A memoir on the history of the celebrated treaty made by William Penn with the Indians : under the elm tree at Shackamaxon, in the year 1682 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Martti Lutherin elämä: kuvattu 17 kuwassa ja kerrottu sanoilla, saaduilla niistä äskeisten aikojen moninaisissa kirjoituksissa tästä runsaasta aineesta annetuista tärkeistä ilmoituksista

Imprimatur: Borgå domkapitel 27.6.1849 Clas Molander.

Teerelän perhe

Julkaistu alunperin kahtena vihkona, sivut [1]-168, [169]-297.

”Näytä pukumieheltä. Puhu kuin pukumies. Keksi itsellesi elämä.” Raha, uusi työ ja kuluttajasubjekti 2010-luvun kotimaisessa kaunokirjallisuudessa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella miten uusliberalistisia kuluttajasubjekteja rakennetaan kaunokirjallisessa kerronnassa. Lähestyn aihetta tarkastelemalla aineistossani esiintyvää talousdiskurssia: rahan merkitystä toiminnan mahdollistavana välineenä, uuden työn rakenteita, jotka määrittelevät kuluttajasubjektin toiminta-aluetta sekä kulutusvalintoja, joilla subjekti haluaa ilmaista kuuluvansa johonkin sosiaaliseen ryhmään tai erottautuvansa siitä. Aineistona on kolme romaania, jotka kritisoivat ja parodioivat ironian keinoin kapitalistisen yhteiskunnan arvoja ja toimintamalleja. Miika Nousiaisen Metsäjätti (2011) käsittelee palkkatyöläisyyden ja yhteisökulttuurin muutosta jälkiteollisen työn globaaleille työmarkkinoille, joilla pärjäävät ne, jotka onnistuvat haalimaan eniten resursseja: koulutusta, verkostoja, rahaa. Tuomas Kyrön Kerjäläisessä ja jäniksessä (2011) romanikerjäläinen matkustaa ihmissalakuljettajan avulla Suomeen tavoittelemaan parempaa tulevaisuutta ja pääsyä länsimaiseen kulutuskulttuuriin. Venla Hiidensalon Mediahuora (2012) kertoo pakkopienyrittäjyydestä, jossa tekstityöläisellä, vapaalla toimittajalla, ei ole oikeutta tai mahdollisuutta sosiaaliturvaan tai moraaliin, mikäli haluaa pysyä työn syrjässä kiinni ja ruokkia jälkikasvunsa. Tutkimusta ohjaavina käsitteinä käytetään kuluttajasubjektia, talousdiskurssia, yhteiskuntaluokkaa ja identiteettiä. Teoriani rakentuu yhdistämällä kirjallisuudentutkimusta, kulttuurintutkimusta sekä sosiologista tutkimusta. Käytän Pierre Bourdieun pääoma-mallia, Beverley Skeggsin yhteiskuntaluokkatutkimusta, Jussi Ojajärven tutkimuksia kaunokirjallisuuden uusliberalistisesta käänteestä, Stuart Hallin identiteetti- ja subjektiteoria sekä Raija Julkusen uuden työn tutkimusta. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, että huumorin keinoja käyttävä kaunokirjallisuus toimii kritiikkinä luonnollistunutta valtaideologiaa sekä puhetapoja kohtaan ja tekee uusliberalismin ongelmia näkyväksi, samalla kerrontatapa uusintaa uusliberalistista menestystarinaa, kun se näyttää, että kuluttajasubjektit päätyvät sattumanvaraisesti haluamiinsa yhteiskuntaluokkiin ja kuluttajaryhmiin.

”Täytyy miettii koko elämä ihan uudestaan” – Nuorten mielenterveyskuntoutujien kokemukset mielenterveyskuntoutuksen onnistumiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä

Pro gradu- tutkielmassa on tarkasteltu nuorten 20–45-vuotiaiden mielenterveyskuntoutujien henkilökohtaisia kokemuksia mielenterveyskuntoutuksen onnistumiseen positiivisesti ja negatiivisesti vaikuttaneista tekijöistä. Tutkielma tuo esiin mielenterveyskuntoutuksen onnistumiseen vaikuttavien tekijöiden monipuolisuuden, ja erityisesti muiden kuin lääkinnällisten kuntoutustoimien roolin kuntoutumisen edistymisessä. Tutkielmassa on tarkasteltu suomalaisen yhteiskunnan tarjoaman kuntoutusjärjestelmän toimivuutta sekä sen ongelmia. Tutkielman teoreettiset lähtökohdat pohjaavat hulluuden, mielenterveyden ja – sairauden sekä mielenterveyskuntoutuksen historian ja nykypäivän sosiologiseen tarkasteluun. Tutkielmassa mielenterveysongelmat mielletään sosiaalisiksi konstruktioiksi, joiden määrittely ja ylläpitäminen tapahtuvat yhteiskunnallisissa käytännöissä ja suhteissa kielen, tiedon ja vallan avulla. Mielenterveyden ongelmien tarkastelu perustuu tutkielmassa sosiologian antipsykiatristen tutkijoiden näkemyksiin hulluudesta ja mielisairaudesta sosiaalisesti rakentuneina kontrollin keinoina ja sosiaalisen leimaamisen ja moraalisen tuomitsemisen välineinä. Pro gradu- tutkielma on toteutettu laadullisin tutkimusmenetelmin. Tutkielman aineistona on yhdeksän nuoren mielenterveyskuntoutujan teemahaastattelua, ja aineiston analyysi on toteutettu temaattisella verkostoanalyysilla. Mielenterveyskuntoutuksen onnistumiseen vaikuttivat tutkielmaan osallistuneiden mielenterveyskuntoutujien kokemusten perusteella positiiviset ja negatiiviset kokemukset perusterveydenhuollon ja psykiatrisen sairaanhoidon palveluista sekä lääkehoidosta. Psykoterapia, vertaistuki, läheisten tuki, opiskelu ja työnteko edistivät kuntoutumista terveydenhuollon ulkopuolella. Yksilön oma aktiivisuus kuntoutuksessa, omien voimavarojen ja niiden rajojen tunnistaminen sekä sairauteen suhtautuminen vaikuttivat mielenterveyskuntoutuksen edistymiseen. Tutkielma tuo esiin yhteiskunnan palvelujärjestelmien toimimattomuuden tarkasteltaessa perusterveydenhuollon palveluita, hoitoon pääsyä, rahallisten tukien saantia sekä kouluttautumiselle ja työn teolle asetettuja säännöksiä mielenterveyskuntoutujien näkökulmasta. Rakenteellisen joustamattomuuden purkaminen, mielenterveysongelmien leimaavuuden poistaminen, sosiaalisten kuntoutusmuotojen lisääminen ja psykiatriseen avohoitoon panostaminen auttaisivat tutkielman löydösten perusteella toimivamman mielenterveyspalvelujärjestelmän rakentamista.

The elaboration likelihood model : review, critique and research agenda

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review, critique and develop a research agenda for the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). The model was introduced by Petty and Cacioppo over three decades ago and has been modified, revised and extended. Given modern communication contexts, it is appropriate to question the model’s validity and relevance. Design/methodology/approach: The authors develop a conceptual approach, based on a fully comprehensive and extensive review and critique of ELM and its development since its inception. Findings: This paper focuses on major issues concerning the ELM. These include model assumptions and its descriptive nature; continuum questions, multi-channel processing and mediating variables before turning to the need to replicate the ELM and to offer recommendations for its future development. Research limitations/implications: This paper offers a series of questions in terms of research implications. These include whether ELM could or should be replicated, its extension, a greater conceptualization of argument quality, an explanation of movement along the continuum and between central and peripheral routes to persuasion, or to use new methodologies and technologies to help better understanding consume thinking and behaviour? All these relate to the current need to explore the relevance of ELM in a more modern context. Practical implications: It is time to question the validity and relevance of the ELM. The diversity of on- and off-line media options and the variants of consumer choice raise significant issues. Originality/value: While the ELM model continues to be widely cited and taught as one of the major cornerstones of persuasion, questions are raised concerning its relevance and validity in 21st century communication contexts.

No-reference image quality assessment using modified extreme learning machine classifier

In this paper, we present a machine learning approach to measure the visual quality of JPEG-coded images. The features for predicting the perceived image quality are extracted by considering key human visual sensitivity (HVS) factors such as edge amplitude, edge length, background activity and background luminance. Image quality assessment involves estimating the functional relationship between HVS features and subjective test scores. The quality of the compressed images are obtained without referring to their original images ('No Reference' metric). Here, the problem of quality estimation is transformed to a classification problem and solved using extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. In ELM, the input weights and the bias values are randomly chosen and the output weights are analytically calculated. The generalization performance of the ELM algorithm for classification problems with imbalance in the number of samples per quality class depends critically on the input weights and the bias values. Hence, we propose two schemes, namely the k-fold selection scheme (KS-ELM) and the real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA-ELM) to select the input weights and the bias values such that the generalization performance of the classifier is a maximum. Results indicate that the proposed schemes significantly improve the performance of ELM classifier under imbalance condition for image quality assessment. The experimental results prove that the estimated visual quality of the proposed RCGA-ELM emulates the mean opinion score very well. The experimental results are compared with the existing JPEG no-reference image quality metric and full-reference structural similarity image quality metric.

Shooting from the Wild Zone : A Study of the Chicana Art Photographers Laura Aguilar, Celia Álvarez Muñoz, Delilah Montoya, and Kathy Vargas

The dissertation analyzes and elaborates upon the changing map of U.S. ethno-racial formation from the vantage point of North American Studies, multi-disciplinary cultural studies, and the criticism of visual culture. The focus is on four contemporary Mexican American (Chicana) women photographers, whose art production is discussed, on the one hand, in the context of the Euro-American history of photographic genres and, on the other hand, in the context of so-called decolonizing cultural and academic discourses produced by Mexican Americans themselves. The manuscript consists of two parts. Part I outlines the theoretical and methodological domain of the study, positioning it in the interstices of American studies, European postmodern criticism, postcolonial feminist theory, and the theories of visual culture, particularly of art photography. In addition, the main issues and paradigms of Chicano Studies (Mexican American ethnic studies) are introduced. Part II consists of seven essays, each of which discusses rather independently a particular photographic work or a series of photographs, formulating and defending arguments about their meaning, position in the history of photographic genres, and their cultural and socio-political significance. The study closes with a discussion about ethno-racial identity formation and the role of Chicana photography therein - in embodying and reproducing new subjectivities, alternative categories of knowledge, and open ended historical narratives. It is argued that, symbolically, the "Wild Zone" of gendered and race-specific knowledge becomes associated with the body of the mother, a recurrent image in Chicana art works under discussion. Embedded in this image, the construction of an alternative notion of a family thus articulates the parameters of a matrifocal ethno-racial community unified by the proliferation of differences rather than by conformities typical of nationalistic ideologies. While focusing on art photography, the study as a whole simultaneously constructs, from a European vantage point, a "thick" description of Mexican American history, identities, communities, cultural practices, and self-representations about which very little is known in Finland.

Changing Lived Worlds of Contemporary Amazonian Native Young People : Manchineri Youths in the Reserve and the City, Brazil-Acre

This thesis discusses the contemporary construction of the lived worlds of indigenous Amazonian youths. Today’s native peoples are considerably affected by the processes of globalization and urbanization, which have led to new ways of relating to their cultural traditions. This work presents a case study of Manchineri youngsters aged between 14 and 24 years old living in Acre state in Brazilian Amazonia. The Arawak-speaking Manchineri number some 1,000 people; their legally demarcated reserve is situated next to the River Yaco. The research is based on ethnographic material collected in the Mamoadate reserve and in the state capital, Rio Branco. By comparing the youth in different physical and social environments (the reserve and the city), my attempt has been to search for the most typical elements maintained, altered and created in the current lived worlds of Manchineri youths. Fieldwork methods included interviews, participant observation, photographs, video recordings, and drawings. The material was analyzed within the multidisciplinary framework of the social and cultural construction of knowledge. The study applies the concepts of social field, symbolic capital, and habitus as they have been used by Pierre Bourdieu; perspective as developed recently in Amazonian ethnology; the sacred as a cultural category as understood in the study of religion; and individual and person as concepts central to anthropology and sociology. Additionally, the study can be contextualized within youth studies, Latin American studies, and urban studies. The results of the study show that the everyday lives of young Amazonian native people are formed by a complex mixture of ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’, fragmentation, and transitions between different conceptual frameworks. Part II discusses the ethnographic material in depth and shows that indigenous adolescents act from a variety of social perspectives: the native youth’s own ethnic group, divided into sub-groups, especially into urban residents and those living in the reserve; ancestors, super-human agents and spirits; other indigenous groups and non-natives. Consequently, besides the traditional initiation ritual, we find various contemporary rites of passage to adulthood: state-education, learning traditional practices, shamanism, matrimony, and transitions between the reserve and urban areas. According to these results, new social roles, political organization, responsibilities, and in general the desire to be respected, require both ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ abilities. In Part III, the study shows that the current power relations constituted by new social contacts, ethnic recognition, and cooperation with different institutions have resulted in the formation of new social fields: youth cultures, the ethnic group, shamanic practices, the ethnopolitical movement, and indigenous students. The capacity of young Amazonian Indians to act in contemporary social fields produces them as full persons. The study also argues that the elements of the lived worlds can be divided into these social fields. When focusing on these fields, it became evident that these comprise the strategies adopted by young Indians to break through social and cultural barriers.

Disabled Revolutionary War Veterans and the Construction of Disability in the Early United States, c. 1776-1840

This thesis addresses the following broad research question: what did it mean to be a disabled Revolutionary War veteran in the early United States during the period from 1776 to roughly 1840? The study approaches the question from two angles: a state-centred one and an experiential one. In both cases, the theoretical framework employed comes from disability studies. Consequently, disability is regarded as a sociocultural phenomenon rather than a medical condition. The state-centred dimension of the study explores the meaning of disability and disabled veterans to the early American state through an examination of the major military pension laws of the period. An analysis of this legislation, particularly the invalid pension acts of 1793 and 1806, indicates that the early United States represents a key period in the development of the modern disability category. The experiential approach, in contrast, shifts the focus of attention away from the state towards the lived experiences of disabled veterans. It seeks to address the issue of whether or not the disabilities of disabled veterans had any significant material impact on their everyday lives. It does this through a comparison of the situation of 153 disabled veterans with that of an equivalent number of nondisabled veterans. The former group received invalid pensions while the latter did not. In comparing the material conditions of disabled and nondisabled veterans, a wide range of primary sources from military records to memoirs and letters are used. The most important sources in this regard are the pension application papers submitted by veterans in the early nineteenth century. These provide us with a unique insight into the everyday lives of veterans. Looking at the issue of experience through the window of the pension files reveals that there was not much difference in the broad contours of disabled and nondisabled veteran life. This finding has implications for the theorisation of disability that are highlighted and discussed in the thesis. The main themes covered in this study are: the wartime experiences of injured American soldiers, the military pension establishment of the early United States and the legal construction of disability, and the post-war working and family lives of disabled veterans. Keywords: disability, early America, veterans, military pensions, disabled people, Revolutionary War, United States, disability theory.

In the Shadow of Freedom : Life on board the oil tanker

The aim of this study was to look at the freedom of ordinary people as they construct it. The scope, however, was limited to contemporary Finnish sailors and their freedom discourses. The study belongs to the field of the anthropology of religions, which is part of comparative religion. Worldview, which is one of the key concepts in comparative religion, provided the broader theoretical basis of the study. The data consisted of 92 interviews with Finnish professional seafarers conducted in 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2005, field journals that were written during two periods of fieldwork in 1996 and 1999-2000, and correspondence with some of the seafarers during 1999-2005. The analysis process incorporated new rhetoric and metaphor theory. The thesis is in three parts. The first part discusses the methodological challenges of this type of ethnography, the second an ethnography of modern Finnish shipworld focuses on work, organization, hierarchy and gender, and the third part discusses the freedom concepts of seafarers. It was found that seafarers use two kinds of freedom discourse. The first is in line with the stereotypical Jack Tar, a free-roving sailor who is not bound to land and its mundane routines, and the second views shipworld as freedom from freedom, meaning one is not responsible for one s own actions because one is not free to make a choice. It was also found that seafarers are well aware of the stereotypical images that are attached to their profession: they not only deny them, but also utilize, reflect on and construct them.

'Somalia lives with me' : Homeland and Religion in the Lives of Finnish Somalis

The purpose of this thesis is to examine Somalis who live in Finland through their memories. These memories are interpreted as subjective experiences emphasizing the significance of the past and religion in these memories. On the other hand, these memories are understood as a part of collective social memory of Somalis. This study also constructs a comparative perspective for practising Islam in Somalia and Finland. The methodological framework is based on theories of social memory, oral history and narrative analysis. The empirical data is collected by interviewing Somalis living in Finland. The interviews were conducted by using the method of half-structured thematic interview. The data consists of seven interviews. The interviewees are in the focus of this study since their experiences are considered as the main sources of information for this study. The empirical data of the study reveals that Somalis have maintained strong relations to Somalia. The relationship to Somalia is mainly constructed on positive memories. Memories from Somalia have acquired a significant role in the lives of the interviewees. Those memories will define their relation to both past and the present. In the context of religious memories, Islam is described as a way of living which provides advice and defines the terms of everyday life. As a part of those religious memories, the transmitting of Islamic and Somali values plays a significant role in the lives of Somalis in Finland. In such transmitting process of the values, the social religious memory has acquired a significant role. In the context of Islam in Finland, the religious education of children is mentioned as one of the most important features of the Islamic faith by the interviewees. In general, the practice of Islam does not create any major problems for the interviewees in Finland. The interviewees describe their practice of Islam quite similar when compared to their religious life in Somalia. The empirical data also points out the fact that the meaning of Islam has not changed after moving to Finland. Keywords: Somalis, Somalia, Islam, oral history, narrative research

Drops That Open Worlds : Image of Water in the Poetry of Euphrase Kezilahabi

Euphrase Kezilahabi on tansanialainen kirjailija, joka ensimmäisenä julkaisi swahilinkielisen vapaalla mitalla kirjoitetun runokokoelman. Perinteisessä swahilirunoudessa tiukat muotosäännöt ovat tärkeitä, ja teos synnytti kiivasta keskustelua. Runoteokset Kichomi ( Viilto , Kipu , 1974) ja Karibu Ndani ( Tervetuloa sisään , 1988) sekä Kezilahabin muu tuotanto voidaan nähdä uuden sukupolven taiteena. Kezilahabi on arvostettu runoilija, mutta hänen runojaan ei aiemmin ole käännetty englanniksi (yksittäisiä säkeitä lukuunottamatta), eikä juurikaan tutkittu yksityiskohtaisesti. Yleiskuvaan pyrkivissä lausunnoissa Kezilahabin runouden on hyvin usein määritelty olevan poliittista. Monet Kezilahabin runoista ottavatkin kantaa yhteiskunnallisiin kysymyksiin, mutta niiden pohdinta on kuitenkin runoissa vain yksi taso. Sen lisäksi Kezilahabin lyriikassa on paljon muuta ennen kartoittamatonta tämä tutkimus keskittyy veden kuvaan (the image of water). Kezilahabi vietti lapsuutensa saarella Victoria-järven keskellä, ja hänen vesikuvastonsa on rikasta. Tutkimuskysymyksenä on, mitä veden kuva runoteoksissa Kichomi ja Karibu Ndani esittää. Runojen analysoinnissa ja tulkinnassa on tarkasteltu myös sitä, miten äänteellinen taso osallistuu kuvien luomiseen. Tutkimuksen määritelmä kuvasta pohjautuu osittain Hugh Kennerin näkemykseen, jonka mukaan oleellista kuvassa on kirjaimellinen taso. Kennerin lähtökohtaan on yhdistetty John Shoptawin teoriaa, joka korostaa runon äänteellisen puolen tärkeyttä merkityksen muodostumisessa. Foneemien analyysissä vaikutteena on ollut Reuven Tsurin teoria. Analyysiosio osoittaa, että veden kuva edustaa ja käsittelee teoksissa lukuisia teemoja: elämää, kuolemaa, fyysistä vetovoimaa, runoutta, mielikuvitusta ja (ali)tajuntaa sekä moraalia. Veden kuvan tutkimuksen pohjalta on nähtävissä, että Kezilahabin filosofia asettuu elävä/kuollut- ja elämä/kuolema dikotomioiden ulkopuolelle.