Análisis comparativo de la situación actual de los puertos secos en tres contextos diferentes: Colombia, México, España

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar y comparar Puertos Secos en tres países diferentes: Colombia, México y España; y con ello determinar las claves o herramientas para el éxito de estos. Para esto, la investigación se llevó a cabo a nivel documental y teórico, abarcando desde documentos de investigación académicos y de entidades supranacionales, hasta documentos de carácter legislativo de diferente orden, para los tres países de estudio, incluyendo estudios privados y herramientas estadísticas propias de los Puertos Secos o sus empresas concesionarias. Gracias a todo esto, se pudo desarrollar el documento con la siguiente estructura: Historia, Referencias, Legislación y Descripción. En la primera etapa, resalta el enfoque de desarrollo portuario y de promoción del tren como medio de transporte y herramienta comercial; en la segunda etapa, se corrobora la dificultad que estos proyectos enfrentan en Colombia por parte del sector público centralista y carente de visión y una precaria participación del sector privado; en la tercera etapa se ratifica esto al ser la principal diferencia el enfoque logístico en la legislación, partiendo de la constitución misma, y su presencia o ausencia en los marcos legales de cada país; y se termina con el resultado de estos elementos previos condensado en elementos tangibles en México y España, y tan solo ilusiones y fracasos para Colombia. Por todo lo anterior, se llega a la conclusión que un Marco Jurídico bien estructurado, una fuerte Inversión del Sector Público y Privado, y una Voluntad Política de largo impulso son las claves para el éxito de estos proyectos, y todo lo que viene ligado a ellos.

Language experience shapes the development of the mutual exclusivity bias

Halberda (2003) demonstrated that 17-month-old infants, but not 14- or 16-month-olds, use a strategy known as mutual exclusivity (ME) to identify the meanings of new words. When 17-month-olds were presented with a novel word in an intermodal preferential looking task, they preferentially fixated a novel object over an object for which they already had a name. We explored whether the development of this word-learning strategy is driven by children's experience of hearing only one name for each referent in their environment by comparing the behavior of infants from monolingual and bilingual homes. Monolingual infants aged 17–22 months showed clear evidence of using an ME strategy, in that they preferentially fixated the novel object when they were asked to "look at the dax." Bilingual infants of the same age and vocabulary size failed to show a similar pattern of behavior. We suggest that children who are raised with more than one language fail to develop an ME strategy in parallel with monolingual infants because development of the bias is a consequence of the monolingual child's everyday experiences with words.

'Word-learning wizardry' at I;6

This article explores whether infants are able to learn words as rapidly as has been reported for preschoolers. Sixty-four infants aged 1;6 were taught labels for either two moving images or two still images. Each image-label pair was presented three times, after which comprehension was assessed using an adaptation of the intermodal preferential looking paradigm. Three repetitions of each label were found to be sufficient for learning to occur, fewer than has previously been reported for infants under two years. Moreover, contrary to a previous finding, learning was equally rapid for infants who were taught labels for moving versus still images. The findings indicate that infants in the early stages of acquiring a vocabulary learn new word-referent associations with ease, and that the learning conditions that allow such learning are less restricted that was previously believed.

Infraestrutura logística de exportação de açucar e etanol no centro - sul do Brasil

O Brasil vem se posicionado como uma potência em agronegócio, sendo um dos maiores exportadores mundiais de carnes, suco de laranja, açúcar, etanol, complexo de soja, café e produtos florestais. Este destaque no cenário mundial está sendo construído através de diversos diferenciais de nosso país, desde a disponibilidade de ambientes produtivos adequados à conquista de tecnologia de ponta para produção e transformação da matériaprima. Neste ambiente, o setor sucroenergético tornou se um dos mais competitivos, devido aos maciços investimentos ocorridos nos últimos trinta anos em produtividade agrícola e industrial para a transformação da cana-de-açúcar em açúcar, etanol e outras formas de energia e produtos correlatos. Observa-se que uma das maiores deficiências brasileiras no agronegócio está na carência de infraestrutura adequada para a movimentação desses produtos do campo ao cliente final. O Brasil possui uma matriz de modais inadequada para suas dimensões. Nossos portos apresentam diversos problemas, sendo que o acesso, a eficiência e produtividade dos terminais e o calado adequado são os principais gargalos. Neste trabalho concentraremos esforços na análise da infraestrutura logística para exportação de açúcar e etanol no Centro-Sul do país, apresentando o atual estágio, as iniciativas existentes e as tendências futuras dos modais de transporte; dos terminais de transbordo intermodal e dos terminais portuários.

Bridging infrastructural gaps in Central America: prospects and potential for maritime transport

Includes bibliography

Infraestructura y servicios de transporte ferroviario vinculados a las vías de navegación fluvial en América del Sur

Incluye Bibliografía

Informe de la Reunión del Grupo Especial de Expertos sobre la Industria de Transporte Regular Internacional y la Competitividad del Comercio Exterior de los Países de América Latina y el Caribe

Contiene la organización de los trabajos y los informes de dos grupos de trabajo sobre transporte intermodal y multimodal y de transporte marítimo regular, cuya tarea fue analizar los problemas que la región experimentará ineludiblemente en el proceso de acomodación a las nuevas realidades impuestas sobre su comercio exterior por los cambios estructurales que están ocurriendo en el transporte.

Actualidades y perspectivas en el sector transporte

Los últimos tres años se pueden caracterizar como los de las negociaciones subregionales de acuerdos de transporte multimodal, de adopción en el Mercosur y revisión en la Comunidad Andina, y del inicio de operaciones incipientes todavía en el sur del continente pero ya de gran escala en la región del NAFTA. El año 1997 se inscribe en la continuación de estos procesos y aparece como el de la consolidación, por una parte en la actividad empresarial, con una creciente oferta de servicios integrados y, por otra a través de una toma de conciencia por parte de las autoridades de la necesidad de promover la articulación de los modos. El año 1998 podrá ser el de la programación de importantes inversiones en infraestructura intermodal y del inicio de una mayor interacción entre sectores públicos y privados de usuarios y prestatarios para el desarrollo de sistemas regionales de transporte intermodal.

Sistemas integrados de transporte en América Latina y el Caribe: iniciativas convergentes

El año 1998 se perfila como el de grandes iniciativas regionales enfocadas a la creación de sistemas regionales de transporte integrado. En los últimos seis meses, ha sido intensa la actividad en América Latina y el Caribe. Los sectores público y privado parecen haberse puesto de acuerdo para lanzar, cada cual desde perspectivas propias, iniciativas convergentes. En Centroamérica, ya se encuentra en marcha un proyecto de transporte multimodal mientras se elabora el nuevo plan maestro de transporte propuesto por la Secretaría Permanente del Tratado de Integración Económica Centroamericana (SIECA); en Sudamérica, la Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI) y la Asociación Latinoamericana de Ferrocarriles (ALAF) lanzaron un estudio de prefactibilidad para un plan de desarrollo sostenible del transporte; la II Cumbre de las Américas adoptó un plan de acción que ahora incluye los trabajos del Comité Ejecutivo de la Iniciativa de Transporte del Hemisferio Occidental; el sector privado también ha celebrado su reunión regional en Sao Paulo, Brasil, con la cuarta edición de Intermodal 98. Estas iniciativas se plasman en torno a una misma línea de pensamiento y acción, parten de un antecedente similar y tienden hacia una misma meta: actuar en el entorno inmediato para insertarse en el mercado mundial. El antecedente es la constatación que después de varios años de crecimiento, la infraestructura, los equipos y los servicios de transporte parecen no satisfacer a la creciente demanda del comercio internacional de la región. La meta es emprender las reformas que requiere el transporte para enfrentar los desafíos de la competencia internacional. Esta edición del Boletín se dedica a informar sobre estas recientes iniciativas y sus posibles desarrollos.

Panorama del Transporte en América Latina y el Caribe en el 2000

Así como 1999 terminaba para el transporte intermodal latinoamericano con un panorama complejo, incierto y con definiciones pendientes, ahora se puede decir que el 2000 ha sido un año de considerable clarificación y de la puesta en marcha de grandes iniciativas. Son tres las que se destacan en este resumen del último año del siglo 20 y que tienden a reconocer la necesidad de una creciente integración de servicios, de infraestructura y tecnologías de la información.El panorama alentador para el 2001, no pretende ocultar el hecho que todavía persisten grandes obstáculos a la eficiencia de las operaciones de transporte, sino hacer presente que, como decía Enrique Iglesias, Presidente del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), en una reunión de Ministros en Montevideo en diciembre de 2000, la nueva visión de la infraestructura asociada a los nuevos procesos de integración abierta, permite hoy pensar en proyectos rentables en los que la iniciativa privada tendrá interés en participar por que acompañan amplios desarrollos económicos regionales.La visión regional es otra de las características que comparten las iniciativas aprobadas y trabajos concluidos en el curso del año 2000 y que hacen pensar que tendrán repercusiones de considerable magnitud tanto en el 2001 como a lo largo de la naciente década.

Integrated transport systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: converging initiatives

The year 1998 is shaping up to be a year of grand regional initiatives focusing on the setting up of regional integrated transport systems. The past six months have seen intense activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. It would seem that the public and private sectors have agreed to launch converging initiatives, each from its own perspectives. In Central America, a multimodal transport project is already under way, while a new transport master plan put forward by the Permanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) is being prepared; in South America, the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) and Latin American Railways Association (ALAF) have launched a prefeasability study concerning a plan for the sustainable development of transport; the second Summit of the Americas adopted a plan of action that now takes in the work of the Executive Committee of the Western Hemisphere Transport Initiative; and the private sector also held its regional meeting in São Paulo, Brazil, with Intermodal 98, the fourth in a series. These initiatives are taking shape around similar lines of thought and action; their backgrounds are similar, and they tend towards the same goal: taking action in the immediate environment with a view to expanding linkages with the global economy. The background is the observation that after several years of growth, transport infrastructure, equipment and services appear unable to satisfy the growing demand of international trade in the region. The goal is to implement the requisite reforms in the transport sector so as to meet the challenges posed by global competition. This issue of the Bulletin is devoted to news about recent initiatives and possible future developments.

Current developments in the transport sector and future prospects

Over the past three years, talks conducted at the subregional level have led to the signing of multimodal transport agreements, and these have been implemented by Mercosur and reviewed by the Andean Community; multimodal transport is only now starting to come into its own in South America but is already a common practice in the region covered by NAFTA. These trends continued in 1997, with consolidation being the dominant theme; on the one hand, consolidation occurred in business, with integrated services increasingly on offer, while on the other the authorities became aware of the need to promote linkages between different modes of transport. Highlights of 1998 may well include major plans for investments in intermodal infrastructure and greater interaction between users and service providers in both the public and private sectors, in order to develop regional intermodal transport systems.

Vulnerabilidade ambiental ao óleo em ambiente fluvial: estudo de caso rio Tietê/Reservatório de Barra Bonita

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Le collocazioni in traduzione e interpretazione tra italiano e francese: Uno studio su eptic_01_2011

This dissertation aims at investigating differences in phraseological patterns in translated and interpreted language, on the basis of the intermodal corpus EPTIC_01_2011 and focusing on Italian and French. First of all, an overview is offered of the main studies and theories about corpus linguistics and collocations: the notion of corpus is defined and a typology (focusing on intermodal corpora) is presented, before moving on to the linguistic phenomenon of collocation and its investigation through corpus linguistics methods. Second, the general structure of EPTIC_01_2011 is presented, including the ways in which its texts have been assembled, edited through ad hoc conventions and enriched with metadata. The methodology proposed by Durrant and Schmitt (2009), slightly edited to fit the present study, has been used to extract and compare noun+adjective/adjective+noun bigrams from a quantitative point of view. A subset of these data have then been extracted and analysed manually. The results of the study are presented through graphs and examples, with an in-depth discussion of the bigrams considered. Lastly, the data collected are analysed and categorised in terms of shifts occurring in translation and in interpreting, potential causes are discussed and ideas for further research and for the development of the EPTIC corpus are sketched.

Le collocazioni in traduzione e interpretazione tra italiano e inglese: Uno studio su eptic_01_2011

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the differences in the phraseological patterns used by Italian and English translators and interpreters through the intermodal corpus EPTIC_01_2011. First, the most important studies and theories about corpus linguistics and collocations are introduced. After defining the notion of “corpus”, the different types of corpora are categorised, giving particular attention to the intermodal one. Then the dissertation focuses on a description of collocations, as defined by the main linguistics scholars, and it describes some attempts to apply corpus linguistics to the study of collocations. Secondly, EPTIC_01_2011 is presented, with a description of its structure and of the text editing process carried out applying specific editing conventions and adding a set of metadata before each text. The analysis of collocation candidate bigrams (adjective+noun/noun+adjective) from a quantitative point of view, was conducted applying a methodology adapted from Durrant and Schmitt (2009). Qualitative analysis was also performed on a subsection of the data. The results of the study are presented through examples and graphs, giving particular attention to the interpretation of the data analysed from a qualitative perspective. Finally, results are summarised and categorised, and suggestions are made concerning the diverging choices made in translation and interpreting. The final section concentrates on further studies that could be carried out in the future, as well as on suggestions for corpus enlargement.