Census of manufactures. Drugs-industry statistics. Chemical and allied products; major group 28. Includes: sic code 2831: Biological products; sic code 2833: Medicinals and botonicals; sic code 2834: Pharmaceutical preparations.

Mode of access: Internet.

Pharmaceutical marketing and social media : a facebook, twitter and youtube analysis

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão de Empresas/MBA.

On international cost-sharing of pharmaceutical R&D

Ramsey pricing has been proposed in the pharmaceutical industry as a principle to price discriminate among markets while allowing to recover the (fixed) R&D cost. However, such analyses neglect the presence of insurance or the fund raising costs for most of drug reimbursement. By incorporating these new elements, we aim at providing some building blocks towards an economic theory incorporating Ramsey pricing and insurance coverage. We show how coinsurance affects the optimal prices to pay for the R&D investment. We also show that under certain conditions, there is no strategic incentive by governments to set coinsurance rates in order to shift the financial burden of R&D. This will have important implications to the application of Ramsey pricing principles to pharmaceutical products across countries.

Creating a business model for a pharmaceutical bank in Lisbon

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Exit strategies of Pharmaceutical multinational companies from Portugal and the successful implementation of new Portuguese companies

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Impact of corporate social responsibility in the European pharmaceutical market

The objective of this master thesis is to evaluate the impact of CSR measures in the financial performance of the European pharmaceutical industry. By definition, CSR measures is quantified as corporate social disclosure considering the published CSR keywords on the annual reports of the selected companies, over four fiscal years (2010-2013). The financial performance of the companies were measured as return on assets (ROA) and Tobin’s Q. In order to defend the hypothesis developed, a multivariate regression is performed. The results obtained show no significant impact on the financial performance of a company nor in the short-time, nor in the long-time. Moreover, by comparison with other studies, it was possible to conclude that the financial performance is differently affected when considering different industries.

Opportunities and constraints in schistosomiasis vaccine development: infection characteristics and industry realities

The notes provided in this article relate to two components of the development of vaccines against schistosomiasis: (1) The characteristics of schistosome infections (eg. features of the schistosome life cycle), and the parasite itself, that have implications for vaccination strategies; (2) The characteristics of the biopharmaceutical industry that have implications for product development. As will be seen, these two topic areas are not vastly disparate.

Pharmaceutical Generics, Vertical Product Differentiation, and Public Policy

This paper studies oligopolistic competition in off-patent pharmaceutical markets using a vertical product differentiation model. This model can explain the observation that countries with stronger regulations have smaller generic market shares. It can also explain the differences in observed regulatory regimes. Stronger regulation may be due to a higher proportion of production that is done by foreign firms. Finally, a closely related model can account for the observed increase in prices by patent owners after entry of generic producers.

Generic entry into a regulated pharmaceutical market

The aim of this paper is to analyse empirically entry decisions by generic firms intomarkets with tough regulation. Generic drugs might be a key driver of competitionand cost containment in pharmaceutical markets. The dynamics of reforms ofpatents and pricing across drug markets in Spain are useful to identify the impact ofregulations on generic entry. Estimates from a count data model using a panel of 86active ingredients during the 1999 2005 period show that the drivers of genericentry in markets with price regulations are similar to less regulated markets: genericfirms entries are positively affected by the market size and time trend, and negativelyaffected by the number of incumbent laboratories and the number of substitutesactive ingredients. We also find that contrary to what policy makers expected, thesystem of reference pricing restrains considerably the generic entry. Short run brandname drug price reductions are obtained by governments at the cost of long runbenefits from fostering generic entry and post-patent competition into the markets.

Pharmaceutical generics, vertical product differentiation and public policy

This paper studies oligopolistic competition in off-patent pharmaceuticalmarkets using a vertical product differentiation model. This model canexplain the observation that countries with stronger regulations havesmaller generic market shares. It can also explain the differences inobserved regulatory regimes. Stronger regulation may be due to a higherproportion of production that is done by foreign firms. Finally, a closelyrelated model can account for the observed increase in prices by patentowners after entry of generic producers.

Incentives and pharmaceutical reimbursement reforms in Spain

The aim of this paper is to assess whether cost-containment has beenaffected by recent pharmaceutical reimbursement reforms that have beenintroduced in the Spanish health care system over the period 1996-2002,under the conservative Popular Party government. Four main reimbursementpolicies can be observed in the Spanish pharmaceutical market after1996, each of them largely unintegrated with the other three. First, asecond supplementary negative list of excluded pharmaceutical productswas introduced in 1998. Second, a reference pricing system wasintroduced in December 2000, with annual updating and enlargement.Third, the pharmacies payment system has moved from the traditionalset margin on the consumer price to a margin that varies according tothe consumer price of the product, the generic status of the product,and the volume of sales by pharmacies. And fourth, general agreementsbetween the government and the industry have been reached with costcontainment objectives. In the final section of this paper we presentan overall assessment of the impact of these pharmaceuticalreimbursement policies on the behaviour of the agents in thepharmaceutical market.

Use of NIR spectroscopy and multivariate process spectra calibration methodology for pharmaceutical solid samples analysis

Accomplish high quality of final products in pharmaceutical industry is a challenge that requires the control and supervision of all the manufacturing steps. This request created the necessity of developing fast and accurate analytical methods. Near infrared spectroscopy together with chemometrics, fulfill this growing demand. The high speed providing relevant information and the versatility of its application to different types of samples lead these combined techniques as one of the most appropriated. This study is focused on the development of a calibration model able to determine amounts of API from industrial granulates using NIR, chemometrics and process spectra methodology.

Comparative sensitivity of tumor and non-tumor cell lines as reliable approach for in vitro cytotoxicity screening of lysine-based surfactants with potential pharmaceutical applications

Surfactants are used as additives in topical pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems. The biocompatibility of amino acid-based surfactants makes them highly suitable for use in these fields, but tests are needed to evaluate their potential toxicity. Here we addressed the sensitivity of tumor (HeLa, MCF-7) and non-tumor (3T3, 3T6, HaCaT, NCTC 2544) cell lines to the toxic effects of lysine-based surfactants by means of two in vitro endpoints (MTT and NRU). This comparative assay may serve as a reliable approach for predictive toxicity screening of chemicals prior to pharmaceutical applications. After 24-h of cell exposure to surfactants, differing toxic responses were observed. NCTC 2544 and 3T6 cell lines were the most sensitive, while both tumor cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of surfactants. IC50-values revealed that cytotoxicity was detected earlier by MTT assay than by NRU assay, regardless of the compound or cell line. The overall results showed that surfactants with organic counterions were less cytotoxic than those with inorganic counterions. Our findings highlight the relevance of the correct choice and combination of cell lines and bioassays in toxicity studies for a safe and reliable screen of chemicals with potential interest in pharmaceutical industry.

Muurahaishapon käyttö etikkahapon ja propionihapon sovelluksissa

Työssä tutkittiin muurahais-, etikka- ja propionihapon sekä näiden johdannaisten teollisia sovelluskohteita. Työn tarkoituksena oli löytää muurahaishapolle tai sen johdannaisille potentiaalisia käyttökohteita etikka- ja propionihapon sekä näiden johdannaisten teollisista sovelluskohteista. Työssä on laaja kirjallisuuskatsaus, jossa käsitellään muurahais-, etikka- ja propionihapon kemiallisia ja fysikaalisia ominaisuuksia, ekologisia ja korroosiovaikutuksia sekä yleensä orgaanisten happojen antimikrobisia ominaisuuksia. Tämän lisäksi työssä esitellään tarkasteltavien happojen sekä happojohdannaisten markkinat teollisissa sovelluksissa Yhdysvalloissa, Länsi-Euroopassa ja Japanissa. Korvaavuuksien syventävän analyysin avulla pyrittiin löytämään ne sovelluskohteet muurahaishapolle tai sen johdannaisille, joissa ne voisivat olla hinnaltaan kilpailukykyisiä vastaavien etikka-ja propionihapposovellusten kanssa. Mahdollisen korvaavuuden rajaksi asetettiin5 000 tonnia sovelluskohdetta kohti. Kirjallisuustutkimuksen perusteella etikkahapon estereiden (asetaattiestereiden) käyttökohde liuottimien komponentteinavoisi olla potentiaalisin käyttökohde vastaaville muurahaishapon estereille (formiaattiestereille). Asetaattiestereitä on ennustettu käytettävän maailmalla 2 808 000 tonnia vuonna 2006. Niiden pääkäyttöalueet ovat liuottimina pintapäällysteissä kuten maaleissa, lakoissa sekä painomusteissa ja -väreissä. Toistaiseksi formiaattiestereitä on hyödynnetty vain muutamia satoja tonneja lähinnä lääketeollisuuden sovelluksissa välituotteena. Työssä tehtyjen alustavien laskelmien perusteella muurahaishapon esterit ovat hintatasoltaan kilpailukykyinen vaihtoehto vastaaville asetaattiestereille. Diplomityön kokeellisessa osassa etyyliformiaattia valmistettiin menestyksekkäästi laboratoriomittakaavassa. Toinen potentiaalinen uusi tuote on selluloosaformiaattikuitu (SF-kuitu). Selluloosa-asetaattikuitua käytettiin vuonna 2001 845 000 tonnia, josta 79 % kului savukefilttereiden valmistukseen. SF-kuitu on kirjallisuuden mukaan vaihtoehtoinen raaka-aine savukefilttereiden valmistukseen.

Entry Strategy Issues in the Ophthalmic Industry: Entry Mode, Pricing and Distribution

Maahantulostrategia asettaa yrityksen kansainvälisiä liiketoimintoja ohjaavat tavoitteet, päämäärät, resurssit ja toiminnan suuntaviivat. Tämä diplomityö käsittelee yrityksen maahantulostrategian elementeistä operaatiomuodon valintaa, hinnoittelua ja jakelua. Työssä rakennetaan teoriakehys elementteihin liittyvien päätösten tutkimiseksi lääketeollisuuden ominaispiirteet huomioiden. Lääketeollisuudella on muihin teollisuudenaloihin verrattuna useita erityispiirteitä, joihin työ perehdyttää. Lisäksi työn olennainen osa on selvittää lääketeollisuuden maakohtaisia säädöksiä ja toimintamalleja. Diplomityö on tehty silmäläkkeitä valmistavalle, kehittävälle ja markkinoivalle Santen Oy:lle, joka suunnittelee toimintansa laajentamista Keski- ja Etelä-Euroopan markkinoille. Tässä laajentumisprosessissa ensimmäisenä kohdemaana on Saksa, jonka markkinoille suuntautuvia toimenpiteitä työ tutkii. Teoriakehyksen, markkinoiden ominaispiirteiden sekä useiden erilaisten analyysien pohjalta työn tavoitteena on antaa operaatiomuotoa, tuotteiden hinnoittelua ja jakelua koskevia suosituksia.