Hacia una crítica del positivismo en la historia de las organizaciones

El comportamiento humano actual es un reflejo de su experiencia y evolución frente a nuevos retos, en donde la prioridad se ha basado en satisfacer sus principales necesidades, las cuales se han complejizado a medida que la vida ha demandado nuevas prácticas, a costa de cualquier sacrificio, sea éste de carácter humano, material o ambiental. A través de este documento de investigación se evidencia un corto recuento de los hechos históricos más relevantes asociados con las organizaciones, en donde la práctica crematística y la obtención de poder han sido la principal causa en los conflictos más caóticos de nuestra humanidad debido a que estamos inmersos aún en el paradigma del positivismo.

El papel de la cohesión social en las organizaciones

En una sociedad donde el crecimiento económico está aislado del crecimiento social, se tiende a observar, en gran proporción, una calidad de vida marginada, marcada por la exclusión social y la falta de pertenencia, en donde el desempleo, la pobreza, el desplazamiento, etc., son fenómenos que amenazan a largo plazo los procesos competitivos y productivos del país. De cierta forma, el Gobierno, a través de sus instituciones, ha trabajado en la disminución de estas anomalías y ha obtenido resultados no muy significativos; en cierto sentido, cuando se habla de un 48,3% de personas pobres y un 12% de personas desempleadas en Colombia [DANE, 2009], es comprensible. En esta situación, toma importancia el rol en la empresa del sector privado; aquel conjunto de organizaciones con una nueva tendencia en su pensamiento: social en su visión, pública en su imagen y privada en su operación [Restrepo, 2009]. Esta nueva alternativa de adaptación crea escenarios para la aplicación de un modelo que mida la cohesión social ejercida por la empresa y, por consiguiente, una red que genere más impacto en el crecimiento social de la sociedad, equiparable con su crecimiento económico.

La intuición en la toma de decisiones estratégicas de la dirección empresarial

Las organizaciones han sido percibidas y descritas por los académicos como un producto de la racionalidad, por lo tanto su gestión debe realizarse de manera racional. En el presente trabajo se reivindica el rol de la intuición en los procesos de toma de decisiones estratégicas en las organizaciones; para ello, una vez descrita la “organización racional” y sus implicaciones, con ayuda de la psicología y de la sociología se desvirtúa la separación entre racionalidad e intuición. Mediante el trabajo de campo realizado y utilizando como herramientas de análisis los modelos duales de cognición y comportamiento desarrollados en la última década, se evidencia que la intuición juega un papel importante y relevante en los procesos de toma de decisiones estratégicas en las organizaciones, papel que ha sido deliberadamente olvidado por la academia y que debe ser estudiado, con el fin de poder tener una comprensión integral de las organizaciones.

Methods and Methodology: an introduction

methodologies, methods, and… Theory Ontology Epistemology Positivism; interpretivism, constructionism, critical approaches

Cercanías al misterio: la historiografía antigua y un libro de Eutropio en el Colegio del Rosario

El presente artículo postula algunas reflexiones teóricas e historiográficas sobre los métodos y los procedimientos tanto narrativos como filosóficos leídos en los historiadores de la Antiguedad. También hace, este texto, una revisión historiográfica de las principales corrientes y los principales autores de la ciencia histórica occidental de los tres últimos siglos, proponiendo que acaso el ánimo de originalidad que impulsó a muchos de estos movimientos intelectuales —la filología germánica del siglo XVIII, la Ilustración, el romanticismo, el positivismo, la escuela de Annales, etc.— tuviera un acervo precursor, quizás inconsciente, en el trabajo de historiadores del mundo Antiguo, como en el caso de ese Eutropio al que aquí se traduce del latín.-----This article proposes some theoretical and historiographical thoughts about both narrative and philosophic methods and procedures read in the Ancient historians. A historiographical review of the main currents and authors of the west historic science in the last three centuries is also carried out, proposing that the intent of originality that inspired many of such intellectual movements –18th century Germanic Philology, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Positivism, School of Annales, etc.– could have had a precursor heritage, unconsciously possibly, in the works of the Ancient world historians, as is the case of Eutropius, translated here from Latin.

A superação do positivismo na filosofia jurídica ibérica, na primeira metade do Século XX

O objecto do estudo é a consideração do modo, em grande parte convergente, como, na reflexão filosófico-jurídica de L. Cabral de Moncada, António José Brandão e Delfim Santos, em Portugal, e de L. Recaséns Siches, L. Legaz y Lacambra e F. Elias de Tejada, em Espanha, se logrou fazer regressar a Filosofia do Direito à sua mais legítima dimensão filosófica e ultrapassar uma visão meramente sociologista ou positivista da realidade jurídica. Nessa consideração, são analisadas, sucessivamente, as formas por que estes vários pensadores entenderam o conceito de Filosofia do Direito, o problema ontológico do direito, o seu fundamento axiológico e as formas próprias da racionalidade jurídica, assinalando aquilo em que coincidem e aquilo em que divergem.

Agricultural tenancy reform: the end of law; or a new popular culture?

This paper applies a reading of the postmodernisation of law to the incremental reform of agricultural holdings legislation over the last century. In charting the shifting legal basis of agricultural tenancies, from ‘black letter’ positivism to the cultural contextuality of sumptuary law, the paper theorises that the underlying political imperative has been allied to the changing significance of property ownership and use. Rather than reflecting the long-term official desire to maintain the let sector in British agriculture, however, the paper argues that this process has had other aims. In particular, it has been about an annexation of law to legitimise the retention of landowner power while presenting a rhetorical ‘democratisation’ of farming, away from its plutocratic associations and towards a new narrative of ‘depersonalised’ business.

Shared authority: courts and legislatures in legal theory

This book advances a fresh philosophical account of the relationship between the legislature and courts, opposing the common conception of law, in which it is legislatures that primarily create the law, and courts that primarily apply it. This conception has eclectic affinities with legal positivism, and although it may have been a helpful intellectual tool in the past, it now increasingly generates more problems than it solves. For this reason, the author argues, legal philosophers are better off abandoning it. At the same time they are asked to dismantle the philosophical and doctrinal infrastructure that has been based on it and which has been hitherto largely unquestioned. In its place the book offers an alternative framework for understanding the role of courts and the legislature; a framework which is distinctly anti-positivist and which builds on Ronald Dworkin’s interpretive theory of law. But, contrary to Dworkin, it insists that legal duty is sensitive to the position one occupies in the project of governing; legal interpretation is not the solitary task of one super-judge, but a collaborative task structured by principles of institutional morality such as separation of powers which impose a moral duty on participants to respect each other's contributions. Moreover this collaborative task will often involve citizens taking an active role in their interaction with the law.

Triangulation in organizational research : a re-presentation

This paper extends the discussion of postmodern thinking in organizational theory through a re-presentation of the concept of triangulation in organizational research. Initially triangulation is defined through the contrasting lenses of positivism and post-positivism/postmodernism and analysed as a metaphor for fixing and capturing the research subject. Subsequently triangulation is ‘re-presented’ as ‘metaphorization’—in terms of process and movement between researcher-subject positions. Rethinking the lines and angles of enquiry in triangulation, the paper suggests a shift from the ‘triangulation of distance’ tradition to a more reflexive consideration of ‘researcher stance’. This movement is represented across three perspectives: the researcher as a follower of nomothetic lines; the researcher as the taker of an ideographic overview; and the researcher as the finder of a particular angle. The implications of this re-presentation are then discussed in terms of perspective, data capture, reflexivity and metatriangulation.

Online banking vs. bricks & mortar - or a hybrid model? A preliminary investigation of Australian and Indian banks

Deregulation, innovations in mobile and wireless technologies and media convergence, together with the rapid diffusion of the Internet, have opened up strategic business opportunities in the financial sector. With deregulation removing entry barriers, an increasing number of online banks are threatening the market share of ‘bricks and mortar’ banks. To survive this competition, and to leverage the new opportunities of online and mobile banking facilitated by the Internet, many banks have adapted a hybrid, ‘clicks and mortar’ model, to increase their profitability while reducing transaction costs. In this paper, we report the results of a preliminary analysis based on a few major banks in Australia and India, two diverse economies, to reveal some interesting insights.

Studio enquiry and new frontiers of research

Given the growing complexity of human existence, there is a need for new ways of representing ideas and of illuminating the world and domains of knowledge. A growing recognition of the limits of traditional ways of representing the world has given rise to a search for alternative approaches to transform and represent the contents of consciousness or what can be known of lived experience. Researchers are recognising that scientific inquiry is just one type of research and that ‘research is not merely a species of social science’ (Eisner 1997: 261). Dissatisfaction with positivism and behaviourism as reductive modes of knowing has also come from within the science disciplines themselves. In his work entitled, The Discontinuous Universe, (1972) Werner Heisenberg states that the knowledge of science is applicable only to limited realms of experience and the scientific method is but a single method for understanding the world. Moreover, the notion of scientifically-based knowledge as statements of ultimate truth contains an inner contradiction since ‘the employment of this procedure changes and transforms its object’ (Heisenberg 1972: 189). The work of Heisenberg and others including: Lincoln and Denzin (2003), Schwandt, (2001) and Schon (1983) reveals that knowledge is relational and that different models of inquiry will yield different forms of knowledge.

Corporate ethics in TQM: management versus employee expectations and perceptions

Purpose – The objective of this research is to develop and describe a conceptual framework of corporate ethics in total quality management (TQM).

Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a summarised in-depth and longitudinal case illustration. The summarised case describes corporate ethics in an intra-corporate relationship.

Findings – TQM requires human resources and failing to care for them will affect accordingly the success of TQM. The case description illustrates the evolution of management versus employee expectations and perceptions of corporate ethics. It has an emphasis on the human resources of a company that strives towards TQM. As the quality of corporate ethics decreases the outcome of TQM is also affected (i.e. directly or indirectly). The case is initialised in an atmosphere of management and employee optimism and positivism of corporate ethics, which is a requisite from both parties in order to ensure prosperous TQM. The successive change towards pessimism and negativism of corporate ethics in the intra-corporate relationship concludes the in-depth case description.

Research limitations/implications – Four parameters of corporate ethics are used to incorporate corporate ethics into TQM, namely management versus employee expectations and perceptions. Internal corporate quality management should always be regarded as dependent upon the achieved equilibrium between management and employee perceptions. It is also dependent upon the derived equilibrium between management and employee previous expectations.

Practical implications – An important insight of this research is that TQM requires the continuous attention to the management versus employee expectations and perceptions inherent in corporate ethics of internal business operations. Furthermore, corporate ethics is complementary to business ethics.

Originality/value – The case description has shown that TQM may be running well and accomplishing the hard goals. However, TQM is not only about figures, profits and costs. It is also a business approach that should penetrate all activities inside and outside that are related to the company, including the soft issues.

Facts, threats and reds : common law constitutionalism and the rule of law

In a concurring judgment in Thomas v Mowbray, a High Court of Australia case turning on the Constitutional validity of terrorism-related control orders, Callinan J offers a re-evaluation of the Court’s earlier decision in the Australian Communist Party case to curtail executive power. According to Callinan J, factual matters knowable (but not known) at the time of the earlier decision might have given rise to a different outcome. In a dissenting judgment by Kirby J in the same case the Court’s reasoning in the Australian Communist Party case is robustly defended. These contested issues connect with the theoretical dispute between ‘common law constitutionalism’ and ‘constitutional positivism’ analysed by Dyzenhaus in the context of states of emergency where the limits of executive action and the role of supporting facts become particularly salient. They press the question of the status of the rule of law in the international as well as in the municipal sphere.

Understanding Chinese identity in international relations : a critique of Western approaches.

In international relations in the West, two main approaches to Chinese identity have emerged: the capability and the culture approaches. Though each takes a different view of China, they share common epistemological ground. positivism. This paper provides an overview of these two influential schools of thought and attempts to challenge their positivistic and ethnocentric assumptions about the identities of both China and the West. While they endeavour to make sense of China, particularly in the post-Cold War era, they fail to understand identity as a form of representation. From a critical perspective, both ’China’ and the ‘West’ are social constructs: each in part constitutes the other. The relationship between them is always relational and fluid. Posing Chinese identity in positivist terms is not only misleading analytically, but potentially dangerous in practice. It is important, therefore, that alternative critical approaches to the complexities of Chinese identity be further explored.

Neo-positivist or neo-kantian? Karl Popper and the Vienna Circle.

This paper re-contextualises Popper within a Kantian tradition by examining his interaction with the Vienna Circle. The complexity of Popper’s relationship to the Vienna Circle is often a point of confusion as some view him as a member of the Vienna Circle while others minimise his association with this group. This paper argues that Popper was not a member of the Vienna Circle or a positivist but shared many neo-Kantian philosophical tendencies with the members of the Circle as well as many of their philosophical problems and interests. By better understanding the influence of the Circle’s members upon Popper, we not only remove the myths surrounding Popper’s positivism, but also place the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle within its proper philosophical context. This paper further argues that it was Popper’s friend during his formative philosophical years in Vienna, Julius Kraft (1921–1960) who was responsible for the way in which Popper approached Kant. Through Kraft, Popper was introduced to the thought of Leonard Nelson (1882–1927) and Jakob Fries (1773–1843) as well as a tradition of critical rationalism which Popper would continue both in his methodological orientation as well as through his late German Enlightenment intellectual values.