Validation of a framework for measuring hospital disaster resilience using factor analysis

Hospital disaster resilience can be defined as “the ability of hospitals to resist, absorb, and respond to the shock of disasters while maintaining and surging essential health services, and then to recover to its original state or adapt to a new one.” This article aims to provide a framework which can be used to comprehensively measure hospital disaster resilience. An evaluation framework for assessing hospital resilience was initially proposed through a systematic literature review and Modified-Delphi consultation. Eight key domains were identified: hospital safety, command, communication and cooperation system, disaster plan, resource stockpile, staff capability, disaster training and drills, emergency services and surge capability, and recovery and adaptation. The data for this study were collected from 41 tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province in China, using a specially designed questionnaire. Factor analysis was conducted to determine the underpinning structure of the framework. It identified a four-factor structure of hospital resilience, namely, emergency medical response capability (F1), disaster management mechanisms (F2), hospital infrastructural safety (F3), and disaster resources (F4). These factors displayed good internal consistency. The overall level of hospital disaster resilience (F) was calculated using the scoring model: F = 0.615F1 + 0.202F2 + 0.103F3 + 0.080F4. This validated framework provides a new way to operationalise the concept of hospital resilience, and it is also a foundation for the further development of the measurement instrument in future studies.

A statistical approach to quantify the impact on voltage quality caused by PV generators

A probabilistic method is proposed to evaluate voltage quality of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power systems. The random behavior of solar irradiation is described in statistical terms and the resulting voltage fluctuation probability distribution is then derived. Reactive power capabilities of the PV generators are then analyzed and their operation under constant power factor mode is examined. By utilizing the reactive power capability of the PV-generators to the full, it is shown that network voltage quality can be greatly enhanced.

Design of a renewable - hybrid energy storage power scheme for short-term power dispatch

A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of battery and supercapacitor (SC) is proposed for use in a wind farm in order to achieve power dispatchability. In the designed scheme, the rate of charging/discharging powers of the battery is controlled while the faster wind power transients are diverted to the SC. This enhances the lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, by taking into consideration the random nature of the wind power, a statistical design method is developed to determine the capacities of the HESS needed to achieve specified confidence level in the power dispatch. The proposed approach is useful in the planning of the wind farm-HESS scheme and the coordination of the power flows between the battery and SC.

A high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the analysis of the natural medicine, Forsythia suspensa

Samples of Forsythia suspensa from raw (Laoqiao) and ripe (Qingqiao) fruit were analyzed with the use of HPLC-DAD and the EIS-MS techniques. Seventeen peaks were detected, and of these, twelve were identified. Most were related to the glucopyranoside molecular fragment. Samples collected from three geographical areas (Shanxi, Henan and Shandong Provinces), were discriminated with the use of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) models, but only PCA was able to provide further information about the relationships between objects and loadings; eight peaks were related to the provinces of sample origin. The supervised classification models-K-nearest neighbor (KNN), least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), and counter propagation artificial neural network (CP-ANN) methods, indicated successful classification but KNN produced 100% classification rate. Thus, the fruit were discriminated on the basis of their places of origin.

Rapid increase in scrub typhus incidence in Mainland China, 2006-2014

Scrub typhus is a vector-borne disease, which has recently reemerged in China. In this study, we describe the distribution and incidence of scrub typhus cases in China from 2006 to 2014 and quantify differences in scrub typhus cases with respect to sex, age, and occupation. The results of our study indicate that the annual incidence of scrub typhus has increased during the study period. The number of cases peaked in 2014, which was 12.8 times greater than the number of cases reported in 2006. Most (77.97%) of the cases were reported in five provinces (Guangdong, Yunnan, Anhui, Fujian, and Shandong). Our study also demonstrates that the incidence rate of scrub typhus was significantly higher in females compared to males (P < 0.001) and was highest in the 60–69 year age group, and that farmers had a higher incidence rate than non farmers (P < 0.001). Different seasonal trends were identified in the number of reported cases between the northern and southern provinces of China. These findings not only demonstrate that China has experienced a large increase in scrub typhus incidence, but also document an expansion in the geographic distribution throughout the country.

The Far Eastern Question at the Washington Conference (1921-1922) with an outline of its implications for internal politics in China

This dissertation is a narrative account of the negotiations concerning the question of the Far East and the Shandong issue at the Washington Conference, leading to treaties, agreements and resolutions. In this dissertation, a certain stress is laid on the interaction between the Conference and the internal situation in China, particularly concerning the question of the implications of the Conference for Cabinet politics in Peking. Through the narrative account of the Conference, the general aim is an attempt to reassess the achievements of the Washington Conference. Too often the Washington Conference has been viewed negatively. The political aim behind the legal framework was to open the door to China as a sovereign State member of the international community whose territorial integrity was internationally recognized, despite its chaotic internal situation. It is undeniable that the Washington Conference opened a new chapter in modern Chinese history. The violations of the agreements concerning China that occurred in the 1930s should not lead to the belief that these agreements were of no value. Peace may not be lasting and evolves according to circumstances; agreements are transitory, and new situations need new arrangements. This dissertation tries to demonstrate that the agreements in themselves were not the cause of their failure, but the failure was due to the lack of determination on the part of the Signatories Powers to defend them.

Effects of Lorentz local field correction on propagation properties of few-cycle pulse in dense Λ-type atomic medium

By solving numerically the full Maxwell-Bloch equations without the slowly varying envelope approximation and the rotating-wave approximation, we investigate the effects of Lorentz local field correction (LFC) on the propagation properties of few-cycle laser pulse in a dense A-type three-level atomic medium. We find that: when the area of the input pulse is larger, split of pulse occurs and the number of the sub-pulses with LFC is larger than that without LFC; at the same distance, the time interval between the first sub-pulse and the second sub-pulse in the case without LFC is longer than that with LFC, the time of pulse appearing in the case without LFC is later than that in the case with LFC, and the two phenomena are more obvious with propagation distance increasing; time evolution rules of the populations of levels vertical bar 1 >, vertical bar 2 > and vertical bar 3 > in the two cases with and without LFC are much different. When the area of the input pulse is smaller, effects of LFC on time evolutions of the pulse and populations are remarkably smaller than those in the case of larger area pulse. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phase-dependent properties for absorption and dispersion in a closed equispaced three-level ladder system

It is shown that in a closed equispaced three-level ladder system, by controlling the relative phase of two applied coherent fields, the conversion from absorption with inversion to lasing without inversion (LWI) can be realized; a large index of the refraction with zero absorption can be gotten; considerable increasing of the spectrum region and value of the LWI gain can be achieved. Our study also reveals that the incoherent pumping will produce a remarkable effect oil the phase-dependent properties of the system. Modifying value of the incoherent pumping can change the property of the system from absorption to amplification and enhance significantly LWI gain. If the incoherent pumping is absent, we cannot get any gain for any value of the relative phase. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

基于严格耦合波理论的多层介质膜光栅衍射特性分析

基于严格耦合波理论建立了多层介质膜光栅的衍射机理模型,给出了TE波自准直条件下多层介质膜光栅衍射效率的表达式.以-1级衍射效率为评价函数,分析了表面浮雕结构分别为HfO2和SiO2材料的介质膜光栅获得衍射效率优于96%的结构参数.数值计算表明,顶层材料为HfO2的介质膜光栅具有更宽的结构选择范围.最后分析了介质膜光栅的制备容差和允许的入射角度范围.

山东山旺中新世气候定量重建的综合研究

新生代以来，全球气候经历了一系列的冷暖交替，呈现总体变冷的趋势。对该时期不同区域气候变化过程的深入研究有助于我们更好地理解现今全球气候变化规律。中新世是新生代古气候与古环境演变的一个重要转折时期，定量重建山东山旺中新世气候是认识和理解中国东部与东亚新近纪气候演变的一个关键环节。 将化石植物作为气候代用指标，用于研究过去全球气候变化，已经广为国际科学界接纳。国际上，定量研究第三纪气候的植物学方法按照不同原理可以划分为两大类，其各自代表分别为基于化石的现存最近亲缘类群生态适应度推演古气候参数值的共存分析法（Coexistence Approch, CA ）和基于叶片形态特征与气候相关关系的叶缘分析（Leaf Margin Analysis, LMA ）与气候叶片多变量程序（Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program, CLAMP）。两大主流方法各有优势，也各有局限性。前人运用两大主流方法对山旺中新世植物群相同地层，同套数据的分析结果表明：LMA 和CLAMP 所估测年均温数值要显著低于CA 所估测的数值。其差异的原因既可能是LMA 和CLAMP 由于埋藏因素的影响造成估测值偏低，也可能由于CA 数据库数据主要来自于欧洲和北美而缺乏东亚的资料所致。 本论文提出了一种新的方法——分布区叠加分析（Overlapping Distribution Analysis, ODA ）对山旺中新世古气候进行定量重建。ODA 采用最近亲缘类群在叠加区间的气候参数来重建化石植物所生活的当时当地的气候。其详细步骤如下：1. 鉴定化石植物和认定它们的最近亲缘类群（尽量到种级水平）。2. 调查这些最近亲缘类群的分布数据（包括经度、纬度和海拔数据）。某些类群可能会有不止一个最近亲缘类群，须将这些最近亲缘类群的分布数据合并。3. 对分布数据分析，得出包含最多类群的最大叠加区间。4. 调查在最大叠加区间中气象站点的气候数据。5. 按照公式（1）和（2）来转换年均温数据TU=T0 - (HU -H0)×Γ (1); TL=T0 - (HL -H0)×Γ (2) 其中HU (m) 是海拔叠加区间的上界; HL (m) 是海拔叠加区间的下界; H0 (m) 气象站的实测海拔; T0 (ºC) 气象站的实测年均温; TU (ºC) 在海拔叠加区间气温的下界; TL (ºC) 在海拔叠加区间气温的上界; 系数Γ 为大气垂直直减率，年均温为0.5ºC/100m，最冷月均温为 0.45ºC/100m，最热月均温为 0.6ºC/100m。同样的方法，在海拔叠加范围内最冷月均温与最热月均温范围也可以确定，而降水量则采用气象台站的原始数据。6. 在这些转换数据的基础上，得出年均温，最冷月均温，最热月均温，年较差和年平均降水量波动范围。 ODA 分析结果表明：山旺中新世时期年均温为10.9-14.5oC，年较差为21.1-22.7oC，最冷月均温为-0.5-3.3oC，最热月均温为21.9-25.0oC，年平均降水量为1107.3-1880.0mm 。同时本论文还定量恢复了山旺硅藻土矿各层的古气候参数，其所估测的古气候参数数值与CLAMP 和LMA 的结果一致，而与CA 不同。对山旺气候参数的恢复表明，虽然其中新世年均温与现在相似，但最冷月均温要高于现在。 本项研究的创新之处是选择同一个研究地点（山东山旺），依据同一套数据（化石植物的类群资料），采用国际上以不同原理为基础的主流方法，同时加入我们自己提出的新方法，进行的古气候重建，对所获得气候参数值进行对比和验证，并对其存在的差异进行分析和探讨。

生态补偿机制研究：以山东省为例

生态补偿机制因为能有效解决环境保护领域的外部性问题而日益引起关注。它是一套对造成自然环境破坏的行为进行处罚、对生态环境保护的行为实行奖励的制度。生态补偿机制不但能为生态保护筹措资金，而且能统筹协调各区域和各行业的关系，从而达到经济发展与保护生态平衡协调、区域协调发展和可持续发展的最终目标。 首先进行了生态补偿的理论研究。分析了生态补偿的概念、经济学原理、生态补偿网络的构成、以及目前在确定生态补偿的补偿依据和补偿额度方面所面临的问题和争议。引进生态系统服务功能评价的原理与方法，探讨将生态系统服务功能评价应用于生态补偿的可行性，并提出了生态补偿的组成部分和一般机制。 区域补偿是一类重要的生态补类型。山东省是一个面积较大、经济较发达、但各地发展还不够平衡的省份，在山东开展生态补偿具有重要意义。以山东省为研究案例，研究了在山东省开展区域生态补偿的可行性和实施办法，并根据山东省各地的生态系统服务功能提出优先补偿地区。提出了综合考虑各区域的单位面积非市场生态系统服务功能价值和单位面积GDP的生态补偿决策因子，并对山东不同生态功能区和17市的生态补偿决策因子分别进行了计算。从研究的结果来看，山东西部地区由于经济较落后和生态系统服务功能中的非市场价值较大而拥有相对较大的生态补偿决策因子，应该优先给与区域生态补偿，以促进山东整个区域的协调发展。 生态系统类型转换的补偿是生态补偿的重要组成部分。在山东省南四湖地区开展退耕还湿生态工程对保障南水北调东线工程水质安全具有重要意义，但要在当地开展大规模退耕还湿，合理的生态补偿机制至关重要。以南四湖地区退耕还湿地生态工程的生态效益和生态补偿机制为研究案例，探讨了生态系统类型转换的生态补偿方法。研究发现南四湖退耕还湿后生态系统服务功能大为增强，但当地农民的收入会受到显著负面影响，因此应该给与一定的资金补偿以提高农民参与退耕还湿的积极性和促进整个区域的可持续发展。另外，生态补偿的方式应该多样化和结合当地实际，除资金补偿以外，南四湖地区还应该重点采取技术补偿的方式，由政府组织专家给当地居民提供湿地恢复和湿地植物资源开发的技术。资金补偿和技术补偿对以提高农民退耕还湿的积极性和湿地系统的长期稳定运行具有重要意义。 最后对生态补偿的实施和保障机制进行了理论探讨。结合山东的研究案例和参考国内外经验，讨论和提出了生态补偿的主管部门、补偿费用征收机制、补偿费用使用的机制、生态补偿费用使用的监督机制等，并对生态补偿机制存在的问题进行了分析。根据研究结果对山东实施生态补偿的优先领域进行了讨论并提出了建议。 总之，通过生态补偿机制的理论研究和在山东开展生态补偿的案例研究，提出了生态补偿的一般机制和保障措施，以及对山东省开展生态补偿的建议，研究结果对促进生态补偿和可持续发展具有重要意义。

山东省北部沿海区域可持续发展评价与差异研究

目前对区域可持续发展的理论研究很多，具有可操作性的可持续发展评价案例研究较 少。特别是我国沿海地区在跨入21 世纪的转折点上，工业化、城市化加速发展，经济、 社会处于转型之中，生态环境处于极端的压力状态。如何着手从具体区域评价、监测、督 导不同地区可持续发展的状态、水平与进展成为研究的重点。将山东省北部沿海区域作为 一个相对独立的对象，以区域可持续发展评价与区域发展差异研究为主题，以重点探讨研 究区各地区的可持续发展能力变化与比较、造成区域内差异的原因为研究目标。通过对沿 海地区发展过程进行阶段性的评价和再现，审视其发展过程中的得失，对于今后未来发展 有一定的借鉴和指导意义。 本论文共分为八章，各章节自成体系，又相互关联，构成一个整体。其中的第四章可 持续发展评价理论与模型和第五章区域能力评价两个部分有机的结合起来，共同构成一个 大的区域协调发展模型与案例实证。各章具体内容安排如下： 第一章 绪言。主要包括论文的研究背景，研究目的、意义，研究内容，研究方法和 数据来源，技术路线和研究框架，以及主要的研究创新。 第二章 文献综述。综述国内外学者对可持续发展评价指标的研究，以及国内外学者 关于区域经济差异的研究内容、方法，总结已有研究存在的不足。 第三章 山东省北部沿海资源环境-经济-社会系统分析。介绍了研究区的自然环境和资 源概况，并分析了研究10 年的人口增长、社会经济发展方面的特征。分析了山东北部沿 海地区的社会、经济子系统、生态环境子系统的状况其相互关系，指出了山东北部沿海地 区的发展基础及其面临的问题，为后面进行的评价工作打下基础。 第四章 区域可持续发展评价理论与模型研究。通过阐明海岸带可持续发展的基本理 论，从区域人口-资源-环境-经济之间的协同发展的理念与准则，构建区域可持续发展的指 标体系，引出评价的数学模型和标准，并详细介绍了指标权重的确定方法，为下一步区域 可持续发展评价奠定必要的方法论基础。 第五章 区域可持续发展评价实证研究。主要是利用建立的区域可持续发展的指标体 系和评价模型，在此基础上对滨州、东营、潍坊和烟台山东北部沿海地区，进行了10 年 的可持续发展能力评价，比较分析了4 个区域之间发展的异同。 第六章 区域发展不平衡的差异研究。利用区域经济差异理论，以人均GDP 为主指标， 以县区为单位，从产业结构和空间上入手对区域的差异进行了分析；以山东省沿海县域为 单元，对2000-2007 年8 间的差异作了分析，明晰了造成差距的原因。 第七章 区域可持续发展能力建设研究。从沿海地区可持续发展系统的三个方面出发， 提出了针对该地区的资源环境子系统的能力建设，经济子系统的能力建设和社会子系统的 摘要 II 能力建设以及子系统之间协调保障能力建设，并根据评价结果提出了相关的政策建议。 第八章 总结与展望。总结了本论文的主要研究内容和结论，概括了结论的启示意义 和政策含义，并提出本文需要进一步研究的问题和努力方向。 通过山东北部沿海不同地区从1988 年到2007 年的可持续发展程度评价，由评价结果 得出如下结论： 共同点是各地区在资源环境子系统的基础上，经济子系统成为推动可持续发展的 动力。不同点是由于各地区的经济子系统发展的速度与资源环境和社会子系统的 发展速度不一致，因而，表现出了不同的发展变化程度。 4 个地区可持续发展程度都经历了由1998 年的不可持续发展到2007 年的中等可 持续发展。 各个地区的发展速度不一致：从 KSD 的值来判断，滨州市可持续发展能力在整体 上处于中等偏下的可持续发展程度，东营市可持续发展能力在整体上处于弱中等 的可持续发展程度，潍坊市在整体上处于弱的可持续发展程度，烟台市可持续发 展能力在整体上处于中等偏上的可持续发展程度。

Molecular Phylogeny of Geographical Isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Implications on the Origin and Spread of this Species in China and Worldwide

The genetic diversity and phylogeny of 26 isolates of Bursaphelenchus xlophilus from China, Japan, Portugal and North America were investigated based on the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA, nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA of isolates of B. xlophilus from China, Portugal, Japan and the US were identical and differed at one to three nucleotides compared to those from Canada. ITS sequences of isolates from China and Portugal were the same; they differed at one or two nucleotides compared to those of Japanese isolates and at four and 23 nucleotides compared to those front the US and Canada, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Chinese isolates share a common ancestor with one of the two Japanese clades and that the Canadian isolates form a sister group of the clade comprised of isolates from China, Portugal,Japan, and the US. The relationship between Japanese isolates and those from China was closer than with the American isolates. The Canadian isolates were the basal group of B. xylophilus. This suggests that B. xlophilus originated in North America and that the B. xylphilus that occurs in China could have been first introduced from Japan. Further analysis based on RAPD analysis revealed that the relationship among isolates from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui provinces and Nanjing was the closest, which suggests that pine wilt disease in these Chinese locales was probably dispersed from Nanjing, where this disease first occurred in China.