Surface Improvement and Dust Palliation of Unpaved Secondary Roads and Streets, HR-151, 1973

As of December 31, 1970 there were 57,270 miles of Local Secondary roads and 32,958 miles of Farm to Market roads in the Iowa secondary road system. The Local Secondary system carried a traffic load of 2,714,180 daily vehicle miles, accounting for 32% of all traffic in the secondary system. For all Local Secondary roads having some form of surfacing, 98% were surfaced with gravel or crushed stone. During the 1970 construction year 335 miles of surfaced roads were constructed in the Local Secondary system with 78% being surfaced with gravel or crushed stone. The total maintenance expenditure for all secondary roads in Iowa during 1970 amounted to $40,086,091. Of this, 42%, or $17,020,332, was spent for aggregate replacement on existing gravel or crushed stone roads with an additional 31% ($12,604,456) being spent on maintenance other than resurfacing. This amounts to 73% of the total maintenance budget and are the largest two maintenance expenditure items out of a list of 10 ranging from bridges to drainage assessments. The next largest item was 7%, for maintenance of existing flexible bases. Three concurrent phases of study were included in this project: (1) laboratory screenings studies of various additives thought to have potential for long-lasting dust palliation, soil additive strength, durability, and additive retention potential; (2) test road construction using those additives that indicated promise for performance-serviceability usage; and (3) observations and tests of constructed sections for evaluation of the additive's contribution to performance and serviceability as well as the relationship to initial costs.

Surface Improvement and Dust Palliation of Unpaved Secondary Roads and Streets, Progress Report, HR-151, 1971

A combined study of dust control and low-cost surface improvements of soil and aggregate materials for immediate (and intermediate) use as a treated surface course is being conducted in three concurrent phases: (1) laboratory screening of various additives thought to have potential for long-lasting dust palliation, soil-additive strength, durability, and additive retention potential; (2) test road construction, using those additives from the screening studies that indicate promise for performance and serviceability; and (3) observation and tests of constructed sections for evaluation of the additive's contribution to performance and serviceability as well as relationship to initial costs. A brief review is presented of the problem, some methods of measuring it, previously adopted approaches to it, project field tests and a portion of the results thus far, and portions of the laboratory work accomplished in the screening studies.

Development of MASH TL-3 Transition Between Guardrail and Portable Concrete Barriers, TPF-5(081), 2014

Often, road construction causes the need to create a work zone. In these scenarios, portable concrete barriers (PCBs) are typically installed to shield workers and equipment from errant vehicles as well as prevent motorists from striking other roadside hazards. For an existing W-beam guardrail system installed adjacent to the roadway and near the work zone, guardrail sections are removed in order to place the portable concrete barrier system. The focus of this research study was to develop a proper stiffness transition between W-beam guardrail and portable concrete barrier systems. This research effort was accomplished through development and refinement of design concepts using computer simulation with LS-DYNA. Several design concepts were simulated, and design metrics were used to evaluate and refine each concept. These concepts were then analyzed and ranked based on feasibility, likelihood of success, and ease of installation. The rankings were presented to the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for selection of a preferred design alternative. Next, a Critical Impact Point (CIP) study was conducted, while additional analyses were performed to determine the critical attachment location and a reduced installation length for the portable concrete barriers. Finally, an additional simulation effort was conducted in order to evaluate the safety performance of the transition system under reverse-direction impact scenarios as well as to select the CIP. Recommendations were also provided for conducting a Phase II study and evaluating the nested Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) configuration using three Test Level 3 (TL-3) full-scale crash tests according to the criteria provided in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, as published by the American Association of Safety Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

A case study of landslides and coping strategies in two villages of central-eastern Nepal

Landslides are an increasing problem in Nepal's Middle Hills due to both natural and human phenomena: mainly increasingly intense monsoon rains and a boom in rural road construction. This problem has largely been neglected due to underreporting of losses and the dispersed nature of landslides. Understanding how populations cope with landslides is a first step toward developing more effective landslide risk management programs. The present research focuses on two villages in Central-Eastern Nepal, both affected by active landslides but with different coping strategies. Research methods are interdisciplinary, based on a geological assessment of landslide risk and a socio-economic study of the villages using household questionnaires, focus group discussions and transect walks. Community risk maps are compared with geological landslide risk maps to better understand and communicate community risk perceptions, priorities and coping strategies. A modified typology of coping strategies is presented, based on previous work by Burton, Kates, and White (1993) that is useful for decision-makers for designing more effective programs for landslide mitigation. Main findings underscore that coping strategies, mainly seeking external assistance and outmigration, are closely linked to access to resources, ethnicity/social status and levels of community organization. Conclusions include the importance of investing in organizational skills, while building on local knowledge about landslide mitigation for reducing landslide risk. There is great potential to increase coping strategies by incorporating skills training on landslide mitigation in existing agricultural outreach and community forest user group training.

Crushed Stone Granular Surfacing Materials, HR-2046 and MLR-90-07, 1990

This project included the following tasks: (1) Preparation of a questionnaire and survey of all 99 Iowa county engineers for input on current surfacing material practice; (2) County survey data analysis and selection of surfacing materials gradations to be used for test road construction; (3) Solicitation of county engineers and stone producers for project participation; (4) Field inspection and selection of the test road; (5) Construction of test road using varying material gradations from a single source; and (6) Field and laboratory testing and test road monitoring. The results of this research project indicate that crushed stone surfacing material graded on the fine side of Iowa Department of Transportation Class A surfacing specifications provides lower roughness and better rideability; better braking and handling characteristics; and less dust generation than the coarser gradations. It is believed that this material has sufficient fines available to act as a binder for the coarser material, which in turn promotes the formation of tight surface crust. This crust acts to provide a smooth riding surface, reduces dust generation, and improves vehicle braking and handling characteristics.

Applications for Reuse of Lime Sludge from Water Softening, TR-535, 2005

Lime sludge, an inert material mostly composed of calcium carbonate, is the result of softening hard water for distribution as drinking water. A large city such as Des Moines, Iowa, produces about 30,700 tons of lime sludge (dry weight basis) annually (Jones et al., 2005). Eight Iowa cities representing, according to the United States (U.S.) Census Bureau, 23% of the state’s population of 3 million, were surveyed. They estimated that they collectively produce 64,470 tons of lime sludge (dry weight basis) per year, and they currently have 371,800 tons (dry weight basis) stockpiled. Recently, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources directed those cities using lime softening in drinking water treatment to stop digging new lagoons to dispose of lime sludge. Five Iowa cities with stockpiles of lime sludge funded this research. The research goal was to find useful and economical alternatives for the use of lime sludge. Feasibility studies tested the efficacy of using lime sludge in cement production, power plant SOx treatment, dust control on gravel roads, wastewater neutralization, and in-fill materials for road construction. Applications using lime sludge in cement production, power plant SOx treatment, and wastewater neutralization, and as a fill material for road construction showed positive results, but the dust control application did not. Since the fill material application showed the most promise in accomplishing the project’s goal within the time limits of this research project, it was chosen for further investigation. Lime sludge is classified as inorganic silt with low plasticity. Since it only has an unconfined compressive strength of approximately 110 kPa, mixtures with fly ash and cement were developed to obtain higher strengths. When fly ash was added at a rate of 50% of the dry weight of the lime sludge, the unconfined strength increased to 1600 kPa. Further, friction angles and California Bearing Ratios were higher than those published for soils of the same classification. However, the mixtures do not perform well in durability tests. The mixtures tested did not survive 12 cycles of freezing and thawing and wetting and drying without excessive mass and volume loss. Thus, these mixtures must be placed at depths below the freezing line in the soil profile. The results demonstrated that chemically stabilized lime sludge is able to contribute bulk volume to embankments in road construction projects.

A Progress Report on Treating Loess, Fine Sands and Soft Limestones with Liquid Binders, HR-20, 1954

Certain areas of Iowa abound in loess, others contain soft limestones that are readily and cheaply available, and a large portion of the state is underlaid with sand. None of these materials is considered suitable in present practices for use in all-weather road construction. The loess is too fine and too difficult to handle; the limestones are considered too soft, and some of the harder ones unsound for this use; the sands are not naturally of the desired gradation and do not lend themselves to blending into satisfactory gradations. The purpose of this project is, therefore, to study and develop means and to determine the feasibility of using these materials, loess, fine sand, and soft limestones, either separately or in combinations in conjunction with liquid binders to produce paving mixtures applicable for all-weather road construction. Also included in the project was the development of methods of processing any of these materials, if necessary, to make them suitable for the desired purpose

Geologic and Engineering Properties of Pleistocene Materials in Iowa, Iowa Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 20, 1960

This bulletin is a compilation of the reports on completed research done for the Iowa State Highway Research Board Project HR-1, "The Loess and Glacial Till Materials of Iowa; an Investigation of Their Physical and Chemical Properties and Techniques for Processing Them to Increase Their All-Weather Stability for Road Construction.” The research, started in 1950, was done by the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station under its project 283-S. The project was supported by funds from the Iowa State Highway Commission.

Kansainvälisten tilinpäätösstandardien mukainen osatuloutus rakennusliiketoiminnassa Venäjällä

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miten perustajaurakoitsijan raportointikauden tulos muodostuu yksittäisen rakennusprojektin tasolla ja miten eri tekijät vaikuttavat raportoitavaan tulokseen. Julkisesti noteeratun yhtiön on noudatettava kansainvälisiä tilinpäätösstandardeja. Tällöin perustajaurakointia harjoittavan yrityksen raportointikauden tulokseksi muodostuu tuloutettavan valmistusasteen mukainen osa projektin erilliskatteesta. Tällainen tuloutusmenetelmä perustuu projektin lopputulosennusteisiin kokonaistuotoista ja -kustannuksista. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kustannus- ja tuottoennusteiden arviointiepätarkkuuksien vaikutusta raportointikausien tuloksiin rakennusprojektin eri vaiheissa. Analyysityökaluksi kehitetään matemaattinen malli, jolla voidaan erottaa arviointiepätarkkuuksien vaikutus raportointikauden tuloksesta. Mallin avulla epätarkkuuksia arvioidaan herkkyysanalyysillä sekä esimerkeillä. Tutkimus osoittaa tuloutettavan valmistusasteen (IAS%) olevan keskeinen vaikuttaja tuloksen vaihtelulle, kun ennusteita tarkennetaan projektin edetessä. Kustannusennusteen nähdään olevan tuloksen kannalta kriittisempi ennuste, mikä korostaa projektiseurannan merkitystä. Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa riskivarauksen erinomaisuuden raportointiteknisenä keinona vähentää tuloksen vaihtelua.

Tuottojen tunnistaminen ja kustannuskertymän ennustaminen pitkäaikaishankkeissa: tapaustutkimus

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää Larox Oyj:n alihankintaprojektien kustannuslaskentaa. Yrityksessä oli havaittu, että pitkäaikaishankkeiden kustan-nusten kertymistä pitää pystyä ennustamaan tarkemmin. Konstruktiivisen tutkimusotteen mukaisesti tutkimuksessa luotiin esiymmärrys kohdeyrityksen nykytilanteesta, perehdyttiin vaikuttavaan lainsäädäntöön ja aikaisempaan tutkimustietoon. Kuvaus nykytilanteesta luotiin kohdeyrityksen ja alihankkijan edustajien haastatteluiden avulla, tutustumalla yrityksen toimintaohjeisiin ja keräämällä tietoa projektien kustannusten kertymisestä. Kerätyn tiedon perusteella luotiin konstruktiot eli ratkaisuehdotukset toiminnan kehittämiseksi. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin raportointimalli alihankintaprojektien edistymisen raportointiin. Mallin tavoitteena on yhtenäistää alihankkijoiden raportointikäy-täntöjä ja tuottaa sellaista tietoa, jota Larox tarvitsee tuottojen tunnistamista varten. Toinen konkreettinen ratkaisu on alihankintaprojektien kustannuskertymän ennustetyökalu, jonka avulla voidaan ennakoida hankkeen valmiusasteen kehitystä projektin aikana. Malli on rakennettu yhden konetyypin projektien ennustamiseen, mutta siitä voidaan helposti muokata ennustemallit muidenkin projektityyppien tarpeisiin. Tarkempien ennusteiden avulla voidaan kehittää johdon raportointia ja parantaa kassavirtojen ennustettavuutta.

Osatuloutuksen kehittäminen osana ERP -investointia : Case Konecranes

Pitkäaikaishankkeen tuotot ja kustannukset tulee jakaa osatuloutuksen keinoin hankkeen valmistusajalle. Tässä tapaustutkimuksessa tarkastellaan pitkäaikaishankkeiden osatulouttamista osana ERP -investointia. Tavoite on kartoittaa kohdeyrityksen nykyistä osatuloutuskäytäntöä sekä tutkia tähän liittyviä mahdollisia muutoksia ja niiden vaikutuksia. Tutkimuksessa hahmotetaan ensin ERP:n toimintaa ja etenkin SAP:n tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia osatulouttamiselle. Tämän jälkeen selvitetään osatuloutusta koskevaa sääntelyä ja siihen liittyvää muutoshanketta. Empiirisessä osassa osatuloutusta käsitellään kohdeyrityksen näkökulmasta laskelmien, kirjallisuuden ja osallistuvan havainnoinnin kautta. Tutkimuksen mukaan case -yrityksen kannattaa toteuttaa osatuloutusta siten, että myös komponenttikustannukset kerryttävät valmistusastetta. Käytännössä tämän toteuttaminen on kuitenkin erittäin haasteellista. Tutkimus suositteleekin siirtymistä sisäisen laskennan osalta käyttämään komponenttien hinnoittelun pohjana standardikustannushintoja.

Ympäristöjohtaminen tienrakennushankkeessa

Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin tienrakentamisen aikaista ympäristöjohtamista. Työn tavoitteena oli arvioida jo toteutuneen infrastruktuuriprojektin rakentamisen aikaisen ympäristöjohtamisen onnistumista, verrata toteutunutta ympäristöjohtamista standardiin SFS-EN ISO 14001 ja löytää standardin avulla kehitysehdotukset vastaavanlaisten projektien toteuttamisen aikaiseen ympäristöjohtamiseen tulevaisuudessa. Työ toteutettiin tutkimalla esimerkkiprojektin ympäristönsuojelulle ja ympäristövaikutusten seurannalle tehtyjä suunnitelmia, projektin rakentamisen aikana koottua laatuaineistoa, projektin aikana pidettyjä kokouksia ja tiedotustilaisuuksia sekä haastattelemalla projektin ympäristöjohtamisen toteutuksen kannalta avainhenkilöitä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että jos projektijohto hyödyntäisi ISO 14001 standardia ym-päristöjohtamisensa perustana vastaavanlaisissa tienrakennusprojekteissa, pystyisi se kehittämään projektin urakoitsijoiden hankintavaihetta, projektin aikaista sisäistä ja ulkoista viestintää sekä projektinjohdon toteuttamaa laadunvalvontaa projektin aikana. ISO 14001 standardin hyödyntäminen projektin toteuttamisen aikaisessa ympäristöjoh-tamisessa vaatisi projektin ylimmän johdon sitoutumista standardin noudattamiseen. Ympäristöjohtaminen tulee implementoida osaksi projektijohtamista ja sen toimijoilla tulee olla konkreettista vaikutusvaltaa projektin toimintaan. Projektijohdon sitoutuminen standardin mukaisuuteen antaa puitteet ja käytännöt sekä vaatia että valvoa projektin toimijoiden ympäristönsuojelun toteutumista, raportointia ja viestintää.

Optimal Recycling Combination of Ash in South-East Finland

The present world energy production is heavily relying on the combustion of solid fuels like coals, peat, biomass, municipal solid waste, whereas the share of renewable fuels is anticipated to increase in the future to mitigate climate change. In Finland, peat and wood are widely used for energy production. In any case, the combustion of solid fuels results in generation of several types of thermal conversion residues, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and boiler slag. The predominant residue type is determined by the incineration technology applied, while its composition is primarily relevant to the composition of fuels combusted. An extensive research has been conducted on technical suitability of ash for multiple recycling methods. Most of attention was drawn to the recycling of the coal combustion residues, as coal is the primary solid fuel consumed globally. The recycling methods of coal residues include utilization in a cement industry, in concrete manufacturing, and mine backfilling, to name few. Biomass combustion residues were also studied to some extent with forest fertilization, road construction, and road stabilization being the predominant utilization options. Lastly, residues form municipal solid waste incineration attracted more attention recently following the growing number of waste incineration plants globally. The recycling methods of waste incineration residues are the most limited due to its hazardous nature and varying composition, and include, among others, landfill construction, road construction, mine backfilling. In the study, environmental and economic aspects of multiple recycling options of thermal conversion residues generated within a case-study area were studied. The case-study area was South-East Finland. The environmental analysis was performed using an internationally recognized methodology — life cycle assessment. Economic assessment was conducted applying a widely used methodology — cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to enable easier comparison of the recycling methods. The recycling methods included the use of ash in forest fertilization, road construction, road stabilization, and landfill construction. Ash landfilling was set as a baseline scenario. Quantitative data about the amounts of ash generated and its composition was obtained from companies, their environmental reports, technical reports and other previously published literature. Overall, the amount of ash in the case-study area was 101 700 t. However, the data about 58 400 t of fly ash and 35 100 t of bottom ash and boiler slag were included in the study due to lack of data about leaching of heavy metals in some cases. The recycling methods were modelled according to the scientific studies published previously. Overall, the results of the study indicated that ash utilization for fertilization and neutralization of 17 600 ha of forest was the most economically beneficial method, which resulted in the net present value increase by 58% compared to ash landfilling. Regarding the environmental impact, the use of ash in the construction of 11 km of roads was the most attractive method with decreased environmental impact of 13% compared to ash landfilling. The least preferred method was the use of ash for landfill construction since it only enabled 11% increase of net present value, while inducing additional 1% of negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a following recycling route was proposed in the study. Where possible and legally acceptable, recycle fly and bottom ash for forest fertilization, which has strictest requirements out of all studied methods. If the quality of fly ash is not suitable for forest fertilization, then it should be utilized, first, in paved road construction, second, in road stabilization. Bottom ash not suitable for forest fertilization, as well as boiler slag, should be used in landfill construction. Landfilling should only be practiced when recycling by either of the methods is not possible due to legal requirements or there is not enough demand on the market. Current demand on ash and possible changes in the future were assessed in the study. Currently, the area of forest fertilized in the case-study are is only 451 ha, whereas about 17 600 ha of forest could be fertilized with ash generated in the region. Provided that the average forest fertilizing values in Finland are higher and the area treated with fellings is about 40 000 ha, the amount of ash utilized in forest fertilization could be increased. Regarding road construction, no new projects launched by the Center of Economic Development, Transport and the Environment in the case-study area were identified. A potential application can be found in the construction of private roads. However, no centralized data about such projects is available. The use of ash in stabilization of forest roads is not expected to increased in the future with a current downwards trend in the length of forest roads built. Finally, the use of ash in landfill construction is not a promising option due to the reducing number of landfills in operation in Finland.

Paleolimnology of selected Precambrian Shield lakes /

The analysis of fossil diatoms and Mallomonas assemblages in a 2.85 m sediment core revealed that a series of distinct floristic changes have occurred in the development of Found Lake, a small Shield lake in southern Ontario. Climatic and vegetational changes in the lake's watershed were closely associated with successional changes in the lake's biota. Nutrients released by the deciduous component of the Found Lake watershed appeared to be especially important in determining diatom and Mallomonas standing crop. The top 20 cm of sediment of 3 ,Shield lakes was then investigated using close interval (1 cm) analyses of diatoms, Mallomonas scales, pollen grains and sedimentary phosphorus. Found and Jake Lake are adjacent to Highway 60, whereas Delano Lake has been undisturbed and was used as a control. Dramatic changes in the diatom and Mallomonas communities were recorded in the Found and Jake Lake stratigraphies and could be closely associated with known historical events. Increased turbidity and nutrient enrichment were believed responsible for these successional changes. In addition, diatom and Mallomonas standing crop increased substantially following road construction in Found Lake's drainage basin. Meanwhile, no. sharp changes in diatom or Mallomonas communities were recorded in the recent sediments of the control (Delano) lake. The use£ulness o£ Synuracean scales as paleoindicators, as well as the importance o£ sectioning cores at close intervals during transition periods in a laker's development, was stressed.

Les stratégies d'intervention de l'Association des Paysans de Vallue (APV) dans le développement local

Ce mémoire porte sur le mouvement de l’Association des Paysans de Vallue (APV), qui a vu le jour après la chute de la dictature des Duvalier en Haïti en 1986. La recherche vise à cerner les stratégies mises en œuvre par l’APV dans le développement local, la portée et les impacts de ses initiatives locales sur les conditions de vie des paysans et sur leur relation avec le territoire de Vallue. Elle vise également à identifier les modes de participation des paysans dans la dynamique de développement local qui est implantée par l’APV à Vallue. Après avoir présenté une brève revue de littérature sur le développement local en Haïti, nous évoquons les problèmes confrontés par les paysans et les stratégies qu’ils ont développées en vue de trouver des moyens de survie. Pour comprendre et étudier l’expérience de l’APV à Vallue, nous nous sommes inspirés des perspectives théoriques portant sur le développement local et sur les stratégies d’intervention. La recherche est de type qualitatif ; elle est articulée autour de dix-sept (17) entretiens réalisés avec les vingt-et-un (21) participants recrutés à Vallue. Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que l’APV a su orchestrer des stratégies variées pour réaliser un développement qui est ancré localement et qui répond aux besoins des paysans. En misant sur l’éducation, la sensibilisation, la négociation, la concertation, le partenariat et en mobilisant des ressources locales et externes, l’APV a su réaliser des interventions qui provoquent tout un changement de mentalité et une conscience collective chez les paysans qui développent de nouvelles manières de faire dans l’éducation de leurs enfants et dans la protection de l’environnement de la zone. La route construite par l’association rend Vallue accessible et ouverte, ce qui facilite le développement et permet l’organisation d’une activité comme la foire de la montagne qui met en valeur les produits locaux et la culture locale. L’APV a su apporter des éléments de solution aux problèmes confrontés par les paysans et ses interventions ont des impacts sur leurs conditions de vie et sur leur relation avec le territoire de Vallue. Ils s’identifient mieux au territoire et développent toute une fierté par rapport à leur espace. En outre, la participation des paysans tant dans les élections, la prise de décision et les projets, constitue un élément important. Toutefois, cette participation comporte certaines limites liées au niveau d’éducation des membres de certains groupes. Enfin, il importe de souligner qu’à travers le dernier chapitre de la recherche nous dégageons les points de convergence et de divergence entre la partie théorique et la partie empirique.