Paimen vailla hiippakuntaa : Kenttäpiispan viran synty ja vaikutus sotilaspapiston asemaan Suomen puolustusvoimissa ja kirkossa vuosina 1939 - 1944

The main purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors that gave rise to the office of Field Bishop in the years 1939-1944. How did military bishophood affect the status of the head of military pastoral care and military clergy during these years? The main sources of my research are the collections in the Finnish National Archives, and I use a historical-qualitative method. The position of the military clergy was debated within both the Church and the Defence Forces before 1939. At that stage, Church law did not yet recognize the office of the leading military priest, the Field Dean. There had been a motion in 1932 to introduce the office of a military bishop, but the bishops' synod blocked it. The concept of Field Bishop appeared for the first time in 1927 in a Finnish military document, which dealt with pastoral care in the Polish military. The Field Dean in Finland had regularly proposed improvements to the salary of the military clergy before the Winter War. After the Winter War, arguments were made for strengthening the position of the military clergy: these arguments were based on the increased respect shown towards this clergy, especially due to their role in the care of the fallen, which had become their task during the war. Younger members of the military clergy in particular supported the demands to improve their position within the Church and the army. The creation of a Field Bishop was perceived as strengthening the whole military clergy, as the Field Bishop was envisioned as a bishop within the Church and a general within the Defence Forces. During that time the Field Dean was still without any military rank. The idea of a Field Bishop was recommended to Mannerheim in June 1940, after which the Defence Forces lent their support to the cause. The status of the military clergy, in Church law, made it to the agenda of the Church council in January 1941, thanks largely to the younger priests' group influence and Mannerheim's leverage. The bishops opposed the notion of a Field Bishop mostly on theological grounds but were ready to concede that the position the Field Dean in Church law required further defining. The creation of the office of Field Bishop was blocked in the Church law committee report issued close to the beginning of the Continuation War. The onset of that war, however, changed the course of events, as the President of the Republic appointed Field Dean Johannes Björklund as Field Bishop. Speculation has abounded about Mannerheim's role in the appointment, but the truth of the matter is not clear. The title of Field Bishop was used to put pressure on the Church, and, at the same time, Mannerheim could remain detached from the matter. Later, in September 1941, the Church council approved the use of the Field Bishop title to denote the head of military pastoral care in Church law, and Field Bishops were assigned some of the duties formerly pertaining to bishops. Despite all expectations and hopes, the new office of Field Bishop did not affect the status of the military clergy within the Defence Forces, as no ranks were established for them, and their salary did not improve. However the office of the Field Bishop within Army HQ was transformed from a bureau into a department in the summer of 1942. At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Field Bishop was criticized by certain military and Church clergy for favouring Russian Orthodox Christians in Eastern Karelia. Björklund agreed in principle with most of the Lutheran clergy on the necessity of Lutheranizing East Karelia but had to take into account the realities at Army HQ. As well, at the same time the majority of the younger clergy were serving in the army, and there was a lack of parish priests on the home front. Bishop Lehtonen had actually expressed the wish that more priests could have been released from the front to serve in local parishes. In his notes Lehtonen accused Björklund of trying to achieve the position of Field Bishop by all possible means. However, research has revealed a varied group of people behind the creation of the office of Field Bishop, including in particular younger clergy and the Defence Forces.

Use of Customer Information: An Ethnography in Service Development

Service researchers have repeatedly claimed that firms should acquire customer information in order to develop services that fit customer needs. Despite this, studies that would concentrate on the actual use of customer information in service development are lacking. The present study fulfils this research gap by investigating information use during a service development process. It demonstrates that use is not a straightforward task that automatically follows the acquisition of customer information. In fact, out of the six identified types of use, four represent non usage of customer information. Hence, the study demonstrates that the acquisition of customer information does not guarantee that the information will actually be used in development. The current study used an ethnographic approach. Consequently, the study was conducted in the field in real time over an extensive period of 13 months. Participant observation allowed direct access to the investigated phenomenon, i.e. the different types of use by the observed development project members were captured while they emerged. In addition, interviews, informal discussions and internal documents were used to gather data. A development process of a bank’s website constituted the empirical context of the investigation. This ethnography brings novel insights to both academia and practice. It critically questions the traditional focus on the firm’s acquisition of customer information and suggests that this focus ought to be expanded to the actual use of customer information. What is the point in acquiring costly customer information if it is not used in the development? Based on the findings of this study, a holistic view on customer information, “information in use” is generated. This view extends the traditional view of customer information in three ways: the source, timing and form of data collection. First, the study showed that the customer information can come explicitly from the customer, from speculation among the developers or it can already exist implicitly. Prior research has mainly focused on the customer as the information provider and the explicit source to turn to for information. Second, the study identified that the used and non-used customer information was acquired both previously, and currently within the time frame of the focal development process, as well as potentially in the future. Prior research has primarily focused on the currently acquired customer information, i.e. within the timeframe of the development process. Third, the used and non-used customer information was both formally and informally acquired. In prior research a large number of sophisticated formal methods have been suggested for the acquisition of customer information to be used in development. By focusing on “information in use”, new knowledge on types of customer information that are actually used was generated. For example, the findings show that the formal customer information acquired during the development process is used less than customer information already existent within the firm. With this knowledge at hand, better methods to capture this more usable customer information can be developed. Moreover, the thesis suggests that by focusing stronger on use of customer information, service development processes can be restructured in order to facilitate the information that is actually used.

The Innocent Pleasure : A Study on Luther's theology of music

The aim of the study is to examine Luther s theology of music from the standpoint of pleasure. The theological assessment of musical pleasure is related to two further questions: the role of emotions in Christianity and the apprehension of beauty. The medieval discussion of these themes is portrayed in the background chapter. Significant traits were: the suspicion felt towards sensuous gratification in music, music as a mathematical discipline, the medieval theory of emotions informed by Stoic apatheia and Platonic-Aristotelian metriopatheia, the notion of beauty as an attribute of God, medieval aesthetics as the aesthetic of proportion and the aesthetic of light and the emergence of the Aristotelian view of science that is based on experience rather than speculation. The treatment of Luther s theology of music is initiated with the notion of gift. Luther says that music is the excellent (or even the best) gift of God. This has sometimes been understood as a mere music-lover s enthusiasm. Luther is, however, not likely to use the word gift loosely. His theology can be depicted as a theology of gift. The Triune God is categorically giving. The notion of gift also includes reciprocity. When we receive the gifts of God, it evokes praise in us. Praising God is predominantly a musical phenomenon. The particular benefit of music in Luther s thought is that it can move human emotions. This emphasis is connected to the overall affectivity of Luther s theology. In contrast to the medieval discussion, Luther ascribes to saints not just emotions but particularly warm and tender affections. The power of music is related to the auditory and vocal character of the Word. Faith comes through hearing the Word that is at once musical and affective perception. Faith is not a mere opinion but the affective trust of the heart. Music can touch the human heart and persuade with its sweetness, like the good news of the Gospel. Music allows us to perceive Luther s theology as a theology of joy and pleasure. Joy is for Luther a gift of the Holy Spirit that fills the heart and bursts out in voice and gestures. Pleasure appears to be a central aspect to Luther s theology. The problem of the Bondage of the Will is precisely the human inability to feel pleasure in God s will. To be pleased in the visible and tangible creation is not something a Christian should avoid. On the contrary, if one is not pleased with the world that God has created, it is a sign of unbelief and ingratitude. The pleasure of music is aesthetic perception. This in turn necessitates the investigation of Luther s aesthetics. Aesthetic evaluation is not just a part of Luther s thought. Eventually his theology as a whole could be portrayed in aesthetic terms. Luther s extremely positive appreciation of music illutrates his theology as an affective acknowledgement of the goodness of the Creation and faith as an aesthetic contentment.

Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern Himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes

The similar to 2500 km long Himalayan arc has experienced three large to great earthquakes of M-w 7.8 to 8.4 during the past century, but none produced surface rupture. Paleoseismic studies have been conducted during the last decade to begin understanding the timing, size, rupture extent, return period, and mechanics of the faulting associated with the occurrence of large surface rupturing earthquakes along the similar to 2500 km long Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) system of India and Nepal. The previous studies have been limited to about nine sites along the western two-thirds of the HFT extending through northwest India and along the southern border of Nepal. We present here the results of paleoseismic investigations at three additional sites further to the northeast along the HFT within the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. The three sites reside between the meizoseismal areas of the 1934 Bihar-Nepal and 1950 Assam earthquakes. The two westernmost of the sites, near the village of Chalsa and near the Nameri Tiger Preserve, show that offsets during the last surface rupture event were at minimum of about 14 m and 12 m, respectively. Limits on the ages of surface rupture at Chalsa (site A) and Nameri (site B), though broad, allow the possibility that the two sites record the same great historical rupture reported in Nepal around A.D. 1100. The correlation between the two sites is supported by the observation that the large displacements as recorded at Chalsa and Nameri would most likely be associated with rupture lengths of hundreds of kilometers or more and are on the same order as reported for a surface rupture earthquake reported in Nepal around A.D. 1100. Assuming the offsets observed at Chalsa and Nameri occurred synchronously with reported offsets in Nepal, the rupture length of the event would approach 700 to 800 km. The easternmost site is located within Harmutty Tea Estate (site C) at the edges of the 1950 Assam earthquake meizoseismal area. Here the most recent event offset is relatively much smaller (<2.5 m), and radiocarbon dating shows it to have occurred after A.D. 1100 (after about A.D. 1270). The location of the site near the edge of the meizoseismal region of the 1950 Assam earthquake and the relatively lesser offset allows speculation that the displacement records the 1950 M-w 8.4 Assam earthquake. Scatter in radiocarbon ages on detrital charcoal has not resulted in a firm bracket on the timing of events observed in the trenches. Nonetheless, the observations collected here, when taken together, suggest that the largest of thrust earthquakes along the Himalayan arc have rupture lengths and displacements of similar scale to the largest that have occurred historically along the world's subduction zones.

Anomalous viscous loss in emulsions

We propose a model for concentrated emulsions based on the speculation that a macroscopic shear strain does not produce an affine deformation in the randomly close-packed droplet structure. The model yields an anomalous contribution to the complex dynamic shear modulus that varies as the square root of frequency. We test this prediction using a novel light scattering technique to measure the dynamic shear modulus, and directly observe the predicted behavior over six decades of frequency and a wide range of volume fractions.

Simultaneous MultiStreaming for complexity-effective VLIW architectures

Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architectures exploit instruction level parallelism (ILP) with the help of the compiler to achieve higher instruction throughput with minimal hardware. However, control and data dependencies between operations limit the available ILP, which not only hinders the scalability of VLIW architectures, but also result in code size expansion. Although speculation and predicated execution mitigate ILP limitations due to control dependencies to a certain extent, they increase hardware cost and exacerbate code size expansion. Simultaneous multistreaming (SMS) can significantly improve operation throughput by allowing interleaved execution of operations from multiple instruction streams. In this paper we study SMS for VLIW architectures and quantify the benefits associated with it using a case study of the MPEG-2 video decoder. We also propose the notion of virtual resources for VLIW architectures, which decouple architectural resources (resources exposed to the compiler) from the microarchitectural resources, to limit code size expansion. Our results for a VLIW architecture demonstrate that: (1) SMS delivers much higher throughput than that achieved by speculation and predicated execution, (2) the increase in performance due to the addition of speculation and predicated execution support over SMS averages around 12%. The minor increase in performance might not warrant the additional hardware complexity involved, and (3) the notion of virtual resources is very effective in reducing no-operations (NOPs) and consequently reduce code size with little or no impact on performance.

La Teoría del Diseño Inteligente : un análisis desde el tomismo

Resumen: Michael Behe y William Dembski son dos de los líderes de la Teoría del Diseño Inteligente, una propuesta surgida como respuesta a los modelos evolucionistas y anti-finalistas prevalentes en ciertos ambientes académicos e intelectuales, especialmente del mundo anglosajón. Las especulaciones de Behe descansan en el concepto de “sistema de complejidad irreductible”, entendido como un conjunto ordenado de partes cuya funcionalidad depende estrictamente de su indemnidad estructural, y que su origen resulta, por tanto, refractario a explicaciones gradualistas. Estos sistemas, según Behe, están presentes en los vivientes, lo que permitiría inferir que ellos no son el producto de mecanismos ciegos y azarosos, sino el resultado de un diseño. Dembski, por su parte, ha abordado el problema desde una perspectiva más cuantitativa, desarrollando un algoritmo probabilístico conocido como “filtro explicatorio”, que permitiría, según el autor, inferir científicamente la presencia de un diseño, tanto en entidades artificiales como naturales. Trascendiendo las descalificaciones del neodarwinismo, examinamos la propuesta de estos autores desde los fundamentos filosóficos de la escuela tomista. A nuestro parecer, hay en el trabajo de estos autores algunas intuiciones valiosas, las que sin embargo suelen pasar desapercibidas por la escasa formalidad en que vienen presentadas, y por la aproximación eminentemente mecanicista y artefactual con que ambos enfrentan la cuestión. Es precisamente a la explicitación de tales intuiciones a las que se dirige el artículo.

La ley del suelo del País Vasco : un paso más hacia la protección del suelo rural

[ES]La Ley del suelo del País Vasco del 2007 nace con el objeto de favorecer el acceso a una vivienda digna. Sin embargo, en la medida en que apuesta por frenar la especulación y la sostenibilidad del medio legisla sobre el tratamiento que se le ha de aportar al suelo no urbanizable. En este caso, no altera sustancialmente la regulación del suelo rural pero sí incorpora nuevas obligaciones dirigidas a frenar la intensidad de la urbanización en este suelo. Se regula la construcción de nueva vivienda, el desarrollo urbanístico de núcleos y barrios rurales y se obliga a profundizar en la calificación del suelo no urbanizable. La aplicación de los nuevos contenidos quedan en manos de los municipios e instituciones sectoriales y los primeros resultados parecen denotar un cambio de tendencia en municipios que han observado la pérdida de calidad paisajística del medio rural, la creciente especulación y la desagrarización de este entorno.

Crystals that count! Physical principles and experimental investigations of DNA tile self-assembly

Algorithmic DNA tiles systems are fascinating. From a theoretical perspective, they can result in simple systems that assemble themselves into beautiful, complex structures through fundamental interactions and logical rules. As an experimental technique, they provide a promising method for programmably assembling complex, precise crystals that can grow to considerable size while retaining nanoscale resolution. In the journey from theoretical abstractions to experimental demonstrations, however, lie numerous challenges and complications.

In this thesis, to examine these challenges, we consider the physical principles behind DNA tile self-assembly. We survey recent progress in experimental algorithmic self-assembly, and explain the simple physical models behind this progress. Using direct observation of individual tile attachments and detachments with an atomic force microscope, we test some of the fundamental assumptions of the widely-used kinetic Tile Assembly Model, obtaining results that fit the model to within error. We then depart from the simplest form of that model, examining the effects of DNA sticky end sequence energetics on tile system behavior. We develop theoretical models, sequence assignment algorithms, and a software package, StickyDesign, for sticky end sequence design.

As a demonstration of a specific tile system, we design a binary counting ribbon that can accurately count from a programmable starting value and stop growing after overflowing, resulting in a single system that can construct ribbons of precise and programmable length. In the process of designing the system, we explain numerous considerations that provide insight into more general tile system design, particularly with regards to tile concentrations, facet nucleation, the construction of finite assemblies, and design beyond the abstract Tile Assembly Model.

Finally, we present our crystals that count: experimental results with our binary counting system that represent a significant improvement in the accuracy of experimental algorithmic self-assembly, including crystals that count perfectly with 5 bits from 0 to 31. We show some preliminary experimental results on the construction of our capping system to stop growth after counters overflow, and offer some speculation on potential future directions of the field.

Cidades secas, vidas secas: A trajetória das águas e sua regulamentação no Rio de Janeiro sob uma perspectiva urbano-ambiental

Esta tese analisará a distribuição das águas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro considerando os elementos sociais, jurídicos, políticos, e seus reflexos no direito urbano e ambiental. Nesse aspecto referenciará as medidas de regulação e de organização da estrutura urbana, desde a formação da cidade até os dias atuais, assim como as consequências da exclusão e da ausência das políticas urbanas equitativas. No início, as ocupações irregulares, se distantes do centro e dos bairros elitizados, não despertavam maiores demandas do poder público, porém com o aumento das periferias e as ocupações próximas aos bairros formais, inúmeras medidas adotadas optaram pela remoção, contenção e a destruição dos espaços sem apresentar uma solução, agravando os problemas urbanos. Tais problemas, reconhecidamente sociais, passam a ser denominados urbanos e ambientais, gerando uma complexa criminalização dos moradores das periferias. As intervenções nos espaços são legalizadas pelo instrumento jurídico, as residências suburbanas são classificadas como ilegais e, por consequência, os recursos que deveriam atender a todos na cidade são direcionados apenas para cidade legalizada, criando a celeuma da desigualdade. Assim, amontoados em barracos precários, sem abastecimento de água, energia, esgoto e coleta de lixo, as periferias multiplicam as diversas formas de violência, uma vez que o direito não socorre esses moradores que, abandonados pela lei, vivem a escassez das águas e a especulação dos serviços ilegais de abastecimento. A crise do abastecimento não é causada pelas populações mais empobrecidas, mas pelo mercado que se apropria da maior parte desses recursos, dentro do sistema de uma lógica capitalista, e exclui aqueles que não podem pagar pelo abastecimento regular. Nesse sentido, este trabalho entende que o direito, ainda que tenha se tornado regulatório pode assumir um caráter revolucionário e transformador em que o direito das águas seja um direito da comunidade, por isso, um bem público não estatal, por fim objetiva esse trabalho estudar as leis das águas dentro do paradigma da solidariedade hídrica.

Financial Futures Markets and Their Impact on the Real Economy in Middle and Low Income Countries

This project analyses the influence of the futures market on middle and low income countries. In it, I attempt to show that investments made by large investment funds in this market, as well as by certain pension plans, bring major consequences whose effects are more evident in less developed countries. The cornerstones of the work are as follows; to attempt to see the existing relationship between the commodity futures market and its underlying assets; analysing products such as wheat, rice and corn in-depth, because these are the most basic foodstuffs at a global level; to determine how an increase in trading in these markets can affect the lives of people in the poorest countries; to analyse investor concern regarding the consequences that their investments may have. Throughout the project we will see how large speculators use production forecasting models to determine the shortage of a commodity in order to take a position in the futures market to profit from it. In addition we will see how an increase in trading in this market causes an increase in the price of the underlying asset in the spot market. As for investor concern, I can say it is negligible, but the idea of running pension plans or investment funds that follow some social criteria has been welcomed by those interviewed, which makes me think that different legislation is possible. This legislation will only come into existence if it is demanded by the people. A fact that now becomes complicated because without a minimum financial basis, they cannot even know how the large investment funds trade with hunger in the world. The day when most people understand how large speculators profit from famine will be the day to put pressure on governments to begin to put limits on speculation. This makes financial awareness necessary in order to achieve a curb in excessive speculation.

The predicting power of models for eutrophication

Restoration of water-bodies from eutrophication has proved to be extremely difficult. Mathematical models have been used extensively to provide guidance for management decisions. The aim of this paper is to elucidate important problems of using models for predicting environmental changes. First, the necessity for a proper uncertainty assessment of the model, upon calibration, has not been widely recognized. Predictions must not be a single time trajectory; they should be a band, expressing system uncertainty and natural variability. Availability of this information may alter the decision to be taken. Second, even with well-calibrated models, there is no guarantee they will give correct projections in situations where the model is used to predict the effects of measures designed to bring the system into an entirely different ”operating point”, as is typically the case in eutrophication abatement. The concept of educated speculation is introduced to partially overcome this difficulty. Lake Veluwe is used as a case to illustrate the point. Third, as questions become more detailed, such as ”what about expected algal composition”, there is a greater probability of running into fundamental problems that are associated with predicting the behaviour of complex non-linear systems. Some of these systems show extreme initial condition sensitivity and even, perhaps, chaotic behaviour, and are therefore fundamentally unpredictable.

Mapeamento dos remanescentes de manguezal, a partir da interpretação de ortofotos coloridas, e análise dos vetores de pressão antrópica, como subsídio ao planejamento para conservação do ecossistema no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Manguezal é um ecossistema costeiro que ocorre nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta, ocupando a zona entremarés dos oceanos, e sendo caracterizado pela presença de vegetação arbórea adaptada à condições adversas de salinidade, substrato, baixa oxigenação e submersão periódica. A pressão sobre os manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem se intensificando nas últimas décadas, e estão associadas a vetores de pressão como os aterros, desmatamentos, queimadas, corte seletivo de madeira, captura predatória de moluscos e crustáceos, lançamento de efluentes de origens diversas, a superexplotação dos recursos pesqueiros e a utilização de técnicas e apetrechos inadequados. Considerando a inexistência de mapeamento integrado e atualizado dos remanescentes de manguezal, indicando sua localização e dimensionamento, o presente estudo veio suprir essa demanda, construindo uma ferramenta consistente para a análise dos principais vetores a que estão expostos, subsidiando a proposição de ações para a conservação e monitoramento desse ecossistema. Essas ações consideram a necessidade de preservação da biodiversidade, da manutenção da atividade pesqueira, da estabilidade da linha de costa, e da subsistência de diversas populações que habitam a região costeira. O mapeamento dos manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi elaborado a partir da interpretação visual de ortofotografias coloridas do ano de 2005, na escala 1:10.000, tendo sido realizadas checagens de campo para identificação da verdade terrestre. Os remanescentes mapeados totalizam uma área de aproximadamente 17.720 ha, estando distribuídos por sete regiões hidrográficas localizadas na zona costeira fluminense. Esses ocorrem com mais freqüência, e com maiores dimensões, nas regiões da baía da Ilha Grande, Guandu(Sepetiba) e baía de Guanabara. O estudo contemplou ainda o levantamento e sistematização de dados cartográficos e de sensoriamento remoto, e a identificação e análise dos principais vetores de pressão que atuam sobre esses, a partir da adaptação da metodologia da Análise de Cadeia Causal. Nessa análise foram identificados como principais problemas ambientais dos manguezais fluminenses, a Modificação de habitats e comunidades, a Poluição, e a Exploração não sustentável dos recursos pesqueiros, todos associados aos diferentes vetores de pressão já relacionados. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de ações para subsidiar a implementação da Política Estadual para a Conservação dos Manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contemplando os níveis operacional, de planejamento, e político. A reativação do Grupo Técnico Permanente sobre Manguezais é de vital importância para a retomada dessas discussões e para a implementação de ações, apoiado na ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre esse rico ecossistema e, integrando e fortalecendo a atuação dos diversos atores envolvidos, buscando assim garantir a integridade dos manguezais fluminenses

Comunidades de lagartos dos remanescentes de restinga do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Riqueza, diversidade e onde estão as espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas de extinção

Atualmente existe uma contínua perda de biodiversidade, que decorre principalmente devido a intensa modificação das paisagens naturais pelas atividades humanas. O litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro é ocupado há centenas de anos, e uma das principais ameaças é a crescente taxa demográfica. De forma geral, o conhecimento acerca dos diferentes grupos de vertebrados terrestres e a sua relação com o ambiente de restinga ainda é incipiente. Realizamos o presente estudo em dez áreas de remanescentes de vegetação de restinga no estado do Rio de Janeiro, para compreender a variação das comunidades de lagartos entre os diferentes ambientes e suas estruturas locais, bem como os principais fatores que as afetam negativamente. Realizamos um conjunto de transecções lineares delimitadas por tempo, ao longo de três anos. As espécies de lagartos foram identificadas e quantificadas, e mensuramos a estrutura e os fatores de ameaça antrópica dos ambientes. Registramos no total nove espécies de lagartos compondo as comunidades de restingas amostradas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo uma espécie exótica e invasora (Hemidactylus mabouia), e duas endêmicas (Liolaemus lutzae e Cnemidophorus littoralis). A maioria das espécies foram registradas em diferentes meso-habitats, e no geral podem ser consideradas oportunistas e generalistas. As restingas diferiram entre si principalmente em termos de abundância e densidade de espécies de lagartos, enquanto a riqueza foi comparativamente menor nos ambientes insulares. Provavelmente essas diferenças são resultados da interação entre processos históricos e ecológicos atuando em sinergia. Na restinga de Grussaí, os dados mostram que, considerando o nicho em suas três dimensões avaliadas (tempo, espaço e dieta), é provável que a comunidade esteja estruturada em seu eixo temporal. A análise dos fatores de ameaça antrópica sobre as restingas mostra que a situação dos fragmentos se manteve a mesma nos últimos anos. Provavelmente, as políticas públicas atuais não parecem ser suficientes para o aumento do grau de preservação e conservação das áreas de restinga do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro devido à contínua especulação imobiliária. É necessário o emprego de monitoramentos periódicos para acompanhar a situação das populações das espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas, e promover mudanças físicas (e.g. remoção de lixo depositado e de espécies exóticas), sócio-educativas (e.g. diminuição do acesso de animais domésticos, descarte de material), e de poder público (e.g. aumento das áreas de proteção). Em relação à espécie endêmica e ameaçada L. lutzae, identificamos uma sobreposição de nicho espacial em relação a Tropidurus torquatus, variável entre as localidades amostradas. Provavelmente essa variação resulta da estrutura ambiental que difere entre as restingas e, consequentemente, provoca diferentes respostas em termos de interação entre as espécies que compõem as comunidades de lagartos. Os novos registros de H. mabouia em habitat natural nas restingas foram incluídos aos registros de ocorrência da espécie em ambientes naturais em território brasileiro, no intuito de identificar áreas potenciais de invasão da espécie. Os resultados mostram uma alta probabilidade principalmente na região litorânea. O presente estudo possibilita uma melhor compreensão sobre a ecologia de comunidades de lagartos no estado do Rio de Janeiro.

A estranha nação de Moacyr Scliar: a ficcionalização de lugares, identidades e imaginários judaicos e brasileiros

Esta tese trata da ficcionalização das questões de identidades, lugares e imaginários judaicos e brasileiros nos romances contos e novelas de temática judaica escritos pelo gaúcho Moacyr Scliar. Na introdução, apresento os objetivos e pressupostos gerais do trabalho, bem como proponho uma divisão da obra em questão em duas fases. No primeiro capítulo, analiso os romances A Guerra no Bom Fim (1972) e O Exército de um Homem Só (1973), sob o ponto de vista da testagem de lugares judaicos clássicos enquanto fontes de inspiração para a resolução dos dilemas que emergem na diáspora brasileira e o início de um processo de dotação de legitimidade ao viver judaico na diáspora sul-americana. No segundo capítulo, analiso o conto A Balada do Falso Messias (1976) e o romance Os Voluntários (1979), sob o ponto de vista da tematização do Messianismo, do Sionismo e do papel que Jerusalém exerce no imaginário judaico moderno e de sua adequação ou não para alimentar o imaginário judaico na contemporaneidade. No terceiro capítulo, trato da ficcionalização das construções identitárias das personagens judias da primeira fase da obra scliariana (1972 a 1980), sob o ponto de vista das noções de hibridismo, aculturação e assimilação. Neste capítulo, analiso as personagens centrais dos romances A Guerra no Bom Fim, O Exército de um Homem Só, Os Deuses de Raquel (1975), (O Ciclo das Águas) (1975), Os Voluntários e O Centauro no Jardim (1980). No quarto capítulo, analiso o romance A Estranha Nação de Rafael Mendes (1983), tentando demonstrar que esta narrativa representa um divisor de águas na obra do autor, por tematizar as raízes judaicas da cultura brasileira através dos marranos, cristãos-novos e cripto-judeus que aqui aportaram com os portugueses em 1500. No quinto e último capítulo, analiso os romances da Segunda fase scliariana: Cenas da Vida Minúscula (1991), A Majestade do Xingu (1997) e A Mulher que Escreveu a Bíblia (1999). Neste capítulo, tento demonstrar que nestas narrativas dá-se o início de uma tentativa de construção de um imaginário judaico-brasileiro próprio, formado por uma fusão de motivos tipicamente brasileiros e outros especificamente judaicos, o que seria o corolário do já mencionado processo de dotação de legitimidade e viabilidade da diáspora judaico-brasileira frente à concretude e a reificação do Israel moderno. Na conclusão, teço algumas considerações sobre o todo do trabalho e levanto algumas questões relativas à construções de imaginários coletivos nas diásporas judaicas, mais especificamente na brasileira