Identification of Conifer Trees in Iowa, September 22, 1998

This publication is designed to help identify the most common trees found in Iowa. It is based on vegetative characteristics including leaves, fruit, and bark. It is neither complete nor without possible oversights. Separate species are grouped by similar characteristics, mainly based on type and arrangement of leaves. These groups are; awl- or scale like needles; single needles, flattened with rounded tips; single needles, square in cross section, with pointed tips; and needles in bundles or fascicles of two or more. Remember, vegetative characteristics are quite variable; use more than one specimen for comparison.

Distal locking of femoral nails: evaluation of a new radiation-independent targeting system.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a novel radiation-independent aiming device for distal locking of intramedullary nails in a human cadaver model. METHODS: A new targeting system was used in 25 intact human cadaver femora for the distal locking procedure after insertion of an intramedullary nail. The number of successful screw placements and the time needed for this locking procedure were recorded. The accuracy of the aiming process was evaluated by computed tomography. RESULTS: The duration of the distal locking process was 8.0 ± 1.8 minutes (mean ± SD; range, 4-11 minutes). None of the screw placements required fluoroscopic guidance. Computed tomography revealed high accuracy of the locking process. The incidence angle (α) of the locking screws through the distal locking holes of the nail was 86.8° ± 5.0° (mean ± SD; range, 80°-96°). Targeting failed in 1 static locking screw because of a material defect in the drilling sleeve. CONCLUSIONS: This cadaver study indicated that an aiming arm-based targeting device is highly reliable and accurate. The promising results suggest that it will help to decrease radiation exposure compared with the traditional "free-hand technique."

Noves metodologies d’anàlisi de compostos volàtils mitjançant trampes d’agulla. Aplicació a l’anàlisi d’alè, atmosfèrica i d’aigües

New methodologies for the analysis of volatile compoundsusing needle traps. Applications to breath, atmospheric andwater analysis. A new preconcentration technique has been developed for the analysis of volatile compounds based on the use of needle traps. These traps are based on stainless steel needles filled with one or more adsorbents, which allows the preconcentration of the anilities inside the trap by passing a gas flow through the needle. The parameters affecting the sorption/desorption process have been assessed (e.g. needle and liner dimensions, injector temperature, split less time, memory effects, and stability inside the needle). For liquid samples, four different sampling methodologies were studied, including passive and active sampling methods. The best results, considering the simplicity and sensitivity, are obtained by sampling the headspace volume using various cycles of a small and fix volume. Once the best conditions of analysis have been found, the method has been validated for gas and liquid samples. The results obtained show that needle traps are a good analytical methodology for the analysis of breath, environmental and liquid samples

Origin of needle fibre calcite (NFC) : a geochemical approach

ABSTRACTNeedle fibre calcite (NFC) is one of the most widespread habits of pedogenic calcite. It is a monocrystal of calcite, in the shape of a needle, with a diameter of one micron and a length between 4 and 103 times its width. NFC occurs in soils with different macroscopic and microscopic morphologies. Macroscopically, two main habits of NFC exist: "cotton ball'Mike clusters and as "powder" coating on pebbles inside the soil. It can also act as nucleation sites for precipitation of calcite cements of purely physicochemical origin (LCC - Late Calcitic Cement). Although many studies have been conducted on needle fibre calcite, its origin remains a subject of debate. The NFC having never been reproduced in the laboratory whatever the considered approach, the processes responsible for its precipitation as a so particular morphology remain unexplained. The shift between the length orientation of the needle crystal and the normal axis of calcite growth (c-axis) is also unresolved.Samples taken in two soils observed in quarries (Villiers and Savagnier) in the Swiss Jura Mountains are used to investigate the processes involved in the formation of these calcite crystals in pedogenic environments. Three groups of microscopic morphologies are distinguished: (i) simple needles (SN), (ii) simple needles with overgrowths (SNO), and (iii) simple needles with nanofibres (SNN), nanofibres being either organic or mineral in nature. These groups correspond to different stages in the formation and evolution of NFC.Comparison of carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of NFC with LCC, in relationship with the composition of the carbonate host rock (CHR), and the carbon isotope signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the soil waters, indicates that both NFC and LCC are precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with the soil solution. Similar Ô13C and Ô180 values of the elongated NFC and the rhombohedral calcite crystals of the LCC suggest that the precipitation of these different calcite habits is not due to changes in physicochemical conditions. The growth of NFC crystals inside an organic mould formed by the fungal hyphae could explain the formation of calcite ciystals in the shape of a needle in isotopic equilibrium with the local environment.Strontium and calcium isotope compositions of the three microscopic groups of NFC and LCC were also studied, in order to determine the origin of calcium (Ca2+) entrapped in the calcite lattice and to elucidate the processes responsible for the precipitation of NFC. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the SN is closer to the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the carbonate host rock than the LCC, SNO, and SNN. This could be another clue for the formation of SN inside fungal hyphae, because fungi are known to dissolve the rocks to release and translocate through their hyphae nutrients necessary for their growth. SN and SNN are depleted in Sr and enriched in ^Ca compared to the LCC. In the context of Villiers quarry, where the two ciystal shapes precipitate at similar temperature (in a range of 0,6°C), such variations are the result of a slower precipitation rate of NFC, which is inconsistent with a purely physicochemically precipitated elongate crystal.Finally, NFC is enriched in major and trace elements (i.e. Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mo) compared to the LCC. This enrichment is ascribed to modification in precipitation processes between the NFC and LCC. Right now, it is not possible to preclude the influence of the particular shape of NFC or the biological influence. REEs are not fractionated in NFC, contrary to LCC. Thus, NFC does not precipitate from a percolation solution circulating downward the soil, which should lead to the fractionation of the REEs. As explained above, fungi, are able to dissolve and translocate nutrients. This kind of processes allows releasing elements in the soil solution without fractionation and could explain the particular chemical signature of NFC regarding the REEs.The geochemical approach to investigate the origin of NFC presented in this study does not allow providing direct clues to the fungal origin of NFC, but brings several new insights in the understanding of the formation of such a particular mineral, calcite needles, by precluding definitively their physicochemical origin.RESUMELa calcite en aiguilles (NFC) est l'une des formes les plus ubiquiste de calcite pédogénique. Il s'agit d'un monocrystal de calcite d'un diamètre d'un micron et d'une longueur 4 à 102 fois supérieure à sa largeur. A l'échelle macroscopique, la NFC a été observée sous deux principaux aspects : l'une « cotonneuse » et l'autre formant un mince croûte autour des graviers du sol. La NFC peut également servir de support à la nucléation de ciments secondaires précipités de manière purement physico-chimique (LCC). Malgré les nombreuses études menées sur la NFC, son origine demeure encore inconnue. A ce jour, aucune expérience en laboratoire n'a permis de créer de la calcite en aiguilles, et ce, quelque soit l'approche abordée. Par conséquent, les processus précis responsables de la précipitation calcite avec une telle morphologie restent inconnus. Le décalage existant entre l'axe d'allongement des aiguilles de calcite et l'axe normal de croissance de la calcite (axe c) reste inexpliqué.Des échantillons de NFC, LCC, roche mère, eau de pluie des différents horizons du sol ont été prélevés principalement au front de deux carrières de graviers, ainsi que dans un profil de sol adjacent à ces carrières, dans le but de mieux comprendre les processus à l'origine de la précipitation de calcite en forme d'aiguille. Trois micro-morphologies ont été distinguées: les aiguilles simples (SN), les aiguilles simples avec surcroissances calcitiques (SNO) et enfin les aiguilles simples avec nanofibres (SNN), celles-ci pouvant être de minérales ou organiques. Ces groupes, d'après nos résultats et les études antérieures pourraient correspondre à différentes étapes de formation de la calcite en aiguilles.Dans un premier temps, la comparaison des signatures isotopiques de la calcite en aiguilles, du LCC, de la roche mère et du carbone inorganique dissout dans la solution du sol (CID) indique que la NFC, tout comme le LCC, précipite en équilibre avec la solution du sol. Les valeurs similaires en Ô13C et δ180 de cristaux de calcite allongés (NFC) et rhombohédriques (LCC) formés dans un même milieu suggère que ces différences morphologiques ne peuvent pas être attribuées à des modifications purement physico-chimiques. La croissance de NFC à l'intérieur d'un moule organique comme les hyphes de champignons semble être la seule hypothèse plausible permettant d'expliquer la formation de monocrystaux allongés de calcite en équilibre avec leur environnement.La composition isotopique en strontium (Sr) et calcium (Ca) des LCC et des trois micro¬morphologies de la NFC ont été étudiées également, afin de déterminer l'origine du Ca2+ présent dans le réseau cristallin de la calcite en aiguilles, ainsi que les processus responsables de la formation de NFC. Les valeurs du rapport 87Sr/86$r de la forme SN sont les plus proches de celles de la roche mère par rapport aux formes SNN et SNO et du LCC. Ceci pourrait être un nouvel indice de l'implication des champignons dans la précipitation de calcite en aiguilles, puisqu'ils sont connus pour avoir la capacité de dissoudre les roches afin de libérer les nutriments nécessaires à leur croissance, ainsi que de les transloquer par leurs hyphes. De plus, les formes SN et SNN sont appauvries en Sr et enrichies en "Ca, comparativement au LCC. Dans le sol étudié, tous les carbonates de calcium précipitent à la même température, par conséquent, de telles variations sont dues à un taux de précipitation plus lent de SN et SNN, ce qui est contradictoire avec l'hypothèse physico-chimique. Pour finir, la NFC est enrichie en certains éléments majeurs et traces (i.e. Fe, Zn, Cu et Mo) par rapport au LCC. Ceci peut être attribué à différents processus de formation entre la NFC et le LCC. Pour le moment il est impossible d'exclure l'influence de la forme particulière de la NFC ou celle du champignon. Les terres rares (REEs) ne sont pas fractionnées dans la NFC, contrairement au LCC. Ceci peut être expliqué par le fait que la NFC précipite à partir d'une solution qui n'a pas percolé à travers le sol. Les champignons en dissolvant les roches mettent en solution éléments sans les fractionner. L'approche géochimique de l'étude de la calcite en aiguilles ne permets pas de produire des preuves directes sur sa potentielle origine fongique, mais permet de mieux comprendre comment un minéral aussi singulier que la NFC peut se former. D'autre pare cette étude permets d'exclure définitivement l'hypothèse physico-chimique de l'origine de la calcite en aiguilles

A new clinical test in diagnosing quadriceps tendon rupture.

INTRODUCTION: Extensor mechanism ruptures might be easily overlooked and misdiagnosed, and delayed diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture is frequent. However, the literature recommends early surgical repair within 72 h. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This paper describes a new simple clinical diagnostic test that directly evaluates the integrity of the distal 5 cm of the quadriceps tendon itself. It consists of inserting a needle in the tendon, proximal to the suspected rupture and mobilising the knee joint. RESULTS: The suspected ruptured quadriceps tendons with a positive 'needle' diagnostic test were confirmed intra-operatively. CONCLUSIONS: This minimally invasive and easily available technique should be considered in the diagnostic work-up and treatment planning of patients with suspected tears of the quadriceps tendon.

Phytochemical investigation of plants used in African traditional medicine: "Dioscorea sylvatica" (Dioscoreaceae), "Urginea altissima" (Liliaceae), "Jamesbrittenia fodina" and "Jamesbrittenia elegantissima" (Scrophulariaceae)

Les plantes médicinales représentent la seule source de médicaments pour près de 90 % de la population de certains pays d?Afrique. Le savoir-faire des guérisseurs traditionnels, d?une valeur inestimable, représente un point de départ pour l?investigation pharmacologique et phytochimique de ces médicaments naturels. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes dans un premier temps intéressés à valider l?utilisation en médecine traditionnelle de deux plantes, Diuscorea sylvatica (Dioscoreaceae) et Urginea altissima (Liliaceae), qui produisent, lorsqu?elles sont frottées sur la peau, une inflammation et des démangeaisons. Ces réactions cutanées ont pu être expliquées, au moins en partie, par la présence d?aiguilles acérées d?oxalate de calcium dans les organes souterrains. Ces microtraumatismes répétés de l?épiderme risquent de provoquer, lors d?une utilisation prolongée, des lésions granulomateuses. L?histamine n?a pas été détectée, mais d?autres substances pourraient être impliquées dans le processus inflammatoire. La seconde partie de ce travail a consisté en la détection, l?isolement et la caractérisation de nouveaux composés naturels présentant un intérêt thérapeutique potentiel. 70 extraits provenant de 28 plantes supérieures du Zimbabwe ont été soumis à un criblage chimique et biologique. Les extraits méthanoliques des parties aériennes de Jamesbrittenia fodina et J. elegantissima (Scrophulariaceae) ont été sélectionnés sur la base de leurs nombreuses activités. Le fractionnement guidé par l?activité de J. fudina a permis l?isolement des saponines A et B, responsables des activités antifongique, antibactérienne et molluscicide de l?extrait. De plus, les deux saponines ont montré une activité équivalente en tant qu?inhibiteurs de l?acétylcholinestérase, propriété encore non décrite pour cette classe de composés. Une analyse LC/uv/MS de l?extrait a permis d?attribuer l?activité antiradicalaire au verbascoside, un dérivé du phenylpropane; cette analyse a de plus montré la présence d?une série de dérivés de l?acide cinnamique, dont l?isolement a été entrepris. Deux problèmes d?instabilité sont apparus, empêchant l?isolement des composés par des méthodes chromatographiques de pointe, en dépit de très bonnes conditions de séparations. Des analyses LC/?H-NMR combinées à des analyses RMN classiques des mélanges ont permis d?attribuer ces instabilités d?une part à une isomérisation cis/trans induite par la lumière, et d?autre part à une transacylation du groupe cinnamoyl sur une unité de sucre. Ceci a permis l?identification de 12 esters cinnamiques d?iridoïdes, dont 8 nouveaux produits naturels. Ces dérivés présentent un intérêt thérapeutique, car des composés similaires ont montré des propriétés anti-inflammatoires significatives dans différents modèles in vivo. Deux flavanones ont aussi été isolées de l?extrait. Cette classe de composés n?a jamais été rapportée chez un membre des Scrophulariaceae. Une analyse LC/UV/MS comparative des extraits polaires des deux espèces, J. fodina et J. elegantissima, a été effectuée pour détecter la présence éventuelle de compos.és communs. Les saponines A et B et le verbascoside ont été identifiés dans l?extrait de J. elegantissima. Trois flavonoïdes ont de plus été isolés de ce dernier par CPC et HPLC semi-préparative.<br/><br/>In certain African countries, medicinal plants represent the unique source of to 90% of the population. The knowledge of traditional healers represents a basis for the pharmacological and phytochemical investigation of these natural medicines. This work first focused on the validation of use of two plants frequently employed in traditional medicine, Dioscorea sylvatica (Dioscoreaceae) and Urginea altissimu (Liliaceae), which produce mild inflammation and itching when rubbed on the skin. These cutaneous reactions were shown to be due, at least in part, to the presence of sharp needles of calcium oxalate, implying the risk of granulomatous lesions following a long term use. Histamine was not detected, but other compounds could be involved in the inflammatory process. The second part of this work consisted of the detection, isolation and characterisation of new natural compounds of potential therapeutic interest from African plants. Seventy extracts obtained from 28 higher plants of Zimbabwe were submitted to a chemical and biological screening. The methanol extracts of the whole plants of Jamesbrittenia fodina and J. elegantissima (Scrophulariaceae) were selected for their various activities. An activity-guided fractionation of J. fodina led to the isolation of the saponins A and B, responsible for the antifungal, antibacterial and molluscicidal properties. Both saponins were equally active as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a property that has, to our knowledge, never been described for this class of compounds. A LC/UV/MS analysis of the extract allowed the identification of verbascoside as the product with radical scavenging activity, and indicated the presence of a series of potentially interesting cinnamic acid derivatives. Two types of instability problems occurred in the course of their isolation, as some compounds could not be separated despite very good chromatographic conditions. LC/'H-NMR analyses combined with in-mixture NMR analyses enabled the attribution of the cause of the instability in one case to a cidtrans light-induced isomerisation, and in the other case to a transacylation of the cinnamoyl moiety on a sugar residue. These problems of instability have not been the object of previous studies. 12 cinnamic iridoid esters could be characterised, 8 of these being new natural compounds. Several similar substances have displayed significant anti-inflammatory properties in different in vivo models, suggesting a therapeutic interest for these new derivatives. Two flavanones were isolated from the same extract. This class of compound has not been previously reported from species of the Scrophulariaceae family. A comparative LCAJVNS study of the polar extracts of the two species J. elegantissima and J. fodina was performed in order to detect possible common compounds. Saponins A and B and verbascoside were thus identified in .J. elegantissima. Moreover, three supplementary flavonoids were isolated from J. elegantissima..

Improvement of pyrolysis oil quality by scrubbing

Diplomityössä tutkittiin kuuman pyrolyysihöyryn puhdistamista haisevista ja kevyistä haihtuvista yhdisteistä. Työn kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin pyrolyysiöljyn kannattavuutta uusiutuvana energialähteenä. Lisäksi eri pesurityyppejä tarkasteltiin ja ja vertailtiin. Työn kokeellisessa osassa käytettiin kahta erilaista koelaitteistoa. Tuotteen talteenotossa vertailtiin reaktorilämpötilan ja raaka-aineen kosteuden vaikutusta pyrolyysisaantoihin. Komponenttien talteenotossa tutkittiin epästabiilien ja pistävän hajuisten yhdisteiden poistamista kuumasta pyrolyysihöyrystä. Raaka-aineena käytettiin kuusen metsätäh-dehaketta, joka sisältää runsaasti neulasia ja kaarnaa. Kokeet toteutettiin lämpötila-alueella 460 - 520 °C. Koelaitteistot koostuivat kaasun (N2) syöttöjärjestelmään kytketystä kuumasta ja kyl-mästä puolesta. Tuotteen talteenotossa kuuma pyrolyysihöyry jäähdytettiin ja otettiin talteen. Komponenttien talteenotossa tuote kerättiin suodattimelle ja metyleeniklo-ridiloukkuun. Tuotteiden koostumukset analysoitiin kaasukromatokrafilla. Korkeimmat orgaaniset saannot saatiin 480 °C reaktorilämpötilalla ja 8-9 p-% raaka-ainekosteudella. Pyrolyysiveden määrä putosi raaka-aineen kosteutta nostettaessa. Eri reaktorilämpötiloilla ja raaka-ainekosteuksilla ei ollut vaikutusta hiiltosaantoihin. Kaasusaannot (pääosin CO2, CO ja hiilivedyt) olivat noin 10 p-%. Komponenttien talteenotossa suodatin tukkeutui matalissa (< 250 °C) lämpötiloissa. Suodattimelle jäänyt materiaali oli pääosin neulasista ja kaarnasta peräisin olevia uuteaineita (pääosin hartsi- rasvahappoja) ja sokereita. Korkeimmissa lämpötiloissa (> 250 °C) uuteaineet läpäisivät suodattimen paremmin. 250 ja 300 °C:n lämpötiloissa suuri määrä lyhytketjuisia helposti haihtuvia epästabiileja ja haisevia yhdisteitä (ketoneja, furaani- ja furfuraalijohdannaisia jne.) jäi metyleenikloridi- ja metanoliloukkuihin.

Quantitative elemental analysis of dry-ashed bark and wood samples of birch, spruce and pine from south-western Finland using PIXE

A total of over 200 different samples of bark and wood of Silver birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine were analysed. Samples were taken from several areas in western Finland, some with known sources of atmospheric heavy metal emission (Harjavalta, Ykspihlaja). Also analytical data for pine needles from some sites are reported. The chemical analyses were performed by thick-target particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry after preconcentration by dry ashing of samples at 550oC. The following elements were quantified in most of the samples: P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cd, Ba and Pb. The ash percentage and the chemical composition of ashes of different wood materials were also obtained, as dry ashing was used in the analytical procedure. The variations in elemental concentrations in wood and bark of an individual tree, expressed as RSDs, were mostly in the range 10 – 20 %. For several trees of the same species sampled from small areas (< 1 ha), the variations in elemental concentrations were surprisingly high (RSDs 20 – 50 %). In the vicinity of metal plants, effects of strong atmospheric heavy metal pollution (pollution factor above 100) were observed in pine bark. The increase of heavy metal content in wood samples from the same sites was quite small. Elemental concentrations in ashes of bark and wood, from areas with no local source of atmospheric pollution, were relatively uniform. Based on this observation an alternative way of demonstrating atmospheric pollution of tree bark is discussed.

Comparative study of two needle models in terms of deflection during inferior alveolar nerve block

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the possible differences in deflection between two needles of same length and external gauge but with different internal gauges during truncal block of the inferior alveolar nerve. The initial working hypothesis was that greater deflection may be expected with larger internal gauge needles. Study design: Four clinicians subjected 346 patients to inferior alveolar nerve block and infiltrating anesthesia of the buccal nerve trajectory for the surgical or conventional extraction of the lower third molar. A nonautoaspirating syringe system with 2 types of needle was used: a standard 27-gauge x 35-mm needle with an internal gauge of 0.215 mm or an XL Monoprotect® 27-gauge x 35-mm needle with an internal gauge of 0.265 mm. The following information was systematically recorded for each patient: needle type, gender, anesthetic technique (direct or indirect truncal block) and the number of bone contacts during the procedure, the patient-extraction side, the practitioner performing the technique, and blood aspiration (either positive or negative). Results: 346 needles were used in total. 190 were standard needles (27-gauge x 35-mm needle with an internal gauge of 0.215 mm) and 156 were XL Monoprotect®. Incidence of deflection was observed in 49.1% of cases (170 needles) where 94 were standard needles and 76 XL Monoprotect®. Needle torsion ranged from 0º and 6º. Conclusions: No significant differences were recorded in terms of deflection and internal gauge, operator, patient-extraction side, the anesthetic technique involved and the number of bone contacts during the procedure

Computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of pancreatic masses using pneumodissection

Objective To describe the technique of computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of pancreatic tumors with pneumodissection. Materials and Methods In the period from June 2011 to May 2012, seven computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsies of pancreatic tumors utilizing pneumodissection were performed in the authors' institution. All the procedures were performed with an automatic biopsy gun and coaxial system with Tru-core needles. The biopsy specimens were histologically assessed. Results In all the cases the pancreatic mass could not be directly approached by computed tomography without passing through major organs and structures. The injection of air allowed the displacement of adjacent structures and creation of a safe coaxial needle pathway toward the lesion. Biopsy was successfully performed in all the cases, yielding appropriate specimens for pathological analysis. Conclusion Pneumodissection is a safe, inexpensive and technically easy approach to perform percutaneous biopsy in selected cases where direct access to the pancreatic tumor is not feasible.

Productivity of Business Services - Towards A New Taxonomy

Statistics show that the expanding service sector accounts already for three quarters of GDP in the developed economies. Moreover, there is abundant evidence on high variation in productive performance across the service industries. This suggests divergent technological and institutional trajectories within the tertiary sector. While conceptual knowledge on services and their performance has accumulated substantially, the overall landscape on productivity and competitiveness is still inconclusive. As noted by number of authors the research on service productivity is still in its infancy. The purpose of this paper is to develop further the analytical framework of service productivity. The approach is based on the notion that service definitions, classifications and performance measurement are strongly interdependent. Given the ongoing restructuring of businesses activities with higher information content, it is argued that the dichotomy between manufacturing and services should not be taken too far. Industrial evolution also suggests that the official industry classifications are increasingly outdated and new taxonomies for empirical research are therefore needed. Based on the previous analyses and new insights the paper clarifies the debated concept of service productivity and identifies the critical dimensions by which the service industries cluster. It is also demonstrated that the dimensions enable to construct new service taxonomies which bear essentially on productivity opportunities at the business level. Needles to say the key determinant explaining the development and potential of productivity growth is innovation activity. As an extensive topic of research, however, service innovation is tackled here only in a cursory way. The paper is constructed as follows: the first section focuses on the conceptual issues and evolving nature of service activities. A workable definition of service should capture the diversity of service activities, as well as the aspects of service processes, comprehensively. The distinctions and similarities between services and manufacturing are discussed, too. Section 2 deals with the service productivity, a persistent and controversial issue in academic literature and policy. With the assessments of strengths and weaknesses of the main schools new insights based on value creation will be brought in. Industry classifications and taxonomies are discussed in Section 3. It begins with a short analysis of the official classifications and their evaluation from the perspective of empirical research. Using well-known examples it is shown that the taxonomies on the manufacturing industries have a clear analogy with the business services. As there is a growing interest to regroup services too, the work to date, has been less systematic and inherently qualitative. Based on the earlier contributions threedimensional service taxonomy is constructed which highlight the key dimensions of productive performance. The main findings and implications are summed up in Section 4.

Fotoeletrodegradação do corante AO7 utilizando filmes de nanocompósitos de ZnO-TiO2

The Zn-TiO2nanocomposite films were prepared by electrodeposition, using an acidic zinc sulphate solution with TiO2 nanoparticles in suspension. The as-deposited samples have been heated in air at 450 ºC for 6 h. The XRD and SEM analyses pointed out to the metal matrix conversion from Zn to ZnO and a rich morphology of needles-shaped grains. These materials were used on the photoelectrochemical degradation of AO7, which was efficiently degraded, with 40% of color removal, after 2 h period at 1.0 V, under white light irradiation. The apparent first order rate constant of the photoelectrodegradation reaction was 4.12 x 10-3 min-1.

Equipamento de baixo custo para extração em fase sólida em amostras aquosas de grande volume utilizando pressão positiva de N

Extraction/concentration is a crucial step for the analysis of organic compounds at trace level concentrations and dispersed in complex matrices. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one of the techniques used for this purpose. In this work, a low cost apparatus for SPE was developed that uses nitrogen under positive pressure and ensures the maintenance of the sample flow, while also allows the simultaneous extraction of different samples without cross-contamination and sample contact with plastic materials. For the system set up, easily accessible materials were used such as hypodermic needles, stainless steel tubes, rubber stoppers, and 3-way valves from serum delivery apparatus.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo utilizando materiais alternativos de baixo custo para fins didáticos

This work describes a simple and inexpensive flow injection analysis system in which gravity force provides fluid propulsion while needles for insulin administration or metallic wires act as electrodes for amperometric detection. The proposed system was able to demonstrate the influence of several operational parameters on the transient signals. Moreover, this system was successfully used to evaluate both the stoichiometry of Cu2+-EDTA complex and the effect of pH on the kinetics of the reaction between ferricyanide and ascorbic acid. Therefore, the proposed system can be regarded as an efficient and accessible didactic tool for the teaching of FIA principles.

Biogeochemistry in acid sulphate soil landscapes and small urban centres in Western Finland

The overall purpose of this thesis was to increase the knowledge on the biogeochemistry of rural acid sulphate (AS) soil environments and urban forest ecosystems near small towns in Western Finland. In addition, the potential causal relationship between the distribution of AS soils and geographical occurence of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease was assessed based on a review of existing literature and data. Acid sulphate soils, which occupy an area of approximately 17–24 million hectare worldwide, are regarded as the nastiest soils in the world. Independent of the geographical locality of these soils, they pose a great threat to their surrounding environment if disturbed. The abundant metal-rich acid drainage from Finnish AS soils, which is a result of sulphide oxidation due to artificial farmland drainage, has significant but spatially and temporally variable ecotoxicological impacts on biodiversity and community structure of fish, benthic invertebrates and macrophytes. This has resulted in mass fish kills and even eradication of sensitive fish species in affected waters. Moreover, previous investigations demonstrated significantly enriched concentrations of Co, Ni, Mn and Al, metals which are abundantly mobilised in AS soils, in agricultural crops (timothy grass and oats) and approximately 50 times higher concentrations of Al in cow milk originating from AS soils in Western Finland. Nevertheless, the results presented here demonstrate, in general, relatively moderate metal concentrations in oats and cabbage grown on AS soils in Western Finland, although some of the studied fields showed anomalous values of metals (e.g. Co and Ni) in both the soil and target plants (especially oats), similar to that of the previous investigations. The results indicated that the concentrations of Co, Ni, Mn and Zn in oats and Co and Zn in cabbage were governed by soil geochemistry as these metals were correlated with corresponding concentrations extracted from the soil by NH4Ac-EDTA and NH4Ac, respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Fe in oats and cabbage were uncorrelated to that of the easily soluble concentrations in the soils, suggesting that biological processes (e.g. plant-root processes) overshadow geochemical variation. The concentrations of K and Mg in cabbage, which showed a low spread and were strongly correlated to the NH4Ac extractable contents in the soil, were governed by both the bioavailable fractions in the topsoil and plant-uptake mechanisms. The plant´s ability to regulate its uptake of Ca and P (e.g. through root exudates) seemed to be more important than the influence of soil geochemistry. The distribution of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and S within humus, moss and needles in and around small towns was to a high degree controlled by biological cycling, which was indicated by the low correlation coefficients for P, K, Ca, Mg and S between humus and moss, and the low spread of these nutrients in moss and needles. The concentration variations of elements in till are mainly due to natural processes (e.g. intrusions, weathering, mineralogical variations in the bedrock). There was a strong spatial pattern for B in humus, moss and needles, which was suggested to be associated with anthropogenic emissions from nearby town centres. Geogenic dust affected the spatial distribution of Fe and Cr in moss, while natural processes governed the Fe anomaly found in the needles. The spatial accumulation patterns of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in humus and moss were strong and diverse, and related to current industry, the former steel industry, coal combustion, and natural geochemical processes. An intriguing Cu anomaly was found in moss. Since it was located close to a main railway line and because the railway line´s electric cables are made of Cu, it was suggested that the reason for the Cu anomaly is corrosion of these cables. In Western Finland, where AS soils are particularly abundant and enrich the metal concentrations of stream waters, cow milk and to some extent crops, an environmental risk assessment would be motivated to elucidate if the metal dispersion affect human health. Within this context, a topic of concern is the distribution of multiple sclerosis as high MS prevalence rates are found in the main area of AS soils. Regionally, the AS soil type in the Seinäjoki area has been demonstrated to be very severe in terms of metal leaching, this area also shows one of the highest MS rates reported worldwide. On a local scale, these severe AS soil types coincide well with the corresponding MS clustering along the Kyrönjoki River in Seinäjoki. There are reasons to suspect that these spatial correlations are causal, as multiple sclerosis has been suggested to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.