A questão do petróleo em terras indígenas: uma análise constitucional à luz do desenvolvimento sustentável

Recognizing the need to preserve a national ethnic minority, the Constitution, inspired by the pluralistic values of the Constitutional Law State, stipulated a series of rights and guarantees for the conservation of indigenous cultural singularity, disciplining in article 231 the Indians right to maintain their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions, as well as safeguarding the rights to the lands they traditionally occupy, and the exclusive use of the wealth existing in them, premise of ensuring their physical and cultural continuity, breaking decisively with the paradigm the assimilation of the Indian national civilization. However, despite the Indian policy of ethnic and cultural preservation, the Constitution allowed the exploitation of minerals in aboriginal territory, incorporated herein hydrocarbons, provided they meet certain predetermined requirements, leaving it to the legislature the discipline of ordinary matter. However, this law has not yet been published, with some projects in the National Congress, leaving thus precluding the indigenous subsurface oil exploration until the enactment of enabling legislation. Meanwhile, this paper carries out an integrated analysis of the constitutional protection of ethnic and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples, Convention Nº 169 of the International Labour Organization and the bill presented by Deputy Eduardo Valverde, in an attempt to consolidate sustainable development practices in the sector, through developing a system of social and environmental responsible oil exploration, aligning with national energy needs to maintain a balanced environment and preservation of socio-cultural organization of a minority so weakened and beaten over five centuries of domination

Terceirização versus agenda do trabalho decente : estudo de caso a partir do Banco do Brasil s.a. na Paraíba

This Dissertation examines outsourcing in Bank of Brazil SA, the state of Paraiba. The central research question is to what extent this flexibility of labor relations incorporates items claimed by ´recent´ Decent Work Agenda of the International Labour Organization (OIT) or, on the contrary, the ´epidemic´ of outsourcing makes it even more challenging the world of work in the third millennium. The research hypothesis is that the Bank of Brazil has a growing subcontracting / outsourcing of labor (companies and individuals) and that not only contributes to the deterioration of working conditions, but also opposes the Work Agenda decent. Aiming to prove or disprove the hypothesis, the study includes a survey and secondary field. The literature review focuses on the trend towards casualization of labor in capitalism, and yet, in an effort to systematize data and analysis on ´outsourcing´ from the viewpoint of different actors. This theoretical framework is anchored in important classical sources and present that address the topic in the world and in Brazil. The field research was conducted with the actors related to the theme of ´outsourcing´ the Bank of Brazil - Paraiba, precisely branch managers, permanent employees of the bank, union representatives (bank workers), union bank and outsourced. The results confirm, in part, the study hypothesis, by demonstrating that there are several meanings and forms of precariousness that the contractors surveyed are submitted, highlighting the issue of salaries, the work environment, union representation and health worker. All these themes, each for himself, are contemplated by the Decent Work Agenda of the ILO and show, according to field research, rather fragile

Sustainable development 20 years on from the earth summit: progress, gaps and strategic guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Millennium development goals: advances in environmentally sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Aplicação de meta-heurísticas na resolução do problema de balanceamento e designação de trabalhadores com deficiência em linha de produção

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Employment in microenterprises between 2003 and 2013. Improvements and challenges

The Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean is a twice-yearly report prepared jointly by the Economic Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Office for the Southern Cone of Latin America of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent improvements and persistent gaps in rural employment

This new edition of Employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, a twice-yearly report prepared jointly by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Office for the Southern Cone of Latin America of the International Labour Organization (ILO), discusses how weak job creation led to the third consecutive annual decline in the employment rate, which fell by 0.4 percentage points in 2015, indicating a reduction in the number of labour income earners per household. The ensuing drop in household income has played a large part in the increase estimated in the poverty rate for 2015. The second section of this report examines employment trends in rural areas of the countries of the region between 2005 and 2014, seeing to establish whether the improvements seen in the labour markets overall in that period also occurred in rural areas, and whether the gaps compared with urban areas decreased. The data presented in that section were generated from special processing of data from national household surveys.

Análise de documentos que compõem as noções acerca das práticas de "exploração de trabalhadores rurais": um estudo genealógico

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise genealógica foucaultiana das práticas discursivas e de poder dirigidas a trabalhadores, sobretudo, rurais, que constituirão o objeto ―trabalho escravo‖. Partimos das diferentes nomenclaturas que são utilizadas para descrever as práticas de exploração dos trabalhadores, no Brasil, para darmos visibilidade aos diferentes campos de luta que se materializam na objetivação e subsequente subjetivação desses trabalhadores. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que existe nesse jogo de poder-saber disputas que implicam em práticas de governamentalização e de mecanismos biopolíticos disparados por diversos segmentos que são convidados a arbitrar sobre a vida das pessoas, por meio do âmbito do trabalho. Cada nomenclatura assim, ocuparia uma posição estratégica, afim de ―defender‖, ―representar‖, o lugar de saber do qual fala. Essas disputas culminam na produção de documentos, dentre os quais alguns foram escolhidos para serem analisados nesse trabalho dissertativo. São documentos de âmbito internacional e nacional, a fim de que fosse problematizada essas práticas em dois níveis, já que percebe-se que ambos se interpolam e por vezes se completam na criação de estratégias e táticas agenciadas para o cuidado e gestão dos trabalhadores. Assim, verificou-se por meio de séries recortadas ao longo dos documentos que cresce uma demanda cada vez maior de pedido de punição aos considerados culpados em realizar as práticas de exploração, e dentre outras séries levantadas, há uma ampliação de um complexo tutelar, que começa a ser incentivado para o controle e vigilância dos trabalhadores, estimulados por organismos internacionais como a Organização Internacional do Trabalho, e outros movimentos e grupos da sociedade civil, que ajudam na produção de políticas públicas que muitas vezes acabam funcionando como uma forma de controlar os riscos a que possivelmente esses trabalhadores estejam submetidos, utilizam-se da estatística para justificar suas intervenções. Tem-se verificado, portanto, que um paradoxo de biopoder atravessa essas práticas, inserindo-as em um campo de gestão e controle da vida, onde se questiona se de fato os direitos e a dignidade humana dessas pessoas são levadas em consideração ou apenas ocupam um lugar dentro do campo dos acontecimentos possíveis que devem ser controlados por práticas de governamentalidade? Finalizamos tentando articular essas questões à produção de nomes utilizados para descrever as práticas de exploração dos trabalhadores, inserindo-os em estratégias de governo da população.

La protezione dei diritti sociali nell'ordinamento dell'Unione Europea

This study deals with the protection of social rights in Europe and aims to outline the position currently held by these rights in the EU law. The first two chapters provide an overview of the regulatory framework in which the social rights lie, through the reorganisation of international sources. In particular the international instruments of protection of social rights are taken into account, both at the universal level, due to the activity of the United Nations Organisation and of its specialized agency, the International Labour Organization, and at a regional level, related to the activity of the Council of Europe. Finally an analysis of sources concludes with the reconstruction of the stages of the recognition of social rights in the EU. The second chapter describes the path followed by social rights in the EU: it examines the founding Treaties and subsequent amendments, the Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers of 1989 and, in particularly, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the legal status of which was recently treated as the primary law by the Treaty of Lisbon signed in December 2007. The third chapter is, then, focused on the analysis of the substantive aspects of the recognition of the rights made by the EU: it provides a framework of the content and scope of the rights accepted in the Community law by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which is an important contribution to the location of the social rights among the fundamental and indivisible rights of the person. In the last section of the work, attention is focused on the two profiles of effectiveness and justiciability of social rights, in order to understand the practical implications of the gradual creation of a system of protection of these rights at Community level. Under the first profile, the discussion is focused on the effectiveness in the general context of the mechanisms of implementation of the “second generation” rights, with particular attention to the new instruments and actors of social Europe and the effect of the procedures of soft law. Second part of chapter four, finally, deals with the judicial protection of rights in question. The limits of the jurisprudence of the European Union Court of Justice are more obvious exactly in the field of social rights, due to the gap between social rights and other fundamental rights. While, in fact, the Community Court ensures the maximum level of protection to human rights and fundamental freedoms, social rights are often degraded into mere aspirations of EU institutions and its Member States. That is, the sources in the social field (European Social Charter and Community Charter) represent only the base for interpretation and application of social provisions of secondary legislation, unlike the ECHR, which is considered by the Court part of Community law. Moreover, the Court of Justice is in the middle of the difficult comparison between social values and market rules, of which it considers the need to make a balance: despite hesitancy to recognise the juridical character of social rights, the need of protection of social interests has justified, indeed, certain restrictions to the free movement of goods, freedom to provide services or to Community competition law. The road towards the recognition and the full protection of social rights in the European Union law appears, however, still long and hard, as shown by the recent judgments Laval and Viking, in which the Community court, while enhancing the Nice Charter, has not given priority to fundamental social rights, giving them the role of limits (proportionate and justified) of economic freedoms.

Inclusão social de catadores de materiais recicláveis: estudo da política nacional de resíduos sólidos e da efetivação do trabalho decente em Natal/RN

The integrated management of municipal solid waste in Brazil is held legally responsible by the city council administration. This is done since the year 2010 with the publication of the National Solid Waste Policy term. According to the policy and law, each city must encourage the implementation of selective collection and the participation of waste picker´s entities aiming social inclusion. However, these actions haven’t yet reached its legal aims. These workers are considered regarding collection actions but are stripped of certain basic labor rights not in conformation with the Decent Work concept. This type of work, according to International Labour Organization, must be seen as work that is properly paid for and must be done regarding conditions of freedom, equity, security and able to provide workers with a dignified life conditions. Thus, this work aims to investigate the implementation process regarding the Solid Waste National Policy in Natal-Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil. This is done considering socio-productive insertion of recyclable material collectors. The research is substantiated by a qualitative approach as well as documental and bibliographical research. A field research considering the cooperatives as well “in locco" observation and semi-structured interviews were carried out between the time span of 2013 and 2014. In order to investigate decent daily working conditions the research emphasized municipal management actions in Natal towards social inclusion that aim to reflect on the progress and difficulties experimented. It is seen that even when these cooperatives receive government support there are still important struggles that need to be overcome. The worker´s tasks are risky, the work environment in not safe or is adequate in terms of health issues. There is the stigma of it being considered an occupational task, the low individual income distancing the activity regarding parameters of the Green Employment and Decent Work concept. On the other hand, the survey showed potential as the relentless pursuit on behalf of the cooperatives that still search better work condition improvement.

Le travail domestique au Brésil : une étude à la lumière de la Convention n° 189 et de la Recommandation n° 201 de l’OIT

Le travail domestique est une des formes d’emploi les plus anciennes au monde. Au Brésil, ce type de service tire son origine de l’esclavage, technique d’exploitation économique qui a marqué l’histoire du pays durant environ 400 (quatre cents) ans. Encore au XXIème siècle, le travail domestique est sous-évalué et peine à être reconnu comme un vrai travail. La législation nationale a progressé au point de reconnaitre aux employés de maison les mêmes droits dont jouissent les autres salariés (amendement constitutionnel, 2013). Le droit international du travail joue un rôle crucial dans l’encadrement de la situation des travailleuses domestiques au monde. La Convention concernant le travail décent pour les travailleurs et travailleuses domestiques (n° 189) et la Recommandation n° 201 l’accompagnant de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) occupent une place importante dans la promotion du travail décent aux travailleurs domestiques. Malgré l’existence de normes – nationales et internationales – importantes, la problématique de la condition de travail et de vie des travailleuses domestiques au Brésil va au-delà de la législation, impliquant la notion culturelle de dévalorisation du travail domestique, cette même conception qui associe le travail à domicile à l’esclavage.

Le travail domestique au Brésil : une étude à la lumière de la Convention n° 189 et de la Recommandation n° 201 de l’OIT

Le travail domestique est une des formes d’emploi les plus anciennes au monde. Au Brésil, ce type de service tire son origine de l’esclavage, technique d’exploitation économique qui a marqué l’histoire du pays durant environ 400 (quatre cents) ans. Encore au XXIème siècle, le travail domestique est sous-évalué et peine à être reconnu comme un vrai travail. La législation nationale a progressé au point de reconnaitre aux employés de maison les mêmes droits dont jouissent les autres salariés (amendement constitutionnel, 2013). Le droit international du travail joue un rôle crucial dans l’encadrement de la situation des travailleuses domestiques au monde. La Convention concernant le travail décent pour les travailleurs et travailleuses domestiques (n° 189) et la Recommandation n° 201 l’accompagnant de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) occupent une place importante dans la promotion du travail décent aux travailleurs domestiques. Malgré l’existence de normes – nationales et internationales – importantes, la problématique de la condition de travail et de vie des travailleuses domestiques au Brésil va au-delà de la législation, impliquant la notion culturelle de dévalorisation du travail domestique, cette même conception qui associe le travail à domicile à l’esclavage.

Trade union internationalism and political change in Myanmar

Networks of trade union activists working as part of the global union movement have played a central role in political change in Myanmar. In response to trade union advocacy, compliance with International Labour Organization (ILO) standards was made a key condition for the lifting of sanctions on Myanmar, leading the current civilian government to pass revised labour laws allowing the formation of independent trade unions. Union activists have taken advantage of this new freedom, with a rapid growth in registration of local union organizations since 2011. Based on recent fieldwork in Myanmar, including interviews with union leaders and ILO officials, this paper presents an empirical analysis of political relationships formed by local and international union organizations in the context of multi-level political change. In this case study of translating international norms into domestic political change, local and international trade union networks are shown to have a significant impact on achieving compliance with international labour standards.

Los economistas colombianos y el problema de la desigualdad

Este trabajo tiene el propósito de responder cómo ha cambiado la manera en que los economistas colombianos hablan sobre “desigualdad” a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Trabajo infantil y problemas del comportamiento en menores trabajadores

Objetivo: Identificar la relación de los factores de riesgo ocupacional del trabajo infantil con los problemas de comportamiento en menores de edad trabajadores de una plaza de mercado en Colombia Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 100 niños trabajadores de la plaza de Mercaneiva. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar los factores ocupacionales en la población, evaluando aspectos sociodemográficos y condiciones laborales; para establecer la prevalencia de los problemas del comportamiento se utilizó el cuestionario sobre el comportamiento de niños niñas de 6-18 años (CBCL- 01). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante SPSS versión 26, con un análisis estadístico cualitativo por medio de proporciones y tablas de frecuencia, se usaron además medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se hizo un análisis bivariado entre los problemas de comportamiento y los factores ocupacionales utilizando el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: Se determinaron 3 parámetros relacionados entre los factores ocupacionales y los problemas de conductas que fueron la edad mínima de admisión al empleo (8.2 ± 2.5 años, med=8), las extensas jornadas de trabajo (7.2 ± 3.1, med=7) y los años que lleva laborando (4.5± 2.6 años med=4). Los niños mostraron una diferencias significativa en los problemas de comportamiento (26.3± 9.9) más que las niñas (23.9±9.3) (p=0.023) y respecto a las conductas externalizadas fue mayor en el género masculino (p=0.001). El resultado de la prevalencia de los problemas de comportamiento demostró que el rango clínico se correlacionó significativamente con el comportamiento general (conductas internalizadas r= 0.735, p<0.001; conductas externalizadas r= 0.693, p<0.001; otros problemas r= 0.729, p<0.001) al hallar que el 76.0% de menores trabajadores están en un rango clínico. Conclusión: El empezar a trabajar a una edad temprana es un riesgo para presentar problemas de conducta. Los entes gubernamentales deben ser más activos y apropiarse de su rol para el restablecimiento de derechos y actuar en los resultados hallados en la investigación para que se continúe monitoreando mediante más estudios e intervenciones.