Estudo de betumes modificados recuperados de misturas produzidas pelo método húmido e pelo método seco

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Electroquímica de sustancias orgánicas, mecanismos y electrosíntesis: Producción y aplicación de electrodos modificados

En este trabajo se trata de elucidar los procesos de oxidación-reducción electroquímica de compuestos orgánico aromáticos. Interesan los productos de reacción y el manejo de las variables externas para lograr la optimización de los que sean de interés. Estos estudios se realizan en medios homogéneos y además en medios bifásicos. Así se estudian procesos de electrodos con sustancias orgánicas en sistemas bifásicos líquido-líquido. Interesan conocer los mecanismos de fotoelectroquímica de moléculas biomiméticas tales como carotenos y porfirinas, principalmente en lo referente a la producción de fotocorriente. También se estudian procesos relacionados a la preparación y obtención de electrodos modificados por sustancias orgánicas poliméricas y electrodos sensores como los de metal-óxido y polímero orgánico-metal polidisperso. Objetivos generales y específicos: Los estudios electroquímicos con sustancias orgánicas comprenden una amplia gama de posibilidades. En este proyecto se estudian procesos de electrodo de diversas sustancias orgánicas donde se trata de dilucidar los mecanismos de los procesos redox en general. En lo particular se estudia el comportamiento electroquímico y fotoelectroquímico de sustancias biomiméticas como son los compuestos carotenoides y porfirinas. Interesa fundamentalmente la producción de fotocorriente obtenidas a través de la fotoexcitación. Se propone analizar la sensibilización de semiconductores (SnO2) por medio de moléculas biomiméticas. Estas últimas actúan como aceptor primario de energía radiante y transfieren un hueco o un electrón desde el estado excitado a las bandas de energía del semiconductor base. También se estudian procesos relacionados con la preparación y obtención de electrodos modificados por sustancias orgánicas poliméricas. En este laboratorio ya se han obtenido varios tipos de polímeros y en este proyecto se propone someterlos a condiciones extremas de potencial y a medios agresivos a fin de determinar este tipo de propiedades. Una de las aplicaciones inmediatas de estos electrodos es utilizarlos como sensores electroquímicos para diversas sustancias orgánicas. Por otro lado se estudian procesos electroquímicos en interfaces líquido/ líquido, pseudofaces (micelas) además de medios homogéneos. Como reacción modelo se utiliza nitración de naftaleno.

Ação antioxidante de flavonóides modificados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito antioxidante de derivados flavonoídicos da quercetina, naringenina, morina, e rutina, isolados da cultivar de soja UFV-5. Após acetilação com anidrido acético e piridina, e metilação com diazometano, esses compostos foram analisados para determinação de ação antioxidante por meio dos índices de acidez, iodo e peróxido e pela reação-de-Kreiss. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a naringenina metilada, naringenina acetilada, quercetina metilada e quercetina acetilada.

Preparação e caracterização de eletrodos monocristalinos

Studies of the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions on well oriented single crystal surfaces have demonstrated the influence of surface structure on the rate and mechanisms of many electrochemical processes. The preparation and characterization of these surfaces is the first step in this type of studies. In this paper, a methodology employed in order to ensure the quality and cleanliness of single crystals and their utilization as rotating electrodes is described.

Eletrodos artesanais para voltametria

This paper describes the construction and performance of homemade electrodes for voltammetric purpose using cheap materials, like pipette tips and asbestos fiber. A good cost-to-benefit relation makes this devices specially designed for student use, expecting to improve the broadcasting of electroanalytical methods in Brazilian schools.

Eletrodos fabricados por "silk-screen"

A review dealing with the use of screen-printing technology to manufacture disposable electrodes is presented, covering in details virtually all the publications in the area up to early 1997 and including 206 references. The elements and different strategies on constructing modified electrodes are highlighted. Commercial and Home-made ink recipes are discussed. Microelectrode arrays, built by the combination of photostructuring and screen-printing technologies to the mass production of advanced disposable sensors, are also discussed. Future research trends are predicted.

Uma célula simples para adaptação de eletrodos seletivos comerciais em sistemas de análises em fluxo

A simple flow cell for potentiometric detection is described. It was assembled by making use of two perspex pieces fixed together by means of four screws, and allow the connection of plane membrane conventional electrodes to flow system. Details about its construction are presented. The device performance was evaluated by making use of a cyanide ion-selective electrode. The relative standard deviation was about 0.5% with a detection limit of 8.0 x 10-6 mol CN- dm-3. Under experimental conditions, the linear range was 10-5 to10-2 mol dm-3.

Utilização de eletrodos potenciométricos de amálgama em estudos de complexação de substâncias húmicas

Potentiometric amalgam electrodes of lead, cadmium, and zinc are proposed to study the complexation properties of commercial and river sediment humic acids. The copper complexation properties of both humic acids were studied in parallel using the solid membrane copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE). The complexing capacity and the averaged conditional stability constants were determined at pH 6.00 ± 0.05 in medium of 2x10-2 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The lead and cadmium amalgam electrodes presented a Nernstian behavior from 1x10-5 to 1x10-3 moles L-1 of total metal concentration, permitting to perform the complexation studies using humic acid concentrations around of 20 to 30 mg L-1, that avoids colloidal aggregation. The zinc amalgam electrode showed a subnernstian linear response in the same range of metal concentrations. The Scatchard graphs for both humic acids suggested two classes of binding sites for lead and copper and one class of binding site for zinc and cadmium.

Despolarizador eletrônico de eletrodos

This paper presents the design of a simple apparatus that periodically switches off both working and auxiliary electrodes short-circuiting them for a couple of seconds. Depolarization takes place and the initial current is re-established.

Testes de desempenho de eletrodos: eletrodos de referência

This paper is designed to divulge some tests found in books, articles and international technical standards, by means of which it is possible to evaluate the performance of reference electrode widely used in potentiometric and voltammetric methods. The reference potential (Eref), junction resistance (Rj), the ability of keeping up the potential when current is flowing (polarizability), and of generating junction potentials (Ej) are applied to some commercial electrodes. The results obtained are amply discussed and some corrective procedures are suggested when the electrode fails.

Reação de geração de oxigênio em eletrodos de Mn2O3 suportados em aço inoxidável

A study of the kinetics of oxygen evolution in alkaline conditions from ceramic films of Mn2O3 supported on stainless steel was carried out. This study has been done through the determination of transfer coefficients, Tafel slopes and exchange currents using potentiodynamic and quasi-potentiostatic measurements. The activation energy was determined as a function of the overpotential and, additionally, the electrode active surface was estimated. The results are consistent with data already published for other electrodes, implying that the methods used in this work were reliable and precise.

Eletroxidação do etanol em eletrodos de Ti/IrO2

It has been carried out an investigation of ethanol electro-oxidation on Ti/IrO2 electrodes. The experimental results show a high selectivity towards acetaldehyde formation thus, offering potential advantages in cost and availability of raw material. It has been observed that the electrode is partially blocked by a film formed after the oxidation of the starting material which can be removed by pulse technique between RDO and RDH onset. The mechanism and the selectivity of the product formed is presented.

Correlação entre a estrutura atômica superficial e o processo de adsorção-dessorção reversível de hidrogênio em eletrodos monocristalinos Pt(111), Pt(100) e Pt(110)

Platinum is widely used as electrode in electrocatalytic processes, however the use of polycrystalline electrodes introduces a series of variables in the electrochemical system due to the aleatory contribution of all the crystallographic orientations with different surface packing of atoms. Single crystal platinum electrodes of low Miller index present surface structure of high regularity and serve as model to establish a correlation among the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the electrochemical interface. Therefore, the main aim of this work is the study of the voltammetric profiles of the reversible adsorption-desorption of hydrogen on Pt(100), Pt(110) and Pt(111), in order to correlate the electrochemical properties of each different orientation with the surface atomic structure.

Tendências em modificação de eletrodos amperométricos para aplicações eletroanalíticas

The most relevant advances on the analytical applications of chemically modified electrodes (CME) are presented. CME have received great attention due to the possibility of electrode surface modification including chemisorption, composite generation and polymer coating. In recent years, the interest in CME has increased overall to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the electroanalytical probes, considering the electron mediator incorporation and the new conducting polymers development. The general procedures employed for the electrode modification and the operational characteristics of some electrochemical sensors are discussed.

Aplicações eletroanalíticas com eletrodos de prata confeccionados a partir de CDs graváveis

This paper presents a new way for the construction of silver electrodes utilizing recordable CDs. The new electrodes were explored for the quantification of chloride (by potentiometry/FIA), cyanide (by amperometry/FIA) and for lead analysis (by square wave voltammetry). For the flowing measurements, a digital multimeter, connected to a microcomputer (via RS 232 interface) was used to collect directly the potential signal (for Cl- measurements) or to take the output signal from a potentiostat (for CN- measurements). The square wave voltammetry analysis was performed in a commercial instrument. The results shown good performance of the new electrodes and the detection limit (s/n = 3) attained for these three analytes were: 0.2, 50, and 200 µg L-1 for Pb2+, Cl-, and CN- respectively.