Comportamento produtivo do coqueiro anão-verde irrigado na região Litorânea do Ceará.

O coqueiro adapta-se bem a regiões de clima tropical, com temperatura média anual em torno de 27º C, sem grandes variações ao longo do ano, médias de umidade relativa do ar entre 80% e 90% e insolação anual de 2.000 horas, com mínimo de 120 horas mensais. Temperaturas mais elevadas que a ótima podem ser prejudiciais se associadas com baixa umidade relativa do ar e ventos quentes e secos.Tais condições são encontradas em boa parte da região Nordeste do Brasil. Todavia, as elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração, provocam déficits hídricos estacionais que constituem o principal fator limitante do desenvolvimento da cultura. Nessas condições, a suplementação hídrica através da irrigação é fundamental para a obtenção de alta produtividade e estabilidade de produção. O desenvolvimento da inflorescência do coqueiro inicia-se cerca de 16 meses antes da abertura da espata e o período ideal para a colheita de frutos para o consumo in natura de água ocorre de seis a sete meses após a abertura da inflorescência (PASSOS, 1997). Portanto, condições adversas de clima ou de cultivo podem afetar a produção de frutos do coqueiro anão até 28 meses após sua ocorrência. Embora a região litorânea do Ceará apresente condições climáticas que favorecem o desenvolvimento do coqueiro, muitos produtores têm observado variações na produção e na qualidade dos frutos durante o ano. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento produtivo do coqueiro anão-verde irrigado, ao longo do ano, na região litorânea do Ceará.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de acessos de feijão-macuco (Pachyrhizus spp.) em terra firme e várzea.

O feijão-macuco é uma leguminosa que produz raízes tuberosas alimentícias com elevado valor nutricional e adaptado à região Amazônica. No entanto, cultivares para terra firme e/ou várzea não têm sido identificadas consistentemente. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de 64 acessos de feijão-macuco a esses ambientes.

Estabilidade de agregados influenciada por diferentes manejos em Cambissolos de Bom Jardim.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade de agregados como indicador de qualidade do solo, em resposta a diferentes manejos: Pousio, Pasto, Banana, Mandioca, Horta e Batata, comparativamente a um remanescente de Mata Atlântica. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras utilizando a metodologia dos transectos, em seis tipos de usos do solo, em um Cambissolo de Bom Jardim- RJ na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Nas primeiras procedeu-se a caracterização química e física do solo. Para as amostras indeformadas, foram coletados blocos para determinação da estabilidade de agregados. Posteriormente, calcularam-se índices de agregação: Diâmetro médio Ponderado (DMP) e Índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA). Observou-se que o índice de carbono não influenciou de forma significativa o índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA) em respostas aos manejos, mas que este tem relação direta com o DMP, pois o diâmetro médio dos agregados diminuiu quando o teor de carbono era baixo. Além disso, observou-se que o IEA foi índice de agregação mais sensível a influencia dos diferentes manejos. Os índices utilizados foram influenciados pelo manejo, sendo que se observou a seguinte ordem de qualidade do solo em relação a mata: Pousio > Pasto > Banana > Mandioca > Horta > Batata.

Activation of toxic chemicals by cytochrome P450 enzymes : regio- and stereoselective oxidation of aflatoxin B1

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are involved in the oxidations of numerous steroids, eicosanoids, alkaloids, and other endogenous substrates. These enzymes are also the major ones involved in the oxidation of potential toxicants and carcinogens such as those encountered among pollutants, solvents, and pesticides, as well as many natural products. A proper understanding of the basic mechanisms by which the P450 enzymes oxidize such compounds is important in developing rational strategies for the evaluation of the risks of these compounds.

Regio- and stereoselectivity of oxidative coupling reactions of phenols : Spirodienones as construction units in lignin

Dimeric phenolic compounds lignans and dilignols form in the so-called oxidative coupling reaction of phenols. Enzymes such as peroxidases and lac-cases catalyze the reaction using hydrogen peroxide or oxygen respectively as oxidant generating phenoxy radicals which couple together according to certain rules. In this thesis, the effects of the structures of starting materials mono-lignols and the effects of reaction conditions such as pH and solvent system on this coupling mechanism and on its regio- and stereoselectivity have been studied. After the primary coupling of two phenoxy radicals a very reactive quinone me-thide intermediate is formed. This intermediate reacts quickly with a suitable nucleophile which can be, for example, an intramolecular hydroxyl group or another nucleophile such as water, methanol, or a phenolic compound in the reaction system. This reaction is catalyzed by acids. After the nucleophilic addi-tion to the quinone methide, other hydrolytic reactions, rearrangements, and elimination reactions occur leading finally to stable dimeric structures called lignans or dilignols. Similar reactions occur also in the so-called lignification process when monolignol (or dilignol) reacts with the growing lignin polymer. New kinds of structures have been observed in this thesis. The dimeric com-pounds with so-called spirodienone structure have been observed to form both in the dehydrodimerization of methyl sinapate and in the beta-1-type cross-coupling reaction of two different monolignols. This beta-1-type dilignol with a spirodienone structure was the first synthetized and published dilignol model compound, and at present, it has been observed to exist as a fundamental construction unit in lignins. The enantioselectivity of the oxidative coupling reaction was also studied for obtaining enantiopure lignans and dilignols. A rather good enantioselectivity was obtained in the oxidative coupling reaction of two monolignols with chiral auxiliary substituents using peroxidase/H2O2 as an oxidation system. This observation was published as one of the first enantioselective oxidative coupling reaction of phenols. Pure enantiomers of lignans were also obtained by using chiral cryogenic chromatography as a chiral resolution technique. This technique was shown to be an alternative route to prepare enantiopure lignans or lignin model compounds in a preparative scale.

Highly regio-, chemo- and diastereoselective synthesis of oxa-bridged spirocycles: A novel observation of reverse selectivity

The reverse regio- and diastereoselectivities are observed between the reactions involving 5- and 6-membered-ring cyclic carbonyl ylide dipoles with alpha-methylene ketones. A mild catalytic route to synthesize spirocyclic systems with high regio-, chemo- and diastereoselectivities is described.

Understanding Human Drug Conjugating Enzymes; Regio- and Stereoselectivity in Sulfotransferase 1A3 and the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases

Sulfotransferases (SULTs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important detoxification enzymes and they contribute to bioavailability and elimination of many drugs. SULT1A3 is an extrahepatic enzyme responsible for the sulfonation of dopamine, which is often used as its probe substrate. A new method for analyzing dopamine-3-O-sulfate and dopamine-4-O-sulfate by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed and the enzyme kinetic parameters for their formation were determined using purified recombinant human SULT1A3. The results show that SULT1A3 strongly favors the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine, which indicates that it may be the major enzyme responsible for the difference between the circulating levels of dopamine sulfates in human blood. All 19 known human UGTs were expressed as recombinant enzymes in baculovirus infected insect cells and their activities toward dopamine and estradiol were studied. UGT1A10 was identified as the only UGT capable of dopamine glucuronidation at a substantial level. The results were supported by studies with human intestinal and liver microsomes. The affinity was low indicating that UGT1A10 is not an important enzyme in dopamine metabolism in vivo. Despite the low affinity, dopamine is a potential new probe substrate for UGT1A10 due to its selectivity. Dopamine was used to study the importance of phenylalanines 90 and 93 in UGT1A10. The results revealed distinct effects that are dependent on differences in the size of the side chain and on the differences in their position within the protein. Examination of twelve mutants revealed lower activity in all of them. However, the enzyme kinetic studies of four mutants showed that their affinities were similar to that of UGT1A10 suggesting that F90 and F93 are not directly involved in dopamine binding in the active site. The glucuronidation of β-estradiol and epiestradiol (α-estradiol) was studied to elucidate how the orientation of the 17-OH group affects conjugation at the 3-OH or the 17-OH of either diastereomer. The results show that there are clear differences in the regio- and stereoselectivities of UGTs. The most active isoforms were UGT1A10 and UGT2B7 demonstrating opposite regioselectivity. The stereoselectivities of UGT2Bs were more complex than those of UGT1As. The amino acid sequences of the human UGTs 1A9 and 1A10 are 93% identical, yet there are large differences in their activity and substrate selectivity. Several mutants were constructed to identify the residues responsible for the activity differences. The results revealed that the residues between Leu86 and Tyr176 of UGT1A9 determine the differences between UGT1A9 and UGT1A10. Phe117 of UGT1A9 participated in 1-naphthol binding and the residues at positions 152 and 169 contributed to the higher glucuronidation rates of UGT1A10. In summary, the results emphasize that the substrate selectivities, including regio- and stereoselectivities, of UGTs are complex and they are controlled by many amino acids rather than one critical residue.

An Eventful Synthetic Approach Towards the Biologically Potent Natural Product Ottelione A: Enantio-, Regio- and Stereoselective Construction of the Bicyclic Core

A novel synthetic approach towards the recently reported anti-tumor and anti-tuberculor natural product ottelione A from the readily available Diels-Alder adduct of cyclopentadiene and p-benzoquinone is delineated. Our short strategy, besides being enantio-, regio- and stereoselective, charts an eventful course and is inherently well-suited for adaptation towards diverse synthetic analogues of this biologically potent natural product.

A regio and stereospecific radical annulation route to chiral tricyclo[4.3.1.o3,7]decane (isotwistane) system1 synthesis of (+)-10-α-Naphthyl-5-epi-Pupukean-9-one

Contrary to that of phenyl derivative 1 the radical 4 adds to radicophiles in an inter- followed by intra-molecular radical Michael addition (radical annulation), furnishing a novel route to chiral isotwistanes 5.

A situação da aviação na Amazônia Legal e na região Nordeste

Traz os debates e discussões realizadas na Audiência Pública, realizada em 24 de abril de 2012, na Câmara dos Deputados. Aborda a situação da aviação, fazendo um recorte nas regiões Norte e Nordeste.

Incentivos fiscais nas décadas de 1950 a 1980 destinados à Região Sudeste

Consultoria Legislativa - Área III - Tributação, Direito Tributário.

As Questões de Ordem na Câmara dos Deputados : estabilidade ou instabilidade hermenêutica ?

Analisa Questões de Ordem suscitadas na Câmara dos Deputados, entre 21 de setembro de 1989 e o termo de 2004, com vistas a compreender o pensamento hermenêutico das diversas presidências da Casa nas soluções dadas às dúvidas regimentais ou constitucionais ocorridas no período. Discute se as Mesas da Câmara primam pela manutenção da jurisprudência regimental ou se há instabilidade na interpretação das normas "interna corporis".

Região occidental de Matto Grosso : viagem e estudos sobre o Valle do Baixo Guaporé : da cidade de Matto Grosso ao Forte de Principe da Beira pelo Dr. Manoel Esperidião da Costa Marques, 1906. A seguir : Projectos de vias de communicação : exploração do Alto Guaporé e dos rios Jaurú, Aguapehy e Alegre : do mesmo autor, 1899

Apontamentos, notas e narrativas sobre o vale do Baixo Guaporé, com detalhes sobre riqueza, civilização, indústria, comércio, população, comunidades indígenas, usos e costumes.

A Comunidade dos Países da Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) na região da Ásia-Pacífico

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XVIII: Direito Internacional Público e Relações Internacionais.