Bond strength and transversal deformation aging on cement-polymer adhesive mortar

Polymer-modified mortar is widely used to set ceramic tiles used as external finishing for high rise buildings in countries such as Brazil, Israel, Singapore and Portugal, mainly because it shows better bond strength and flexibility as compared to the traditional ones. Despite this, the results in the literature already published concerning the long-term performance of those composite mortars are is not conclusive. This paper, based on a laboratory program, compared the performance over time of four commercial polymer-modified adhesive mortars exposed to a typical Brazilian outdoor aging environment and to an indoor environment in terms of mortar flexibility and the bond strength to porcelain tiles. The results show that under laboratory condition, the mortars are more flexible and have higher bond strength than under external condition, and that there is an important correlation between the transversal deformability and the bond strength. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Body weight as an indicator of fat-free mass in active elderly women

Objective: Fat-free mass (FFM) reduction and the tendency for a reduction in surrounding fatty issue and increase in the middle are a natural consequence of growing old and should be studied in order to gain a better understanding of the aging process. This study set out to find the FFM differences between active elderly women in two age groups (60-69 and 70-80 years) and to determine which of the anthropometric measurements, body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), or body mass index (BMI) are the best predictors of FFM variation within the group. Methods: Eighty-one (n = 81) active elderly women of the Third Age willingly signed up to participate in the research during the activities at the University of the Third Age (UTA) in Brazil. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Body weight (BW), height (H) and the BMI were measured according to the international standards. The AC was measured in centimetres at the H of the navel and body composition was ascertained using bioimpedance analysis. The SAS program was used to perform the statistical analysis of independent samples and parametric data. Results: The results showed FFM values with significant differences between the two groups, with the lowest values occurring among the women who were over 70 years of age. In the analysis, the Pearson`s Correlation Coefficient for each measured independent variable was ascertained, with the BW measurement showing the highest ratio (0.900). Conclusions: The BW measurement was regarded as reliable, low-cost and easy to use for monitoring FFM in elderly women who engage in physical activities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of a chromium-rich tannery waste and its potential use in ceramics

Leather industries which promote hide stabilization by the conventional chrome-tanning process are a major source of pollution because of the resultant chromium-rich wastes. In this work, an extensive characterization of such a chromium-rich waste sludge is presented, regarding its chemical composition (XRF), crystalline phase contents (XRD), organic carbon content (TOC), thermal behavior by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as its stability under chemical attack (the concentration of important ions in the leachates being determined by capillary electrophoresis) and when submitted to temperatures as high as 1100 degrees C, in air. The material showed the tendency to produce some undesirable, and previously non-detected hexavalent chromium when exposed to high temperatures, but after washing off the soluble salts and the elimination of the organic matter by firing, the resultant material was succesfully tested as a ceramic pigment in a conventional glaze composition usually employed in the ceramic the industry. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Rites of passage: Understanding participation of children with developmental coordination disorder

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) experience difficulty participating in the typical activities of childhood and are known to have a more sedentary pattern of activities than their peers. Little research has been done to investigate the impact of these deficits on the lives of children with DCD and the importance of their participation in the typical activities of childhood. This qualitative study explored the impact of the disorder and the importance of participation for children with DCD from the perspective of the parent. Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with parents of children with DCD who attended a university clinic specializing in using the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (COOP) approach, a cognitive-based intervention. Findings revealed that incompetence in everyday activities had serious negative effects for the children. Conversely, intervention that was focused on enablement at the activity and participation level had a significant positive impact on the children's quality of life. Emerging themes highlighted the notion that performance competency played an important role in being accepted by peers and being able to be part of the group. As well, parents reported that successful participation built confidence in their children and allowed them to try other new activities. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health provides a unique framework for analyzing and understanding the impact of the physical disability on the lives of families with children with DCD. Results illustrate how intervention that focuses on enabling children to choose their own functional goals in the area of physical activity has important implications for enabling participation and building the social networks of children with DCD. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Autonomy of long-stay psychiatric inpatients

OBJECTIVE: To assess personal autonomy of long-stay psychiatric inpatients, to identify those patients who could be discharged and to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic variables, social functioning, and physical disabilities on their autonomy was also assessed. METHODS: A total of 584 long-stay individuals of a psychiatric hospital (96% of the hospital population) in Southern Brazil was assessed between July and August 2002. The following instruments, adapted to the Brazilian reality, were used: independent living skills survey, social behavioral schedule, and questionnaire for assessing physical disability. RESULTS: Patients showed severe impairment of their personal autonomy, especially concerning money management, work-related skills and leisure, food preparation, and use of transportation. Autonomy deterioration was associated with length of stay (OR=1.02), greater physical disability (OR=1.54; p=0.01), and male gender (OR=3.11; p<0.001). The risk estimate of autonomy deterioration was 23 times greater among those individuals with severe impairment of social functioning (95% CI: 10.67-49.24). CONCLUSIONS: In-patients studied showed serious impairment of autonomy. While planning these patients' discharge their deficits should be taken into consideration. Assessment of patients' ability to function and to be autonomous helps in identifying their needs for care and to evaluate their actual possibilities of social reinsertion.

Long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital in Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic profile, social functioning, and quality of life of a population of long-stay care patients in a psychiatric hospital. METHODS: A study was carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2002. A total of 584 (96%) long-stay patients were assessed by means of the following instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life, the Social Behavior Schedule, the Independent Living Skills Survey, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and another instrument for assessing disability (Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Disability). RESULTS: The average hospital stay was 26 years (SD: 15.8) and 46.6% of inpatients had no physical disability. Patients had their social functioning skills and autonomy largely impaired. Few of them (27.7%) answered the instrument for assessing quality of life, and showed significant impairments in all domains. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale evidenced a low prevalence of positive symptoms in this population. CONCLUSIONS: The institutionalized population studied presented significantly impaired social functioning, autonomy, and quality of life. These aspects need to be taken into consideration while planning for their deinstitutionalization.

Handgrip strength

The basic function of the human hand is the manipulation and grasping of various objects in all daily activities, including work activities. This is greatly influenced by strength and manual dexterity. However age, gender and other contexts such as work or leisure activities could influence strength. Handgrip strength, a measure of maximum voluntary force of the hand, has proved to be reliable and valid as an objective parameter to evaluate the functional integrity of the hand as part of the musculoskeletal system. It correlates highly with strength in other muscular groups and is therefore considered as a good indicator of overall muscular strength and functional stress and could be used as a predictor of physical disability. Handgrip strength assessment is simple and reliable and used commonly by several investigators and health professionals, in different contexts (medical, nutritional, rehabilitation, professional settings, engineering, etc.) and with different purposes (research, diagnostic, assessment, etc.). In clinical and rehabilitation settings is of vital importance in the determination of effectiveness of several interventions and for monitoring evolution of diseases. Various ways (methods, techniques and equipments) of collecting information on grip strength have been reported. This chapter will review basic concepts on handgrip function, methodologies of assessment, contexts of application and correlates, such as physical activity, health or nutritional status. Several populations and reference values as also the relationships between handgrip and clinical status, aging, risk of disability and diseases, will be discussed.

Clinical and functional aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among active workers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate musculoskeletal disorders among active industrial workers. METHODS: The study was carried out in São Carlos, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. One hundred and thirty-four female workers were physically evaluated and answered questions about their physical symptoms, filled out a pain scale and gave responses in the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, and the Work Ability Index questionnaire. The data were analyzed descriptively, and in correlation tests and through applying logistic regression. The outcome was evaluated in relation to the perceptions of pain, symptoms, physical assessment, ability to work and disability. RESULTS: Clinical evaluations and sick leave presented positive correlations with the subjective variables. The Work Ability Index presented a negative correlation with the physical disability index (r=-0.69). Symptoms reported at the time of the assessment presented a good correlation with the results from the pain scale and the clinical findings. Previous sick leave showed an association with disability (OR=1.13; 95% CI:1.08;1.18). CONCLUSION: Symptom reports and pain scales may be useful for assessing current conditions at the time of evaluating individuals with work-related musculoskeletal disorders, as they are easier to apply. In more severe cases of such injuries, clinical and functional evaluations and questionnaires such as those relating to ability to work and disability are preferable. Precise and specific evaluations of these disorders may contribute towards fairer legal and administrative decisions.

Optimização energética da olaria de uma cerâmica

Na indústria cerâmica o consumo de energia é elevado, fazendo com que este custo represente uma parte significativa dos custos totais de produção das peças. De forma a diminuir esta dependência, a energia deve ser gerida de forma contínua e eficazmente. O presente trabalho consistiu na análise da situação energética e na elaboração de propostas de optimização da etapa de conformação que ocorre na Olaria número quatro da Fábrica Cerâmica de Valadares, S.A. Determinou-se o rendimento efectivo da Olaria, tendo-se obtido um valor de 24,7%. As perdas térmicas ocorrem na Olaria, a nível da envolvente, da ventilação, da exaustão de gases e da inércia térmica, representando, respectivamente, 18122 MJ, 50222 MJ, 39228 MJ e 4338 MJ por semana de trabalho. Numa última fase sugeriram-se algumas medidas de optimização energética. A primeira medida visa uma melhoria na manutenção dos geradores, um aumento na gama de temperaturas de funcionamento dos geradores e uma minimização dos tempos de abertura dos portões. Na segunda medida propõe-se a diminuição da percentagem de excesso de ar para 10%, equivalendo a uma poupança de 8839 €/ano. Na terceira medida avaliou-se a possibilidade da aplicação de um permutador de calor de modo a aproveitar os gases de combustão. Esta permitiria uma poupança de 119 €/ano, no entanto, devido ao elevado tempo de retorno do investimento (12,6 anos) considerou-se que esta medida não era viável. A quarta proposta relaciona-se com a optimização da ventilação da Olaria por aumento do ciclo de renovação de ar para 5 h, promovendo uma poupança de 8583 € anuais. Como última sugestão de optimização, aconselhou-se a diminuição do volume da olaria em 6935 m3. Com esta proposta é possível obter uma poupança de 4993 €/ano. Esta medida envolve um investimento de 12000 €, sendo o tempo de retorno do investimento de 2,4 anos. Das cinco propostas estudadas concluiu-se que quatro são viáveis permitindo uma melhoria do funcionamento da Olaria e uma poupança significativa na factura energética.

Assessment of the environmental radiation by in situ gamma ray spectrometry

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) under certain conditions can reach hazardous radiological levels contributing to an additional exposure dose to ionizing radiation. Most environmental concerns are associated with uranium mining and milling sites, but the same concerns should be addressed to natural near surface occurrences of uranium as well as man-made sources such as technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) resulting from phosphates industry, ceramic industry and energy production activities, in particular from coal-fired power plants which is one of the major sources of increased exposure to man from enhanced naturally occurring materials. This work describes the methodology developed to assess the environmental radiation by in situ gamma spectrometry in the vicinity of a Portuguese coal fired power plant. The current investigation is part of a research project that is undergoing in the vicinity of Sines Coal-Fired Power Plant (south of Portugal) until the end of 2013.

Optimização energética das estufas de secagem de uma indústria de cerâmica

A gestão de energia é um dos factores chave do sucesso de uma empresa e como qualquer outro factor de produção deve ser gerido continuamente e eficazmente. A gestão correcta do consumo de energia assume-se como crucial nas empresas do sector cerâmico pois exigem grande consumo de gás natural. Também a tendência de aumento do custo do gás natural tem induzido a necessidade de minimização do consumo de combustível nas indústrias e favorecido o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens para a optimização deste recurso natural. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve como objectivo a optimização da energia nas estufas de secagem na Fábrica de Cerâmica de Valadares S.A. A actividade desta empresa consiste na produção de louça sanitária envolvendo um consumo elevado de energia. Realizou-se um levantamento das condições técnicas/operacionais dos equipamentos em estudo e elaborou-se uma ferramenta de simulação que foi aplicada para realizar um balanço energético detalhado e diagnóstico da situação existente. No seguimento, foi efectuada uma análise de mercado, para elaboração do estudo económico da implementação das medidas sugeridas, nomeadamente, a recuperação dos gases de combustão que saem das três estufas que secam os moldes para as estufas de louça cerâmica. Optou-se por esta medida uma vez que reduzirá significativamente, em cerca de 50%, o consumo de combustível (gás natural) nas estufas de secagem. O tempo de retorno do investimento necessário para adquirir o equipamento é de, aproximadamente, 10 meses.

A opinião de crianças em idade pré-escolar sobre os seus pares com deficiência

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento, as perceções e a intenção comportamental - as atitudes - das crianças em idade pré-escolar com desenvolvimento típico relativamente aos seus pares com incapacidade ou deficiência. As atitudes das crianças foram avaliadas a partir da observação de fotografias de crianças de três grupos distintos: (1) com incapacidade intelectual, (2) com incapacidade motora e (3) sem incapacidades. Participaram nesta investigação 34 crianças a frequentar o ensino pré-escolar, com mais de 4 anos de idade e com desenvolvimento típico. Os participantes foram selecionados de 4 salas com crianças com Necessidades Adicionais de Suporte (NAS) e 4 sem crianças com NAS. A recolha dos dados foi efetuada através de quatro instrumentos: "Understanding Disability Scale", "Perceived Attributes Scale", "Perceived Capacibilities Scale", "Behavioral Intentions Scale". Os resultados obtidos indicaram a existência de muitas dúvidas sobre o que é a deficiência física e incapacidade intelectual. Relativamente à perceção de atributos e capacidades, verificou-se que existem opiniões mais positivas em relação aos pares com desenvolvimento típico comparativamente aos pares com incapacidades. Ao nível da intenção comportamental, os resultados mostraram que não existem diferenças entre os três grupos, isto é, o facto de os pares terem um desenvolvimento típico ou terem incapacidade intelectual ou deficiência física, não determina a predisposição das crianças para interagirem perante os mesmos. Contrariamente à nossa expectativa, o ambiente educativo (inclusivo vs. nãoinclusivo, isto é, ter ou não na mesma turma colegas com incapacidades ou deficiência) não tem um impacto significativo nas atitudes das crianças

Incorporação de resíduos de cerâmica em argamassas de cal aérea

Sabe-se que aproximadamente 30% do material produzido pela indústria cerâmica é considerado desperdício e, frequentemente, depositado em aterro, com o impacto ambiental negativo que acarreta. Esta tem sido uma das grandes motivações para a crescente investigação que tem sido levada a cabo a fim de obter soluções viáveis para a sua reintrodução no processo produtivo. A viabilidade do uso de resíduos de material cerâmico tem vindo a ser avaliada, principalmente, na incorporação em betões ou em argamassas com base em cimento. Na antiguidade e na ausência de pozolanas naturais, eram frequentemente utilizados resíduos cerâmicos moídos, atuando como pozolanas artificiais e conferindo algumas características hidráulicas e de durabilidade às argamassas de cal aérea. Temse efetivamente constatado que alguns pós resultantes de desperdícios de cerâmica de barro vermelho, nomeadamente os que foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a temperaturas inferiores a 900°C e moídos em granulometria fina, podem funcionar como pozolanas artificiais em argamassas. A introdução de resíduos de cerâmica em granulometria mais grossa nas argamassas, como agregado, pode também revelarse vantajoso, na medida em que permite substituir parcialmente a areia normalmente utilizada. Assim sendo, o recurso aos resíduos de cerâmica pode ser muito vantajoso em três vertentes principais: a redução de resíduos a depositar em aterro, a redução da extração de rochas para serem utilizadas na produção de ligantes e de areias e a produção de argamassas com comportamentos melhorados. Com o objetivo de analisar a viabilidade da introdução de resíduos de cerâmica em argamassas, que se pretendem sejam, essencialmente, adequadas como argamassas de substituição, tem vindo a ser desenvolvida investigação na Universidade de Coimbra em colaboração com a Universidade Nova de Lisboa. O trabalho que se apresenta neste artigo é uma pequena parte dessa investigação. Toda esta investigação tem tido o apoio de um projeto de investigação financiado pela FCT.

Musculoskeletal Conditions Briefing

Musculoskeletal conditions (MSCs) are a group of diseases that affect the body’s bones, joints, muscles and the tissues that connect them. Common MSCs include back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and spinal disorders. MSCs are the most common cause of severe long term pain and physical disability in developed countries. They significantly affect the psychosocial wellbeing of individuals as well as their families and carers. They are responsible for substantial costs to the health and social care system and the economy. They are a leading cause of absence from work and lost productivity at work. MSCs comprise a diverse group of conditions. Some have a specific medical diagnosis (eg rheumatoid arthritis) but others have no clear medical diagnosis (eg back pain). Risk factors for the development and progression of MSCs include age, sex, family history, obesity, physical inactivity, injury and biomechanical occupational health issues.

Musculoskeletal Conditions Briefing: Technical Documentation

Musculoskeletal conditions (MSCs) are a group of diseases that affect the body’s bones, joints, muscles and the tissues that connect them. Common MSCs include back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and spinal disorders. MSCs are the most common cause of severe long term pain and physical disability in developed countries. They significantly affect the psychosocial wellbeing of individuals as well as their families and carers. They are responsible for substantial costs to the health and social care system and the economy. They are a leading cause of absence from work and lost productivity at work. MSCs comprise a diverse group of conditions. Some have a specific medical diagnosis (eg rheumatoid arthritis) but others have no clear medical diagnosis (eg back pain). Risk factors for the development and progression of MSCs include age, sex, family history, obesity, physical inactivity, injury and biomechanical occupational health issues. This document details the methods used to calculate the estimates and forecasts.