Perceptions of fairness in the psychological contracts of allied health professionals

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between components of the psychological contract, organisational justice, and negative affectivity (NA), with key employee outcomes (i.e. organisational commitment, job satisfaction, depression, and psychological distress) among allied health professionals. Design/methodology/approach-In total, 134 (response rate of 46 per cent) Australian allied health professional completed a questionnaire. Findings-Multiple regressions revealed that higher NA was associated with lower organisational commitment, lower job satisfaction, and higher levels of depression. The psychological contract variable, breach, was associated with depression. Informational justice was associated with organisational commitment. Distributive justice was associated with job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications-This research is limited by its cross-sectional design and that the data were self-reported. The results obtained suggest the potential utility of collecting longitudinal data to replicate and extend the results. Practical implications-While NA may be beyond management control, it may be ameliorated by attention to improving communication of management decisions and by sensitivity to the elements implicit in psychological contracts. The negative consequences of contract breach may be offset by informational and distributive justice. Originality/value-This study is one of the first to examine multiple measures of the psychological contract in addition to organisational justice and NA. Further, this study adds to the literature for allied health professionals, where little is known about factors contributing to their turnover.

La sostenibilità organizzativa dei progetti agricoli di cooperazione internazionale allo sviluppo

The importance of organizational issues to assess the success of international development project has not been fully considered yet. After a brief overview, in 1st chapter, on main actors involved on international cooperation, in the 2nd chapter an analysis of the literature on the project success definition, focused on the success criteria and success factors, was carried out by surveying the contribution of different authors and approaches. Traditionally projects were perceived as successful when they met time, budget and performance goals, assuming a basic similarity among projects (universalistic approach). However, starting from a non-universalistic approach, the importance of organization’s effectiveness, in terms of Relations Sustainability, emerged as a dimension able to define and assess a project success. The identification of the factors influencing the relationship between and inside the organizations becomes consequently a priority. In 3th chapter, starting from a literature survey, the different analytical approaches related to the inter and intra-organization relationships are analysed. They involve two different groups: the first includes studies focused on the type of organizations relationship structure (Supply Chains, Networks, Clusters and Industrial Districts); the second group includes approaches related to the general theories on firms relationship interpretation (Transaction Costs Economics, Resource Based View, Organization Theory). The variables and logical frameworks provided by these different theoretical contributions are compared and classified in order to find out possible connections and/or juxtapositions. Being an exhaustive collection of the literature on the subject is impossible, the main goal is to underline the existence of potentially overlapping and/or integrating approaches examining the contribution provided by different representative authors. The survey showed first of all many variables in common between approaches coming from different disciplines; furthermore the non overlapping variables can be integrated contributing to a broader picture of the variables influencing the organization relations; in particular a theoretical design for the identification of connections between the inter and the intra-organizations relations was made possible. The results obtained in 3th chapter help to defining a general theoretical framework linking the different interpretative variables. Based on extensive research contributions on the factors influencing the relations between organizations, the 4th chapter expands the analysis of the influence of variables like Human Resource Management, Organizational Climate, Psychological Contract and KSA (Knowledge, Skills, Abilities) on the relation sustainability. A detailed analysis of these relations is provided and a research hypothesis are built. According to this new framework in 5th chapter a statistical analysis was performed to qualify and quantify the influence of Organizational Climate on the Relations Sustainability. To this end the Structural Equation Modeling (SEMs) has adopted as method for the definition of the latent variables and the measure of their relations. The results obtained are satisfactory. An effective strategy to motivate the respondents to participate in the survey seems to be at the moment one of the major obstacles to the analysis implementation since the organizational performances are not specifically required by the projects’ evaluation guidelines and they represent an increase in the project related transaction costs. Their explicit introduction in the project presentation guidelines should be explored as an opportunity to increase the chances of success of these projects.

O Contrato Psicológico e a Influência do Tipo de Vínculo: empenhamento na carreira e commitment organizacional

As transformações nas relações contratuais e na ligação psicológica do indivíduo à organização motivaram a realização do presente estudo. Os seus objectivos centrais consistiram em, por um lado, analisar a influência do tipo de vínculo na formação do Contrato Psicológico dos indivíduos com a organização e, por outro lado, compreender a relação do Contrato Psicológico com o Empenhamento na Carreira e com o Commitment Organizacional, e o que poderá distinguir estas relações. A metodologia apoiou-se num questionário, aplicado a uma amostra de 102 profissionais com vínculos de trabalho estáveis e instáveis, de diferentes organizações, ramos profissionais e sectores de actividade. A amostra é proporcional e representativa. (a) Os resultados demonstram que os profissionais prestadores de serviço são o único caso em que o tipo de vínculo tem influência significativa sobre a formação do Contrato Psicológico, percepcionando uma ligação transaccional com a organização. (b) Em contrapartida, provam que uma maior ou menor estabilidade contratual não tem influência significativa sobre os Contratos Psicológicos relacional ou equilibrado. (c) Os resultados sugerem ainda que o Contrato Psicológico está mais directamente relacionado com o Empenhamento na Carreira do que com o Commitment Organizacional. O Contrato Psicológico apresenta correlações fortes com o Empenhamento na Carreira e a consequente utilização de comportamentos individuais de Gestão de Carreira, sendo esta mais significativa nas ligações psicológicas de tipo equilibrado e relacional. No que respeita ao Commitment Organizacional, este não apresenta relação significativa com o Contrato Psicológico mas verificamos a existência de focus de Commitment Organizacional. Os resultados comprovam que o Contrato Psicológico se correlaciona com a sua dimensão normativa. As conclusões evidenciam o incremento das relações transaccionais, motivadas pela menor durabilidade dos vínculos e o desenvolvimento de reduzidas expectativas na relação com a organização e para o carácter individual e circunstancial das ligações psicológicas, que já não obedecem a um padrão tipo. Perante cenários de grande instabilidade, independentemente do Contrato Psicológico estabelecido, a preocupação com a Carreira ganha relevância. Os profissionais actuais tendem a transferir a preocupação com o vínculo e a segurança no emprego para questões de carreira, segurança de empregabilidade e sucesso psicológico. Observa-se que a lealdade à organização é na maior parte dos casos transferida para a lealdade à carreira. / Transformations in contractual relationships and in the psychological connection of an individual to an organization have motivated the execution of the present study. The main objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to analyze the influence of the type of contractual bond in the shaping of the psychological contract of individuals with an organization, and, on the other hand, to understand the relationship between the psychological contract, the career commitment and the organizational commitment, to understand subsequently what may distinguish these relationships. The methodology was supported by a questionnaire, which was applied to a sample of 105 professionals with both stable and unstable contractual bonds in different organizations, professional lines of business and activity sectors. The sample is proportional and representative. (a) The results demonstrate that service providing professionals are the only case in which the type of contractual bond has a significant influence on the shaping of a psychological contract, perceived as a transactional connection with the organization. (b) On the other hand a higher or lower contractual stability has no significant influence or relationship with the psychological contract, relational or balanced. (c) The results also suggest that the psychological contract is more directly related to career commitment than to organizational commitment. The psychological contract shows a strong correlation with the career commitment and the consequent use of the individual behaviour of Career Management, with the latter being more significant to a balanced and relational type of psychological connection. In regard to Organizational Commitment, this presents no significant relationship with the psychological contract but the focus on the organizational commitment is verified. The results also show that the psychological contract is correlated with its normative dimension. The increase in transactional relationships are evident. This is driven by reduction of the durability of contractual bonds and the development of reduced expectations in relation to the organization and the individual character and circumstance of the psychological connections, which no longer conform to a standard type. Scenarios of great instability, regardless of the psychological contract established, cause the concern with career to gain relevance. Current professionals tend to transfer their concerns about contractual bonds and job security to career issues, job security and psychological success. It can also be seen that loyalty to the organization is, in most cases, transferred to loyalty to the career.

Towards a new employment relationship model

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine and extend Noer’s theoretical model of the new employment relationship. Design/methodology/approach – Case study methodology is used to scrutinise the model. The results of a literature-based survey on the elements underpinning the five values in the model are analysed from dual perspectives of individual and organization using a multi-source assessment instrument. A schema is developed to guide and inform a series of focus group discussions from an analysis of the survey data. Using content analysis, the transcripts from the focus group discussions are evaluated using the model’s values and their elements. The transcripts are also reviewed for implicit themes. The case studied is Flight Centre Limited, an Australian-based international retail travel company. Findings – Using this approach, some elements of the five values in Noer’s model are identified as characteristic of the company’s psychological contract. Specifically, to some extent, the model’s values of flexible deployment, customer focus, performance focus, project-based work, and human spirit and work can be applied in this case. A further analysis of the transcripts validates three additional values in the psychological contract literature: commitment; learning and development; and open information. As a result of the findings, Noer’s model is extended to eight values. Research limitations/implications – The study offers a research-based model of the new employment relationship. Since generalisations from the case study findings cannot be applied directly to other settings, the opportunity to test this model in a variety of contexts is open to other researchers. Originality/value – In practice, the methodology used is a unique process for benchmarking the psychological contract. The process may be applied in other business settings. By doing so, organization development professionals have a consulting framework for comparing an organization’s dominant psychological contract with the extended model presented here.

Developing managers as researchers using a learning cohort approach

This paper describes the design process and curriculum for a learning cohort of eight managers who came from public and private providers of vocational education and training. While the authors found no discussion on developing research knowledge and skills of managers using learning cohorts, the general learning cohorts literature provided a number of recommendations for learning cohort design. The initial stages of the learning cohort were evaluated. The results highlighted the importance of clarifying the psychological contract and its use in self-selection, supported the recommendations in the literature of the significance of the careful design and implementation of an initial residential workshop and also found support for further residential workshops of a similar design. The attendance of the cohort members in tow faculty wide core research units drew mixed comments.

Determining the appropriate proportion of owner-provided design in design-build contracts - a content analysis approach

The Request For Proposal (RFP) with the design‐build (DB) procurement arrangement is a document in which an owner develops his requirements and conveys the project scope to DB contractors. Owners should provide an appropriate level of design in DB RFPs to adequately describe their requirements without compromising the prospects for innovation. This paper examines and compares the different levels of owner‐provided design in DB RFPs by the content analysis of 84 requests for RFPs for public DB projects advertised between 2000 and 2010 with an aggregate contract value of over $5.4 billion. A statistical analysis was also conducted in order to explore the relationship between the proportion of owner‐provided design and other project information, including project type, advertisement time, project size, contractor selection method, procurement process and contract type. The results show that the majority (64.8%) of the RFPs provide less than 10% of the owner‐provided design. The owner‐provided design proportion has a significant association with project type, project size, contractor selection method and contract type. In addition, owners are generally providing less design in recent years than hitherto. The research findings also provide owners with perspectives to determine the appropriate level of owner‐provided design in DB RFPs.

Earned value management insights using inferential statistics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to summarise a successfully defended doctoral thesis. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the scope, and main issues raised in the thesis so that readers undertaking studies in the same or connected areas may be aware of current contributions to the topic. The secondary aims are to frame the completed thesis in the context of doctoral-level research in project management as well as offer ideas for further investigation which would serve to extend scientific knowledge on the topic. Design/methodology/approach – Research reported in this paper is based on a quantitative study using inferential statistics aimed at better understanding the actual and potential usage of earned value management (EVM) as applied to external projects under contract. Theories uncovered during the literature review were hypothesized and tested using experiential data collected from 145 EVM practitioners with direct experience on one or more external projects under contract that applied the methodology. Findings – The results of this research suggest that EVM is an effective project management methodology. The principles of EVM were shown to be significant positive predictors of project success on contracted efforts and to be a relatively greater positive predictor of project success when using fixed-price versus cost-plus (CP) type contracts. Moreover, EVM's work-breakdown structure (WBS) utility was shown to positively contribute to the formation of project contracts. The contribution was not significantly different between fixed-price and CP contracted projects, with exceptions in the areas of schedule planning and payment planning. EVM's “S” curve benefited the administration of project contracts. The contribution of the S-curve was not significantly different between fixed-price and CP contracted projects. Furthermore, EVM metrics were shown to also be important contributors to the administration of project contracts. The relative contribution of EVM metrics to projects under fixed-price versus CP contracts was not significantly different, with one exception in the area of evaluating and processing payment requests. Practical implications – These results have important implications for project practitioners, EVM advocates, as well as corporate and governmental policy makers. EVM should be considered for all projects – not only for its positive contribution to project contract development and administration, for its contribution to project success as well, regardless of contract type. Contract type should not be the sole determining factor in the decision whether or not to use EVM. More particularly, the more fixed the contracted project cost, the more the principles of EVM explain the success of the project. The use of EVM mechanics should also be used in all projects regardless of contract type. Payment planning using a WBS should be emphasized in fixed-price contracts using EVM in order to help mitigate performance risk. Schedule planning using a WBS should be emphasized in CP contracts using EVM in order to help mitigate financial risk. Similarly, EVM metrics should be emphasized in fixed-price contracts in evaluating and processing payment requests. Originality/value – This paper provides a summary of cutting-edge research work and a link to the published thesis that researchers can use to help them understand how the research methodology was applied as well as how it can be extended.

Sustainable infrastructure procurement in Australia : standard vs. project practices

The Australian Government and most Australian road authorities have set ambitious greenhouse gas emission (GHGe) reduction targets for the near future, many of which have translated into action plans. However, previous research has shown that the various Australian state road authorities are at different stages of implementing ‘green’ initiatives in construction planning and development, with considerable gaps in their monitoring, tendering, and contracting. This study illustrates the differences between procurement standards and project specific practices that aim to reduce GHGe from road construction projects in three of the largest Australian road construction clients, with a focus on the tools used, contract type and incentives for better performance.

When leadership meets organizational change : the influence of the top management team and supervisory leaders on change appraisals, change attitudes, and adjustment to change

Despite the importance of adaption and change for firm survival, the failure rate of organizational change efforts remains alarmingly high (Beer and Nohria, 2000; Kotter, 1995). In a recent global survey of over 3,000 executives,Meaney and Pung (2008) reported that two-thirds of executives indicated that their firm had failed to successfully implement organizational changes. Similarly, academic researchers have also concluded that difficulties in implementing and managing organizational change efforts often precipitate organizational crises (Probst and Raisch, 2005). As a result, attention has been directed to identify the factors that improve the likelihood of successfully implementing organizational change efforts. While there has been practitioner-oriented discussion around the pivotal role of workplace leaders in reducing resistance to change, only a limited number of empirical studies have examined relationships between leader behavior and employee change attitudes (e.g., Bommer, Rich, and Rubin, 2005; Herold, Caldwell, and Liu, 2008; Nemanich and Keller, 2007; Oreg and Berson, 2011). However...

Microfoundations of HRM effects: Individual and Collective Attitudes and Performance

Previous research on Human Resource Management (HRM) has focused extensively on the potential relationships between the use of HRM practices and organizational performance. Extant research in HRM has been based on the underlying assumption that HRM practices can enhance organizational performance through their impact on positive employee attitudes and performance, that is, employee reactions to HRM. At the current state of research however, it remains unclear how employees come to perceive and react to HRM practices and to what extent employees in organizations, units and teams react to such practices in similar or widely different ways. In fact, recent HRM studies indicate that employee reactions to HRM may be far less homogeneous than assumed. This raises the question of whether or not the linkage between HRM and organizational outcomes can be explained by employee reactions in terms of attitudes and performance, if these reactions are largely idiosyncratic. Accordingly, this thesis aims to shed light on the processes that shape individuals’ reactions to HRM practices and how these processes may influence the variance or sharedness in such reactions among employees in organizations, units and teams. By theoretically developing and empirically examining the effects of employee perceptions of HRM practices from the perspective of ‘HRM as signaling’ and psychological contract theory, the main contributions of this thesis focus on the following research questions: i) How employee perceptions of the HRM practices relate to individual and collective employee attitudes and performance. ii) How employee perceptions of HRM practices relates to variance in employee attitudes and performance. iii) How collective employee performance mediates the relationship between employee perceptions of HRM practices and organizational performance. Regarding the first research questions the findings indicate that individuals do respond positively to HRM practices by adjusting their felt obligations towards the employer. This finding is in line with the idea of HRM as a signaling device where each HRM practice, implicitly or explicitly, sends signals to employees about promised rewards (inducements) and behaviors (obligations) expected in return. The relationship was also confirmed at the group level of analysis. What is more, variance was found to play an important role in that employee groups with more similar perceptions about the HRM system displayed a stronger relationship between HRM and employee obligations. Concerning the second question the findings were somewhat contradictory in that a strong HRM system was found negatively related to variance in employee performance but not employee obligations. Regarding the third question, the findings confirmed linkages between the HRM system and organizational performance at the group level and the HRM system and employee performance at the individual level. Also, the entire chain of links from the HRM system through variance in employee performance, and further through the level of employee performance to organizational performance was significant.

SPOŁECZNO-KULTUROWE UWARUNKOWANIA PRZĘPSTW PRZECIWKO WOLNOŚCI SEKSUALNEJ MAŁOLETNIEGO

Wykorzystanie seksualne dziecka jest związane z przestępstwami z art. 200 i z kilku artykułów pokrewnych polskiego Kodeksu karnego. Czynniki społeczno-kulturowe oddziaływają na to zjawisko poprzez dwa rodzaje socjalizacji. Socjalizacja wtórna zachodzi w populacji polskiej w sposób jednolity dla wszystkich sprawców, natomiast różnicuje ich socjalizacja pierwotna, w związku z czym to ona winna być przedmiotem badań. Najlepsze wyjaśnienia zjawiska oferują ujęcia zintegrowane, akcentujące, między innymi, rolę czynników rodzinnych w jego powstawaniu. W niniejszym artykule, jako teoretyczną podstawę badań, wykorzystano zintegrowaną teorię etiologii przestępstw seksualnych, która uznaje rodzinne doświadczenia sprawcy za główną przyczynę późniejszego seksualnego wykorzystywania dzieci. Zaproponowano cztery ścieżki rozwoju patologii wskazujące, w jaki sposób wczesne uwarunkowania psychologiczne (typ opieki i postawy rodziców) przyczyniają się do zostania sprawcą wykorzystania seksualnego dziecka w przyszłości, oraz zweryfikowano je w badaniach własnych. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań częściowo potwierdzają zaprezentowany model teoretyczny i pozwalają wyznaczyć kierunki dalszych poszukiwań.

Continuing Professional Development: rhetoric and practice in the NHS

This article explores the experience of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) by supervisory-level clinical staff in the National Health Service. Four main themes are highlighted in the literature, namely the nature and experience of CPD, its relationship with human resource management practices and in particular in career development and planning. These themes are examined utilising sources of (triangulated) empirical data based on a 2500 sample survey conducted across five NHS Trusts. A key finding was that responsibility for learning and development was perceived as belonging to the individual rather than the organisation. Other findings concern a lack of resource-based commitment by the organisation to CPD for clinical staff undertaking supervisory-level roles and evidence of 'credentialism' with its emphasis on seeking certificated qualifications. The findings raise concerns about the potential for clinical staff to become disillusioned and to perceive a potential breach in their psychological contract because of problems in reconciling their own interests with those of their professional body, and that of their employer in relation to CPD.

L’influence de la violation des conditions d’emploi constitutives du contrat psychologique et des conditions d’exercice de la profession, sur l’intention de quitter : le cas des professionnels de la gestion des ressources humaines

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les changements observés sur le marché amènent les organisations à améliorer leurs conditions de travail afin d’être en mesure d’attirer et de retenir des travailleurs performants. Les PRH n’y font pas exception. En effet, les PRH présentent des attentes bien précises et développent un contrat psychologique qui leur est propre. Cette recherche porte sur l’intention de quitter des PRH. Plus précisément, elle vise à identifier à travers la théorie du contrat psychologique, les conditions d’emploi et d’exercice de la profession qui, lorsqu’elles ne sont pas respectées, influencent positivement l’intention de quitter des PRH. Il ressort de nos analyses statistiques que la violation du contrat psychologique, notamment des conditions d’emploi et des conditions d’exercice de la profession, influence positivement l’intention de quitter des PRH. Nos analyses nous ont permis d’identifier les différentes conditions d’emploi et d’exercice de la profession qui ont une influence sur l’intention de quitter des PRH. En ce qui concerne les conditions d’emploi, il s’agit de celles reliées au développement de carrière, à l’atmosphère au travail et au contenu de l’emploi. Du côté des conditions d’exercice de la profession, il s’agit du rôle d’agent de changement et de partenaires d’affaires qui ont une influence positive, tandis que le rôle d’expert fonctionnel influence négativement les intentions de quitter des PRH. Nos analyses mettent en évidence l’importance du respect des conditions d’emploi comparativement à celles associées aux conditions d’exercice de la profession. En effet, on constate que les trois conditions d’emploi qui ont une influence positive sur les intentions de quitter des PRH peuvent, sans contredit, être associées au développement professionnel, une valeur importante chez les PRH.

Les déterminants de l’engagement de carrière par rapport à l’engagement organisationnel chez les professionnels en ressources humaines.

Le but de notre recherche est d’étudier l’influence de la réalisation des promesses relatives aux conditions d’emploi et de la réalisation des attentes relatives aux conditions d’exercice de la profession sur l’engagement organisationnel et l’engagement de carrière des PRH. Notre étude est empirique et basée sur une enquête réalisée auprès de 636 PRH exerçant au Québec. Notre étude repose sur la théorie du contrat psychologique qui soutient que l’entente mutuelle et réciproque entre l’employeur et l’employé a des répercussions sur les comportements des travailleurs dont l’engagement organisationnel. Nous trouvons un lien intéressant à établir entre la réalisation des promesses liées aux conditions d’emploi et la réalisation des attentes relatives aux conditions d’exercice de la profession. Nos résultats ont révélé que la réalisation par l’employeur des promesses liées aux conditions d’emploi va affecter l’engagement organisationnel et l’engagement de carrière. Plus particulièrement la réalisation des promesses en lien avec le contenu de l’emploi et l’atmosphère sociale influence l’engagement organisationnel affectif tandis que la réalisation des promesses liées au développement externe influence l’engagement de carrière relatif aux alternatives limitées. Nos résultats montrent aussi que les attentes relatives aux conditions d’exercice de la profession influencent l’engagement organisationnel et l’engagement de carrière. Notamment la réalisation des attentes relatives au rôle de partenaire d’affaire influence l’engagement organisationnel affectif. Bref, la théorie du contrat psychologique offre un cadre explicatif intéressant pour comprendre la dualité de l’attachement des professionnels envers leur profession et envers l’organisation qui les emploie.

Rupture du contrat psychologique et effets sur le cynisme cognitif, la voix et le silence : effet modérateur de la culture organisationnelle et de la congruence personne-organisation

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal