Middleware per la gestione di interfacce di comunicazione e di sorgenti di contesto in ambienti wireless eterogenei

The full exploitation of multi-hop multi-path connectivity opportunities offered by heterogeneous wireless interfaces could enable innovative Always Best Served (ABS) deployment scenarios where mobile clients dynamically self-organize to offer/exploit Internet connectivity at best. Only novel middleware solutions based on heterogeneous context information can seamlessly enable this scenario: middleware solutions should i) provide a translucent access to low-level components, to achieve both fully aware and simplified pre-configured interactions, ii) permit to fully exploit communication interface capabilities, i.e., not only getting but also providing connectivity in a peer-to-peer fashion, thus relieving final users and application developers from the burden of directly managing wireless interface heterogeneity, and iii) consider user mobility as crucial context information evaluating at provision time the suitability of available Internet points of access differently when the mobile client is still or in motion. The novelty of this research work resides in three primary points. First of all, it proposes a novel model and taxonomy providing a common vocabulary to easily describe and position solutions in the area of context-aware autonomic management of preferred network opportunities. Secondly, it presents PoSIM, a context-aware middleware for the synergic exploitation and control of heterogeneous positioning systems that facilitates the development and portability of location-based services. PoSIM is translucent, i.e., it can provide application developers with differentiated visibility of data characteristics and control possibilities of available positioning solutions, thus dynamically adapting to application-specific deployment requirements and enabling cross-layer management decisions. Finally, it provides the MMHC solution for the self-organization of multi-hop multi-path heterogeneous connectivity. MMHC considers a limited set of practical indicators on node mobility and wireless network characteristics for a coarsegrained estimation of expected reliability/quality of multi-hop paths available at runtime. In particular, MMHC manages the durability/throughput-aware formation and selection of different multi-hop paths simultaneously. Furthermore, MMHC provides a novel solution based on adaptive buffers, proactively managed based on handover prediction, to support continuous services, especially by pre-fetching multimedia contents to avoid streaming interruptions.

Hidden proxy per comunicazioni seamless da dispositivi multi-homed

Il concetto di mobilita' delle persone, assieme alla sempre maggior dipendenza di queste ai servizi offerti da Internet,ha fatto nascere la necessita' di rimanere connessi ad Internet indipendentemente dai propri spostamenti, mantenendo inalterate le prestazioni delle connessioni. HPforMSC, l'oggetto di questa tesi, e' un'architettura basata su hidden proxy che permette in maniera del tutto trasparente all'utente di utilizzare contemporaneamente le varie interfacce di rete a disposizione mantenendo inalterate le performance di tutte le comunicazioni in essere durante un handover, sia esso orizzontale o verticale.

Die regulatorische Funktion des Usher-Syndrom-Proteins SANS in Proteinnetzwerken

Die vorliegende kumulative Arbeit umfasst Analysen zur Aufklärung der molekularen Grundlagen des humanen Usher-Syndroms (USH), der häufigsten Ursache kombinierter vererblicher Taub-Blindheit. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue Erkenntnisse zur Funktion der USH-Proteine und den von ihnen organisierten Protein-Netzwerken in der Photorezeptorzelle zu erhalten. Dadurch sollten weitere Einsichten in die molekularen Ursachen des retinalen Phänotyps von USH gewonnen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen wurden in einem Übersichtsartikel (I) und zwei Originalarbeiten (II, III) zusammengestellt.rn Im Übersichtsartikel (I) wurden die vorliegenden Hinweise zusammengefasst, die USH auf Grundlage der molekularen Verbindungen ebenfalls als Ciliopathien definiert. Zudem wird die Bedeutung des periciliären USH-Proteinnetzwerkes für das sensorische Cilium (Außensegment) der Photorezeptorzelle herausgestellt. rn In Publikation II wurde der Aufbau des USH1-USH2-Proteinnetzwerkes als Teil des periciliären Komplexes analysiert, der beim cargo handover von vesikulärer Fracht vom Innensegment- auf den ciliären Transport für die Photorezeptorzelle essentiell ist. Experimentell wurde Ush2a als neuer SANS-Interaktionspartner validiert. Des Weiteren wurde ein ternärer Komplex aus den USH-Proteinen SANS, Ush2a und Whirlin identifiziert, dessen Zusammensetzung durch die phosphorylierungsabhängige Interaktion zwischen SANS und Ush2a reguliert werden könnte. Dieser ternäre Komplex kann sowohl der Integrität der Zielmembran dienen als auch am Transfer von Molekülen ins Außensegment beteiligt sein.rn In Publikation III wurde das MAGUK-Protein Magi2 als neuer Interaktionspartner von SANS identifiziert und die Interaktion durch komplementäre Interaktionsassays validiert. Dabei wurde ein internes PDZ-Binde-Motiv in der SAM-Domäne von SANS identifiziert, das die Interaktion zur PDZ5-Domäne von Magi2 phosphorylierungsabhängig vermittelt. Dadurch wurde bestätigt, dass SANS durch post-translationale Modifizierung reguliert wird. Weiterführende Experimente zur Funktion des Magi2-SANS-Komplexes zeigen, dass Magi2 an Prozess der Rezeptor-vermittelten Endocytose beteiligt ist. Die Phosphorylierung von SANS durch die Kinase CK2 spielt bei der Endocytose ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Der Phosphorylierungsstatus von SANS moduliert die Interaktion zu Magi2 und reguliert dadurch negativ den Prozess der Endocytose. In RNAi-Studien wurde die durch Magi2-vermittelte Endocytose darüber hinaus mit dem Prozess der Ciliogenese verknüpft. Die Analyse der subzellulären Verteilung der Interaktionspartner lokalisieren Magi2 im periciliären Komplex und assoziieren das periciliäre USH-Proteinnetzwerk dadurch mit dem Prozess der Endocytose in der ciliary pocket. Der SANS-Magi2-Komplex sollte demnach für Aufbau und Funktion des sensorischen Ciliums der Photorezeptorzelle eine wichtige Rolle spielen.rn Die Gesamtheit an Informationen, die aus den Publikationen dieser Dissertation und aus den Kooperationsprojekten (*) resultieren, haben die Kenntnisse zur zellulären Funktion der USH-Proteine und ihrer Interaktionspartner und damit über die pathogenen Mechanismen von USH erweitert. Dies bildet die Basis, um fundierte Therapiestrategien zu entwickeln.

Patientensicherheit in der Shuntchirurgie

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Hämodialysepatienten, die operativ mit einem Gefäßzugang versorgt werden müssen, sind eine vulnerable Patientengruppe, die aufgrund von Multimorbidität, der intensiven und oft fragmentierten Behandlung und vieler Schnittstellen ein erhöhtes Risiko für vermeidbare unerwünschte Ereignisse tragen. Fragestellung. Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Patientensicherheit mit Fokus auf die Shuntchirurgie. Material und Methoden. Auswertung und Aufarbeitung aktueller Daten zur Patientensicherheit und Instrumenten zu ihrer Förderung. Ergebnisse. Fehler im nicht operativen Management verursachen einen wesentlichen Anteil der unerwünschten Ereignisse. Checklisten, präoperative Seitenmarkierung, Zählkontrollen und interprofessionelle Teamtrainings sind wichtige Instrumente der Patientensicherheit im OP. Standardisierungen von postoperativen Übergaben durch einfache Protokolle können erheblich zur Reduktion von Fehlern und Schädigungen beitragen. Die Sicherheitskultur einer Abteilung ist ein Umgebungsfaktor, der für die Effektivität dieser Sicherheitsbarrieren wesentlich ist. Schlussfolgerungen. Es existieren wirksame Instrumente, die die Patientensicherheit in der Shuntchirurgie fördern. Gerade an den Schnittstellen zur weiteren Versorgung können durch die konsequente Implementierung und Nutzung dieser Maßnahmen und ein aktives Sicherheitsmanagement unerwünschte Ereignisse vermieden werden. Die interprofessionelle und interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und der Einbezug der Patienten sind wichtige Ressource für die Behandlungssicherheit, die stärker genutzt werden sollten.

Integration under 'One Country, Two Systems' - The Case of Mainland China and Hong Kong-

Ever since the handover of the territory in 1997, Hong Kong has had its own unique law and its own economic system and international legal personality, and has not been integrated with Mainland China. The Basic Law guarantees the uniqueness of the Hong Kong SAR until 2047. But close economic ties between Hong Kong and the Mainland will promote closer economic integration. The Basic Law limits only a customs union and the introduction of a single currency, but not the formation of a Free Trade Agreement (hereafter FTA) and monetary union. FTA has already been realized in the form of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (hereafter CEPA). The Hong Kong SAR government, including the bureaucrat as well as the Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa, was opposed to, and hesitant towards, the formation of a regional trade agreement with the Mainland, but the business community made them to adopt a positive attitude towards the CEPA. It is unclear how much integration can been deepened, but it can be argued that the current policy of the Hong Kong SAR is too supportive of business, and an excessive degree of economic integration may threaten the uniqueness of Hong Kong. But if Hong Kong achieves democracy and enjoys complete autonomy, it will be easy for economic integration to co-exist with the 'One Country, Two Systems' approach, in the interests of the business community and of the citizens of the SAR.

A realistic bridge towards European banking union. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2013/09, June 2013

New obstacles to the European banking union have emerged over the last year, but a successful transition remains both necessary and possible. The key next step will be in the second half of 2014, when the European Central Bank (ECB) will gain supervisory authority over most of Europe’s banking system. This needs to be preceded by a rigorous balance sheet assessment that is likely to trigger significant bank restructuring, for which preparation has barely started. It will be much more significant than current discussions about a bank resolution directive and bank recapitalisation by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). The 2014 handover, and a subsequent change in the European treaties that will establish the robust legal basis needed for a sustainable banking union, together define the policy sequence as a bridge that can allow Europe to cross the choppy waters that separate it from a steady-state banking policy framework.

Opiniões sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades de cirurgia: tradução, adaptação e validação de questionários

Enquadramento: Apesar da visita de enfermagem ou passagem de turno junto dos doentes garantir a continuidade dos cuidados de enfermagem, origina diversas questões éticas. Objetivos: Traduzir, adaptar e validar 2 questionários de colheita de dados sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades cirúrgicas para a cultura portuguesa; identificar a opinião dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem. Metodologia: Tradução, retroversão e adaptação dos questionários aplicados em 7 unidades cirúrgicas de um hospital central em Portugal de 22/08/2008 a 28/06/2009. A amostragem não probabilística acidental foi constituída por 137 enfermeiros e 96 doentes. Resultados: A visita de enfermagem promove a relação empática e de ajuda; a observação do doente e o planeamento de cuidados, no entanto é necessário clarificar o seu objetivo; incentivar à participação e ao envolvimento dos doentes; utilizar um discurso compreensível e garantir a privacidade da informação. Conclusão: Os questionários revelaram-se fidedignos e válidos na identificação das opiniões dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem nas unidades de cirurgia em estudo.

Context-aware vertical handovers between WLAN and 3G networks

Vertical handovers can transform heterogeneous networks into an integrated communication environment. Such integration can lead to seamless communication if context information is used to support vertical handovers. Seamless communication environments are needed for future pervasive/ubiquitous systems, which are context aware and can adapt to context changes, including network disconnections, changes in network quality of service and changes in user preferences. This paper describes a generic, context-aware handover solution for multimedia applications and illustrates how this handover works for redirection of communication between WLANs and GPRS or UMTS networks. A description of a prototype for WLAN/GPRS handover and the results of handover experiments are also presented.

Vertical handovers as adaption methods in pervasive systems

Pervasive systems need to be context aware and need to adapt to context changes, including network disconnections and changes in network Quality of Service (QoS). Vertical handover (handover between heterogeneous networks) is one of possible adaptation methods. It allows users to roam freely between heterogeneous networks while maintaining continuity of their applications. This paper proposes a vertical handover approach suitable for multimedia applications in pervasive systems. It describes the adaptability decision making process which uses vertical handovers to support users mobility and provision of QoS suitable for users’ applications. The process evaluates context information regarding user devices, User location, network environment, and user perceived QoS of applications.

Improved adaptivity and robustness in decentralised multi-camera networks

In this paper we present increased adaptivity and robustness in distributed object tracking by multi-camera networks using a socio-economic mechanism for learning the vision graph. To build-up the vision graph autonomously within a distributed smart-camera network, we use an ant-colony inspired mechanism, which exchanges responsibility for tracking objects using Vickrey auctions. Employing the learnt vision graph allows the system to optimise its communication continuously. Since distributed smart camera networks are prone to uncertainties in individual cameras, such as failures or changes in extrinsic parameters, the vision graph should be sufficiently robust and adaptable during runtime to enable seamless tracking and optimised communication. To better reflect real smart-camera platforms and networks, we consider that communication and handover are not instantaneous, and that cameras may be added, removed or their properties changed during runtime. Using our dynamic socio-economic approach, the network is able to continue tracking objects well, despite all these uncertainties, and in some cases even with improved performance. This demonstrates the adaptivity and robustness of our approach.

Learning to be different:heterogeneity and efficiency in distributed smart camera networks

In this paper we study the self-organising behaviour of smart camera networks which use market-based handover of object tracking responsibilities to achieve an efficient allocation of objects to cameras. Specifically, we compare previously known homogeneous configurations, when all cameras use the same marketing strategy, with heterogeneous configurations, when each camera makes use of its own, possibly different marketing strategy. Our first contribution is to establish that such heterogeneity of marketing strategies can lead to system wide outcomes which are Pareto superior when compared to those possible in homogeneous configurations. However, since the particular configuration required to lead to Pareto efficiency in a given scenario will not be known in advance, our second contribution is to show how online learning of marketing strategies at the individual camera level can lead to high performing heterogeneous configurations from the system point of view, extending the Pareto front when compared to the homogeneous case. Our third contribution is to show that in many cases, the dynamic behaviour resulting from online learning leads to global outcomes which extend the Pareto front even when compared to static heterogeneous configurations. Our evaluation considers results obtained from an open source simulation package as well as data from a network of real cameras. © 2013 IEEE.

Law Enforcement Actions in Urban Spaces Governed by Violent Non-State Entities: Lessons from Latin America

In response to a crime epidemic afflicting Latin America since the early 1990s, several countries in the region have resorted to using heavy-force police or military units to physically retake territories de facto controlled by non-State criminal or insurgent groups. After a period of territory control, the heavy forces hand law enforcement functions in the retaken territories to regular police officers, with the hope that the territories and their populations will remain under the control of the state. To a varying degree, intensity, and consistency, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Jamaica have adopted such policies since the mid-1990s. During such operations, governments need to pursue two interrelated objectives: to better establish the state’s physical presence and to realign the allegiance of the population in those areas toward the state and away from the non-State criminal entities. From the perspective of law enforcement, such operations entail several critical decisions and junctions, such as: Whether or not to announce the force insertion in advance. The decision trades off the element of surprise and the ability to capture key leaders of the criminal organizations against the ability to minimize civilian casualties and force levels. The latter, however, may allow criminals to go to ground and escape capture. Governments thus must decide whether they merely seek to displace criminal groups to other areas or maximize their decapitation capacity. Intelligence flows rarely come from the population. Often, rival criminal groups are the best source of intelligence. However, cooperation between the State and such groups that goes beyond using vetted intelligence provided by the groups, such as a State tolerance for militias, compromises the rule-of-law integrity of the State and ultimately can eviscerate even public safety gains. Sustaining security after initial clearing operations is at times even more challenging than conducting the initial operations. Although unlike the heavy forces, traditional police forces, especially if designed as community police, have the capacity to develop trust of the community and ultimately focus on crime prevention, developing such trust often takes a long time. To develop the community’s trust, regular police forces need to conduct frequent on-foot patrols with intensive nonthreatening interactions with the population and minimize the use of force. Moreover, sufficiently robust patrol units need to be placed in designated beats for substantial amount of time, often at least over a year. Establishing oversight mechanisms, including joint police-citizens’ boards, further facilities building trust in the police among the community. After disruption of the established criminal order, street crime often significantly rises and both the heavy-force and community-police units often struggle to contain it. The increase in street crime alienates the population of the retaken territory from the State. Thus developing a capacity to address street crime is critical. Moreover, the community police units tend to be vulnerable (especially initially) to efforts by displaced criminals to reoccupy the cleared territories. Losing a cleared territory back to criminal groups is extremely costly in terms of losing any established trust and being able to recover it. Rather than operating on a priori determined handover schedule, a careful assessment of the relative strength of regular police and criminal groups post-clearing operations is likely to be a better guide for timing the handover from heavy forces to regular police units. Cleared territories often experience not only a peace dividend, but also a peace deficit – in the rise new serious crime (in addition to street crime). Newly – valuable land and other previously-inaccessible resources can lead to land speculation and forced displacement; various other forms of new crime can also significantly rise. Community police forces often struggle to cope with such crime, especially as it is frequently linked to legal business. Such new crime often receives little to no attention in the design of the operations to retake territories from criminal groups. But without developing an effective response to such new crime, the public safety gains of the clearing operations can be altogether lost.

Controle de mobilidade infraestruturado e orientado à qualidade para maximização de admissões em sistemas WiNeMO: uma abordagem definida por software

The spread of wireless networks and growing proliferation of mobile devices require the development of mobility control mechanisms to support the different demands of traffic in different network conditions. A major obstacle to developing this kind of technology is the complexity involved in handling all the information about the large number of Moving Objects (MO), as well as the entire signaling overhead required to manage these procedures in the network. Despite several initiatives have been proposed by the scientific community to address this issue they have not proved to be effective since they depend on the particular request of the MO that is responsible for triggering the mobility process. Moreover, they are often only guided by wireless medium statistics, such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the candidate Point of Attachment (PoA). Thus, this work seeks to develop, evaluate and validate a sophisticated communication infrastructure for Wireless Networking for Moving Objects (WiNeMO) systems by making use of the flexibility provided by the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm, where network functions are easily and efficiently deployed by integrating OpenFlow and IEEE 802.21 standards. For purposes of benchmarking, the analysis was conducted in the control and data planes aspects, which demonstrate that the proposal significantly outperforms typical IPbased SDN and QoS-enabled capabilities, by allowing the network to handle the multimedia traffic with optimal Quality of Service (QoS) transport and acceptable Quality of Experience (QoE) over time.

Opiniões sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades de cirurgia: tradução, adaptação e validação de questionários

Enquadramento: Apesar da visita de enfermagem ou passagem de turno junto dos doentes garantir a continuidade dos cuidados de enfermagem, origina diversas questões éticas. Objetivos: Traduzir, adaptar e validar 2 questionários de colheita de dados sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades cirúrgicas para a cultura portuguesa; identificar a opinião dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem. Metodologia: Tradução, retroversão e adaptação dos questionários aplicados em 7 unidades cirúrgicas de um hospital central em Portugal de 22/08/2008 a 28/06/2009. A amostragem não probabilística acidental foi constituída por 137 enfermeiros e 96 doentes. Resultados: A visita de enfermagem promove a relação empática e de ajuda; a observação do doente e o planeamento de cuidados, no entanto é necessário clarificar o seu objetivo; incentivar à participação e ao envolvimento dos doentes; utilizar um discurso compreensível e garantir a privacidade da informação. Conclusão: Os questionários revelaram-se fidedignos e válidos na identificação das opiniões dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem nas unidades de cirurgia em estudo.

Opiniões sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades de cirurgia: tradução, adaptação e validação de questionários

Enquadramento: Apesar da visita de enfermagem ou passagem de turno junto dos doentes garantir a continuidade dos cuidados de enfermagem, origina diversas questões éticas. Objetivos: Traduzir, adaptar e validar 2 questionários de colheita de dados sobre a visita de enfermagem em unidades cirúrgicas para a cultura portuguesa; identificar a opinião dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem. Metodologia: Tradução, retroversão e adaptação dos questionários aplicados em 7 unidades cirúrgicas de um hospital central em Portugal de 22/08/2008 a 28/06/2009. A amostragem não probabilística acidental foi constituída por 137 enfermeiros e 96 doentes. Resultados: A visita de enfermagem promove a relação empática e de ajuda; a observação do doente e o planeamento de cuidados, no entanto é necessário clarificar o seu objetivo; incentivar à participação e ao envolvimento dos doentes; utilizar um discurso compreensível e garantir a privacidade da informação. Conclusão: Os questionários revelaram-se fidedignos e válidos na identificação das opiniões dos doentes e dos enfermeiros sobre a visita de enfermagem nas unidades de cirurgia em estudo.Background: Although bedside nursing handover ensures the continuity of nursing care, it raises several ethical issues. Objectives: To translate, adapt and validate 2 data collection questionnaires about bedside nursing handover in surgical units into Portuguese, and identify the patients and nurses’ opinions about bedside nursing handover. Methodology: Translation, back-translation and adaptation of the questionnaires in 7 surgical units of a central hospital in Portugal between 22/08/2008 and 28/06/2009. The non- -probability sampling consisted of 137 nurses and 96 patients. Results: Bedside nursing handover promotes an empathic and helping relationship, patient observation and care planning; however, it is necessary to clarify its purpose, encourage patient participation and engagement, use clear information, and ensure information privacy. Conclusion: The questionnaires proved to be reliable and valid to identify the patients and nurses’ opinions about bedside nursing handover in the surgical units under analysis.