Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA for 36kDa protein in urine from leprosy patients: a preliminary report

We have searched for Mycobacterium leprae DNA for 36kDa protein in urine using a M. leprae specific PCR technique. A limited number of 16 patients (of which 11 belonged to lepromatous leprosy and five to tuberculoid leprosy) and eight healthy individuals were included for the present study. The number of urine samples positive by PCR were 36.4% (4/11) in lepromatous patients and 40% (2/5) in tuberculoid patients. None of the samples from healthy individuals was positive. To our knowledge, the results indicate, for the first time, the presence of M. leprae DNA in urine from leprosy patients. Another important finding obtained out of the study is that amongst treated patients 66.6% (4/6) were positive whereas amongst untreated only 20% (2/10) were positive. From the present indicative data it appears that treatment improves the PCR results with urine as a sample. Thus, the approach could prove to be useful for monitoring the treatment response of individual patients and needs to be further evaluated with a large number of patients.

Soft tissue abscess and lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium Complex as an expression of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after a second scheme of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an atypical and unexpected reaction related to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. IRIS includes an atypical response to an opportunistic pathogen (generally Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus and herpes varicella-zoster), in patients responding to HAART with a reduction of plasma viral load and evidence of immune restoration based on increase of CD4+ T-cell count. We reported a case of a patient with AIDS which, after a first failure of HAART, developed a subcutaneous abscess and supraclavicular lymphadenitis as an expression of IRIS due to Mycobacterium avium complex after starting a second scheme of HAART.

Effects of tissue handling and processing steps on PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples

Development and standardization of reliable methods for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples is an important goal in laboratories throughout the world. In this work, lung and spleen fragments from a patient who died with the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis were used to evaluate the influence of the type of fixative as well as the fixation and paraffin inclusion protocols on PCR performance in paraffin embedded specimens. Tissue fragments were fixed for four h to 48 h, using either 10% non-buffered or 10% buffered formalin, and embedded in pure paraffin or paraffin mixed with bee wax. Specimens were submitted to PCR for amplification of the human beta-actin gene and separately for amplification of the insertion sequence IS6110, specific from the M. tuberculosis complex. Amplification of the beta-actin gene was positive in all samples. No amplicons were generated by PCR-IS6110 when lung tissue fragments were fixed using 10% non-buffered formalin and were embedded in paraffin containing bee wax. In conclusion, combined inhibitory factors interfere in the detection of M. tuberculosis in stored material. It is important to control these inhibitory factors in order to implement molecular diagnosis in pathology laboratories.

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN Nocardia spp. AND Mycobacterium spp.: CRITICAL ASPECTS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

New methodologies were developed for the identification of Nocardia but the initial diagnosis still requires a fast and accurate method, mainly due to the similarity to Mycobacterium, both clinical and bacteriologically. Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium, presence of acid-fast bacilli through Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and colony morphology can be confusing aspects between Nocardia and Mycobacterium. This study describes the occurrence of Nocardia spp. in a mycobacterial-reference laboratory, observing the main difficulties in differentiating Nocardia spp. from Mycobacterium spp., and correlating isolates with nocardiosis cases. Laboratory records for the period between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed, and the isolates identified as Nocardia sp. or as non-acid-fast filamentous bacilli were selected. Epidemiological and bacteriological data were analyzed as well. Thirty-three isolates identified as Nocardia sp. and 22 as non-acid-fast bacilli were selected for this study, and represented 0.12% of isolates during the study period. The presumptive identification was based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology, resistance to lysozyme and restriction profiles using the PRA-hsp65 method. Nocardia spp. can grow on media for mycobacteria isolation (LJ and BBL MGIT™) and microscopy and colony morphology are very similar to some mycobacteria species. Seventeen patients (54.8%) were reported and treated for tuberculosis, but presented signs and symptoms of nocardiosis. It was concluded that the occurrence of Nocardia sp. during the study period was 0.12%. Isolates with characteristics of filamentous bacilli, forming aerial hyphae, with colonies that may be pigmented, rough and without the BstEII digestion pattern in PRA-hsp65 method are suggestive of Nocardia spp. For a mycobacterial routine laboratory, a flow for the presumptive identification of Nocardia is essential, allowing the use of more accurate techniques for the correct identification, proper treatment and better quality of life for patients.

Identificação de micobactérias não tuberculosas através de métodos moleculares não comerciais

Embora Mycobacterium tuberculosis, o agente etiológico da tuberculose humana, seja a principal causa de micobacteriose no Homem, outras micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT), podem também causar infecção em seres humanos, sendo cada vez mais frequentemente isoladas no laboratório de micobacteriologia. Dada a morosidade da identificação de MNT por métodos convencionais, torna-se essencial o desenvolvimento de métodos rápidos e fiáveis para a sua identificação. Neste estudo foram comparados três métodos moleculares para a identificação de MNT, baseados na análise de restrição enzimática após amplificação de: (i) região rRNA 16S-23S “Internal Transcribed Spacer” (ITS), (ii) gene hsp65, e (iii) zona ITS e regiões adjacentes, 16S e 23S rDNA. Para este fim, avaliamos 50 isolados, correspondendo a 47 isolados clínicos de MNT e três estirpes de referência, representando as 11 espécies de MNT mais frequentemente isoladas no laboratório de Micobactérias do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT, UNL) e uma estirpe referência de M. tuberculosis, e identificadas anteriormente utilizando o sistema comercial GenoType® Mycobacterium CM/AS (Hain Lifescience). O PCR-RFLP do gene hsp65 proporcionou os melhores resultados, identificando correctamente 42 dos 49 isolados de MNT, pertencentes a M. avium, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. szulgai, M. peregrinum e M. xenopi. O PCR-RFLP da região ITS identificou correctamente 28 dos 49 isolados testados, não distinguindo M. intracellulare/M. scrofulaceum, M. avium/M. bohemicum e M. kansasii/M. szulgai. Finalmente, o PCR-RFLP da região ITS e regiões adjacentes mostrou o pior desempenho, com apenas oito isolados correctamente identificados e falhando na amplificação de diversos isolados. Dos três métodos testados, o PCR-RFLP do gene hsp65 e da região ITS mostraram maior capacidade de identificação e reprodutibilidade. No entanto, a sua aplicação exige uma optimização cuidadosa das condições de análise e a sua aplicabilidade depende, em grande parte, da diversidade xi de MNT em cada laboratório. Verificaram-se também várias dificuldades a nível da interpretação dos resultados. Assim, apesar das vantagens referidas na literatura para estes três métodos, verificou-se que o grau de variabilidade e dificuldade de interpretação associados aos padrões obtidos, limitam a sua implementação no laboratório de diagnóstico de micobacteriologia.

Caracterização de estirpes Mycobacterium Tuberculosis da família Lisboa: análise de regiões de diferença e single nucleotide polymorphisms

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Gold nanoprobes for the detection of mutations associated with antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina

Novas estratégias no combate à tuberculose: a NADH-MENAQUINONA desidrogenase do tipo II de Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Microbiologia Médica

Imunopatologia da hanseníase: a complexidade dos mecanismos da resposta imune do hospedeiro ao Mycobacterium leprae

A hanseníase, cujo agente etiológico Mycobacterium Ieprae, é doença de amplo espectro clínico e imunopatológico. Suas apresentações clínicas estão correlacionadas com padrões imunológicos distintos, variando de uma vigorosa resposta imune mediada por células ao M. Ieprae, com padrão Th1 no pólo tuberculóide, a uma ausência de resposta celular específica aos antígenos do M. Ieprae no pólo lepromatoso, com predomínio da resposta Th2 e exacerbação da resposta humoral. É provável que a suscetibilidade ao M. Ieprae é determinada por diferentes genes polimórficos. Estudos adicionais são necessários para esclarecer os mecanismos das interações complexas entre as citocinas e a participação da diversidade fenotípica da rede de células que contribuem para a defesa do hospedeiro. O entendimento de tais mecanismos poderá oferecer novas abordagens para identificar agonistas e/ou antagonistas para os efeitos pró- ou anti-inflamatórios e em quais circunstâncias sua utilização seria apropriada para intervenções imunológicas e/ou imunoterapeuticas.

Evaluation of a commercial test based on ligase chain reaction for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory specimens

A ligase chain reaction DNA amplification method for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Abbott LCx MTB) in respiratory specimens was evaluated. Results from LCx MTB Assay were compared with those from acid fast bacilli smear, culture, and final clinical diagnosis for each patient. A total of 297 respiratory specimens (sputum and bronchial lavage) from 193 patients were tested. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of LCx vs culture were 92.7%, 93%, 67.8% and 98.7%, respectively. When compared to the clinical final diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for LCx were 88.9%, 96.8%, 86.5% and 97.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of LCx MTB assay was 75% for smear-negative, culture positive samples. The results indicate that LCx MTB assay is a rapid, simple and valuable technique as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Prevalence and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in nursing students in Vitória, Espírito Santo

This prospective study evaluated the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among nursing students at the Federal University of Espírito Santo, using the purified protein derivative test. In parallel, we evaluated whether knowledge on tuberculosis transmission mechanisms had any impact on nursing students' attitudes in relation to the risk of tuberculosis infection. The incidence of tuberculin conversion was 10.5% per year (p=0.035, 95% CI = 3.63-17.43), whereas the expected conversion rate in the overall population in Brazil is 0.5% per year. These results indicate nursing students as a group at risk for TB infection. Among the risk factors studied only the use of NIOSH95 masks was associated with protection against infection (RR=0.2). Furthermore there was no statistical difference among students that PPD converted and those who remained negative regarding disease knowledge and the existence of adequate facilities for patient hospitalization. Our data reinforces the need for implementing special biosafety programs targeting this professional group.

The secretory immunoglobulin A response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a childhood population

We report on the measurement of saliva anti-Purified Protein Derivative sIgA and 38kDa antibodies from 127 children, of whom 31 were strong tuberculosis suspects and 96 were healthy contact children. The results concerning the percentage of children with antibody reactivity to PPD and 38kDa antigens showed that, of these 2 antigens, 38kDa induced higher reactivity in patients positive and negative for the Tuberculin Skin Test (28% and 16.6%, respectively) in comparison to controls positive and negative for the TST (11.7% and 7.1%, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between patients positive and controls negative for the TST. In relation to the Purified Protein Derivative antigen, while 14.2% of patients positive for the TST showed antibody reactivity to the PPD antigen, no patients negative for the TST had reactivity to this antigen. The findings suggest that these two antigens seem be associated with a different development of the mucosal defence mechanisms mediated by sIgA against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.