communities and their local cultures. Problems posed by this are discussed. Furthermore, the impact of market extension on poor landholders is considered. In contrast to the prevailing view that increased market extension and liberalisation is favourable to poor farmers, it is argued that inescapable market transaction cost makes it difficult for the poor to survive as landholders in a fluid and changing market system. The likelihood of poor landholders joining the landless poor rises, and if they migrate from the countryside to the city they face further adjustment hurdles. Consequently, poor landholders may be poorer after the extension of the market system and only their offspring may reap benefits from market reforms.

Sharing competences in strategic alliances: a case study of the Cosan and Shell biofuel venture

In a competitive world, the way a firm establishes its organizational arrangements may determine the enhancement of its core competences and the possibility of reaching new markets. Firms that find their skills to be applicable in just one type of market encounter constraints in expanding their markets, and through alliances may find a competitive form of value capture. Hybrid forms of organization appear primarily as an alternative to capturing value and managing joint assets when the market and hierarchy modes do not present any yields for the firm's competitiveness. As a result, this form may present other challenging issues, such as the allocation of rights and principal-agent problems. The biofuel market has presented a strong pattern of changes over the last 10 years. New intra-firm arrangements have appeared as a path to participate or survive among global competition. Given the need for capital to achieve better results, there has been a consistent movement of mergers and acquisitions in the Biofuel sector, especially since the 2008 financial crisis. In 2011 there were five major groups in Brazil with a grinding capacity of more than 15 million tons per year: Raízen (joint venture formed by Cosan and Shell), Louis Dreyfus, Tereos Petrobras, ETH, and Bunge. Major oil companies have implemented the strategy of diversification as a hedge against the rising cost of oil. Using the alliance of Cosan and Shell in the Brazilian biofuel market as a case study, this paper analyses the governance mode and challenging issues raised by strategic alliances when firms aim to reach new markets through the sharing of core competences with local firms. The article is based on documentary research and interviews with Cosan's Investor Relations staff, and examines the main questions involving hybrid forms through the lens of the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), Agency Theory, Resource Based View (RBV), and dynamic capabilities theoretical approaches. One focal point is knowledge "appropriability" and the specific assets originated by the joint venture. Once the alliance is formed, it is expected that competences will be shared and new capabilities will expand the limits of the firm. In the case studied, Cosan and Shell shared a number of strategic assets related to their competences. Raízen was formed with economizing incentives, as well to continue marshalling internal resources to enhance the company's presence in the world energy sector. Therefore, some challenges might be related to the control and monitoring agents' behavior, considering the two-part organism formed by distinctive organizational culture, tacit knowledge, and long-term incentives. The case study analyzed illustrates the hybrid arrangement as a middle form for organizing the transaction: neither in the market nor in the hierarchy mode, but rather a more flexible commitment agreement with a strategic central authority. The corporate governance devices are also a challenge, since the alignment between the parent companies in the joint ventures is far more complex. These characteristics have led to an organism with bilateral dependence, offering favorable conditions for developing dynamic capabilities. However, these conditions might rely on the partners' long-term interest in the joint venture.

Coopetitive advantage – How firms create and appropriate value by collaborating with their competitors

Collaboration between competing firms (coopetition) has emerged as an important issue forn business practice in many industries. Extant literature has examined coopetition on many levels of analysis, but lacks clarity in distinguishing it explicitly from cooperation between noncompeting organizations. Because of this, the performance implications of coopetition from the perspective of an individual firm are still ambiguous – some research suggests positive results whereas other studies suggest detrimental outcomes. The aim in this dissertation is to narrow these gaps by exploring how firms create and appropriate value through collaboration with their competitors. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part comprises an overview of the relevant literature, as well as the conclusions of the whole study, and the second part includes six research publications. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are utilized. The results suggest that coopetition embodies the distinctive logic of value creation and appropriation from the perspective of an individual firm, and thus differs in terms of performance implications from cooperation between non-competitors. The distinction comes from the fact that competitors have somewhat similar understanding, capabilities and interest related to certain markets, which is potentially both challenging and beneficial in terms of the individual firm’s competitiveness. It appears from the findings that there are distinctive firm-external and firm-specific factors affecting the success of a coopetition strategy. This study makes three main contributions. First, on the conceptual level it shows the distinction between coopetition and cooperation between non-rivals as a collaborative inter-organizational relationship. Secondly, it sets out a framework and propositions that enhance understanding of how value is created and appropriated in coopetition from the perspective of an individual firm. Thirdly, it offers empirical evidence of how coopetition affects firms’ innovation and market performance, and identifies the focal internal and external factors involved. In general terms, the thesis adds to our knowledge of how a firm can successfully utilize a coopetition strategy in its pursuit of improved performance.

Julkisen sektorin tietointensiivisen palvelutoiminnan make, buy or partner -työkalu

Tämän pro gradu tutkielman tarkoitus on rakentaa Make, buy or partner työkalu julkisen sektorin tietointensiivisten palveluiden ulkoistuksiin liittyviin päätöksentekotilanteisiin. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys muodostetaan transaktiokustannusteoriasta johdetusta Make, buy or partner analyysista, jota täydennetään palvelutuotannon kontekstiin sopivaksi palvelun ja tiedon erityisluonteilla. Näin ollen saadaan kokonaisvaltaisempi näkemys työkalun pohjaksi. Tutkielman empiirinen osuus suoritetaan kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena julkisen sektorin organisaatiossa. Teorian ja empirian valossa muodostetaan kohdeorganisaatiolle työkalu ulkoistamisen päätöksenteon tueksi. Työkalun ansiosta kohdeorganisaatio pystyy tekemään laadukkaampia ja pitkäjänteisempiä päätöksiä.

Fuzzy rule-based system for evaluation of uncertainty transaction in cassava chain

A fuzzy ruled-based system was developed in this study and resulted in an index indicating the level of uncertainty related to commercial transactions between cassava growers and their dealers. The fuzzy system was developed based on Transaction Cost Economics approach. The fuzzy system was developed from input variables regarding information sharing between grower and dealer on “Demand/purchase Forecasting”, “Production Forecasting” and “Production Innovation”. The output variable is the level of uncertainty regarding the transaction between seller and buyer agent, which may serve as a system for detecting inefficiencies. Evidences from 27 cassava growers registered in the Regional Development Offices of Tupa and Assis, São Paulo, Brazil, and 48 of their dealers supported the development of the system. The mathematical model indicated that 55% of the growers present a Very High level of uncertainty, 33% present Medium or High. The others present Low or Very Low level of uncertainty. From the model, simulations of external interferences can be implemented in order to improve the degree of uncertainty and, thus, lower transaction costs.

Barriers of ESCO Service Business in Finland

The purpose of this study is to determine what are the key barriers hampering ESCO service business success in Finland. Research approach for this study is qualitative. Data was collected using Delphi method with two questionnaire rounds. Internet based tool was applied in carrying out questionnaires. Respondents of the questionnaires were ESCO service experts and researchers, and people working for ESCO service providers. Characteristics of ESCO service and ESCO project implementation are analyzed by using transaction costs theory of service business. In terms of ESCO service in Finland, uncertainty and asset specificity are relevant dimensions of TCE. General uncertainty in world’s economy hinders demand for ESCO service, and asset specificity of ESCO contracts induces slight problems for project financiers. Also bounded rationalism and opportunism are present in Finnish ESCO business. The most significant barriers of success of ESCO service in Finland are problems in legislative and political frameworks, and in customers’ investment processes. ESCO service providers should move more strongly towards service dominant business logic and improve understanding of customer needs. Political barriers are unsuitable procurement processes, unclear and unpredictable laws, and lack of compelling factors in subsidy system. Investment process hurdles are caused by customers’ lack of interest to change course of action. These are things in which ESCOs can have influence in.

Mitigating uncertainty in logistics outsourcing with ERP systems

Outsourcing is a common strategy for companies looking for cost savings and improvements in performance. This has been especially prevalent in logistics, where warehousing and transporting are typical targets for outsourcing. However, while the benefits from logistics outsourcing are clear on paper, there are several cases companies fail to reach these benefits. The most commonly cited reasons for this are poor information flow between the company and the third party logistics partner, and a lack of integration between the two partners. Uncertainty stems from lack of information, and it can cripple the whole outsourcing operation. This is where enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems step in, as they can have a significant role in improving the flow of information, and integration, which consequently mitigates uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to examine if ERP systems have an effect on a company's decision to outsource logistics operations. Along the rapid advancements in technology during the past decades, ERP systems have also evolved. Therefore, empirical research on the subject needs constant revision as it can quickly become outdated due to ERP systems having more advanced capabilities every year. The research was conducted using a qualitative single-case study of a Finnish manufacturing firm that had outsourced warehousing and transportation operations in the Swedish market. The empirical data was gathered with use of semi-structured interviews with three employees from the case company that were closely related to the outsourcing operation. The theoretical framework that was used to analyze the empirical data was based on Transaction Cost Economics theory. The results of the study were align with the theoretical framework, in that the ERP system of the case company was seen as an enabler for their logistics outsourcing operation. However, the full theoretical benefits from ERP systems concerning extended enterprise functionality and flexibility were not attained due to the case company having an older version of their ERP system. This emphasizes the importance of having up-to-date technology if you want to overcome the shortcomings of ERP systems in outsourcing situations.

Uso de modelos econométricos en aseguramiento de portafolios

El aseguramiento de portafolio trae consigo unos costos de transacción asociados que son reconocidos por la teoría financiera pero que no han sido objeto de estudio de muchas aproximaciones empíricas. Mediante modelos econométricos de series de tiempo se puede pronosticar el número de rebalanceos necesarios para mantener un portafolio asegurado, así como el tiempo que debe transcurrir entre cada uno de estos. Para tal fin se usan modelos de Datos de Cuenta de Poisson Autorregresivos (ACP) modificados para captar las características de la serie y modelos de Duración Autorregresivos (ACD). Los modelos capturan la autocorrelación de las series y pronostican adecuadamente el costo de transacción asociado a los rebalanceos.

Calculo del valor en riesgo del futuro de energia e internacionalizacion del sector energetico en Colombia

El presente trabajo de grado busca definir cuál es el mejor método para determinar el valor en riesgo del contrato de futuro de energía eléctrica que se transa en Colombia, para cumplir con este objetivo se toma como referencia el marco histórico del VaR y de los futuros seguido de las características de la fijación de precios, la estructura del contrato, que políticas y métodos hay para cubrirse del riesgo y como se realiza en otros países, realizando algunos cálculos de los modelos más tradicionales del Var para luego incorporarlo al marco colombiano y al ente supervisor en este caso la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia.. Además de revisar las diferentes teorías de internacionalización económicas, de proceso y redes aplicadas al sector energético en Colombia., evaluando su proceso, alcance y posibles mercados futuros.

El uso en las organizaciones de venta al por mayor del marketing mediante la relación estratégica comunitaria y efectividad de la misma

Se busca ver cuál es el uso que las organizaciones hacen del concepto y estrategias comunitarias mediante el marketing; aunque existen varias formas de fidelizar el cliente, en el sector de comercio al por mayor, se vio una gran dificultad de acercarse al consumidor. Una de las formas más fáciles y efectivas de hacerlo es por medio de comunidades ya que elimina las barreras de mercado y crea vínculos entre cliente-empresa. Para esto se utilizó el análisis de caso, seleccionando una organización de relevancia en el sector de venta al por mayor. En dicha organización no se encontró el uso de la relación estratégica comunitaria de forma directa, aunque se vio un interés en incorporarlo; esto se evaluó mediante fuentes de evidencia, tales como entrevistas, informes financieros de la compañía, documentos que proporciono la organizaciones, pagina web e información del comercio de venta al por mayor y fundamentación teórica para realizar un óptimo análisis. A la empresa se le recomienda incorporar en sus planes estratégicos la relación estratégica comunitaria; esto ayudaría a eliminar barreras de mercado, identificar las necesidades o nuevos nichos de mercado.

Análisis de factores que intervienen en la internacionalización de las Pymes en Colombia

La comprensión de los factores que interviene en la internacionalización de las Pymes en Colombia, conlleva toda una compleja estructura, fundamentación, estrategias, teorías, modelos y metodología organizacional, en el contexto dinámico del mundo comercial y financiero. Por consiguiente, se realizó un análisis de las teorías, modelos de internacionalización y de los factores que allí se reflejan y que interviene en el desarrollo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, se comparó con las Pymes en Colombia y se apoyó en datos estadísticos de entidades gubernamentales y bases de datos.

Mecanismos de solución de controversias en la contratación derivada de contratos financiados con recursos del Banco Mundial

Esta tesis se ocupa de analizar la eficacia de la cláusula de solución de controversias contractuales dispuesta en la contratación estatal que es financiada con recursos del Banco Mundial –regla de excepción a la aplicación del Estatuto General de Contratación Pública– pues en las normas de contratación de dicho organismo, se ha previsto que ante un conflicto contractual corresponde a un conciliador (versión 2008 de las normas Banco Mundial) o a un mediador (versión 2013) “tomar una decisión” para resolver la controversia con fuerza vinculante para las partes. La reflexión aborda el papel del “conciliador” o “mediador” según las facultades que le atribuyen las normas del Banco Mundial y su distinción respecto al concepto legal que prevé el ordenamiento nacional, donde el conciliador o mediador no toman decisiones y en consecuencia no es clara la forma de acudir a estas figuras. El reto nos lleva a considerar dos alternativas de aplicación de la cláusula para hacerla eficaz: el primero, considerar a la mediación como una figura autónoma regulada en el contrato por autorización de nuestro Estatuto de Contratación Estatal y de los Convenios suscritos con organismos internacionales, a partir de la cual se reconozca la producción de los efectos indicados por el Banco Mundial en cabeza del mediador; en segundo lugar y para desatar el efecto útil de la cláusula, considerar a la mediación como figura análoga a la amigable composición, y tramitar la solución de controversias bajo esta figura.

The end of the opportunism vs trust debate: bounded reliability as a new envelope concept in research on MNE governance

Modern transaction cost economics (TCE) thinking has developed into a key intellectual foundation of international business (IB) research, but the Williamsonian version has faced substantial criticism for adopting the behavioral assumption of opportunism. In this paper we assess both the opportunism concept and existing alternatives such as trust within the context of IB research, especially work on multinational enterprise (MNE) governance. Case analyses of nine global MNEs illustrate an alternative to the opportunism assumption that captures more fully the mechanisms underlying failed commitments inside the MNE. As a substitute for the often-criticized assumption of opportunism, we propose the envelope concept of bounded reliability (BRel), an assumption that represents more accurately and more completely the reasons for failed commitments, without invalidating the other critical assumption in conventional TCE (and internalization theory) thinking, namely the widely accepted envelope concept of bounded rationality (BRat). Bounded reliability as an envelope concept includes two main components, within the context of global MNE management: opportunism as intentional deceit, and benevolent preference reversal. The implications for IB research of adopting the bounded reliability concept are far reaching, as this concept may increase the legitimacy of comparative institutional analysis in the social sciences.

Global, local, or regional? The locus of MNE strategies

This paper provides an overview of the main insights arising from the ‘regional strategy’ literature. It also develops the contours of a new, rich research agenda for future international strategy scholarship, whereby the region should be introduced as an explicit, third geographic level of analysis, in addition to the country-level and the global level. Regional strategy analysis requires a fundamental rethink of mainstream theories in the international strategy sphere. This rethink involves, inter alia, internalization theory, with its resource-based view and transaction cost economics components, as well as the integration (I) – national responsiveness (NR) framework.

Análise dos impactos da tecnologia da informação nas organizações - um ensaio à luz da teoria da agência e da teoria dos custos de transação

À medida que as Organizações desenvolveram a sua habilidade em implementar sistemas de Tecnologia da Informação o foco da análise de sua implementação mudou da Tecnologia da Informação voltada para otimização da produção para a compreensão dos efeitos desta nos indivíduos, Organizações e sistemas econômicos. Através deste estudo busca-se uma nova análise dos efeitos da Tecnologia da Informação nos indivíduos, no ambiente, nas relações internas e externas às Organizações através da análise, à luz da Teoria dos Custos de Transação e Teoria da Agência, aborda-se como esses efeitos resultam em modificações em diversos atributos da Firma. Este trabalho traz como contribuição à área apresentar o estudo do impacto na Tecnologia da Informação nas Organizações utilizando a Teoria da Agência aplicada à modelagem de Galbraith (1977) para análise dos impactos internos a Firma e Teoria dos Custos de Transação aplicada à modelagem de Straub e Watson (2000) para análise dos impactos externos a mesma. A análise dos impactos de TI sob a ótica deste dois modelos constitui trabalho inédito na literatura científica especializada ao tema.