Extracción de energía del agua mediante generadores piezoeléctricos

El desarrollo del Proyecto consiste, por una parte, en el estudio sobre la respuesta de los materiales piezoeléctricos como generadores de energía en un entorno acuoso que está sometido a variaciones de potencial y, por otra, en el estudio técnico y económico de un equipo basado en la utilización esta fuente de energía y su comercialización en el mercado energético. Esta energía es la que se obtiene de la fuerza de arrastre del agua al desplazarse a causa del movimiento ondulatorio de las olas y que el elemento al flexionar es capaz de transformar. El proyecto contempla a partir de modelos, el funcionamiento eléctrico y mecánico de un generador piezoeléctrico, el sistema de electrónica necesaria para su inserción optimizada en la red eléctrica. A partir de esto se desarrolla una instalación que puede adaptarse a los requerimientos del estudio previo. Empleando un modelo de relación técnica y económica se establece una conexión entre estas dos secciones para hacerse una idea de la rentabilidad económica de un equipo de este estilo a día de hoy. El propósito final, es el de estudiar un nuevo tipo de energía, y comenzar una línea que puede llevar a un lugar muy interesante del sector energético. ABSTRACT This Project presents an analysis on the performance of piezoelectric materials as energy producer in an aquatic environment subject to potential variations. Additionally, the Project contains a technical and an economic analysis on the equipment based on the use of this energy source, as well as its commercialization. Energy is obtained by the water drag force when it is moved by the wave’s movement and by its transformation by the piezoelectric material. The Project studies the electric and mechanic functioning of a piezoelectric generator and the necessary electronic system for its optimized insertion on the electricity distribution network. Based on this, it is developed a system that can be adapted to the previous study requirements. The use of a technical and economic relation model allows the establishment of a connection among them in order to estimate the economic profitability of such equipment nowadays. The final objective of this Project is analyzing a new source of energy, which could start a new investigation line that may lead the energetic sector to a very interesting future.

Calidad ambiental electromagnética : atenuación de las radiaciones electromagnéticas en los espacios habitados

La perspectiva del arquitecto en calidad ambiental, y salud en un contexto sostenible, se amplía al considerar las radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes en el diseño arquitectónico. En ese sentido, además del confort higrotérmico, acústico, lumínico y de la calidad del aire, se podría considerar el confort electromagnético de un lugar. Dado que existe gran controversia en cuales han de ser los límites de exposición a radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes, establezco como punto de referencia los valores límite más restrictivos, que son los recomendados por la norma SBM-2008, desarrollada por el Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN)1. Se plantean como hipótesis que podemos modificar el entorno electromagnético con materiales de construcción y geometría; y que determinados trazados geométricos tienen la capacidad de reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos sobre los organismos vivos. El objetivo consiste en demostrar experimentalmente que podemos trabajar sobre la calidad ambiental electromagnética de un espacio, a través de la elección de materiales de construcción y trazados geométricos, intentando demostrar que existe una relación causa - efecto entre ambos. La metodología plantea tres aproximaciones experimentales, cada una con un tipo de radiación electromagnética, pues se pretende abarcar las situaciones que comúnmente se pueden presentar en un entorno habitado, ya sea urbano o rural. La primera aproximación trata sobre las alteraciones del campo geomagnético natural (nT / m) provocadas por los materiales de construcción. Utilizo el geomagnetómetro BPM 2010, para realizar un ensayo con cuatro tipos de materiales de distinta procedencia: origen vegetal muy poco procesado (corcho aglomerado negro) y más procesado (OSB), origen derivado del petróleo (tablero rígido de poliuretano) y de origen mineral metálico (chapa minionda). De la lectura de los datos se observa relación causa-efecto entre los materiales de construcción estudiados y las modificaciones que pueden ejercer sobre el campo magnético de un lugar. A continuación se estudia el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a baja frecuencia (3 Hz a 3 kHz) y a alta frecuencia, (800 MHz a 10 GHz) en vivienda y en oficina utilizando unas geometrías concretas: las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones. Estas tarjetas se ubican en paramentos verticales y horizontales de un espacio sometido a radiación propia de un entorno urbano. Se concluye que en una habitación inciden múltiples variables simultáneas muy difíciles de trabajar por separado y que aparentemente no se pueden identificar cambios significativos en las mediciones con y sin las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones. A continuación estudio el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a baja frecuencia asociada a la red de distribución eléctrica. Para poder ver cómo este entorno electromagnético lo podemos modificar, utilizo las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones ubicadas en relación directa con organismos vivos, por un lado germinados de semillas de haba mungo sometidas a campos electromagnéticos complejos a alta y baja frecuencia, propios de una oficina; y por otro lado germinados de semillas de haba mungo, sometidas a campos electromagnéticos puros a 50 Hz, sin influencias de radiación a alta frecuencia. Se concluye que se observa relación causa - efecto entre los trazados geométricos estudiados y su capacidad para reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos a altas y bajas frecuencias sobre las semillas de haba mungo. También utilizo las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones en un ensayo normalizado en el laboratorio de bioelectromagnetismo del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, con células de neuroblastoma humano. Se concluye que se observa relación causa - efecto entre los trazados geométricos estudiados y su capacidad para reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos de 50 Hz Y 100 μT sobre células de neuroblastoma humano y además disminuyen la velocidad de proliferación celular respecto del grupo de células de control. Finalmente se estudia el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a alta frecuencia, asociado a comunicaciones inalámbricas. Para ello realizo simulaciones con el software CST Studio, sobre las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones a alta frecuencia. A la luz de los datos se observa relación causa - efecto entre el trazado geométrico estudiado y su capacidad para reducir radiaciones electromagnéticas de alta frecuencia. Se comprueba además que, las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones disminuyen la intensidad de la radiación acercándose a los límites de exposición establecidos por el instituto de la biología de la construcción alemán, que podrían estar señalando los estándares de biocompatibilidad. ABSTRACT The perspective of the architect in environmental quality, and health in a sustainable context is extended to consider non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in architectural design. In that sense, besides the hygrothermal, acoustic, lighting and air quality comfort, the electromagnetic comfort of an indoor space could be considered. There is still great controversy about which should be the limits of exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, as a benchmark, the more restrictive limits are considered, by the SBM- 2008 standard, developed by the Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN). The hypotheses that arise are the following: the electromagnetic environment can be modified by using certain construction materials and geometry; and certain geometric design have the ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields on living organisms. The aim is to demonstrate experimentally that we can work on electromagnetic environmental quality of a indoor space, by using certain construction materials and geometric design, trying to demonstrate a cause - effect relationship between them. The methodology raises three experimental approaches, each with a type of radiation, it is intend to cover situations commonly may occur in an inhabited environment, whether urban or rural. The first approach discusses the alteration of the natural magnetic field (nT / m) caused by the building materials. Geomagnetometre BPM 2010 is used for conducting a test with four types of materials from different sources: vegetable origin less processing (black agglomerate cork) and vegetable origin more processed (OSB), petroleum origin (rigid polyurethane board) and metallic origin (miniwave plate). It is observed across the data information that exist cause-effect relationship between the construction materials studied and the modifications that they can exercise on the magnetic field of a place. Then I study the environment of artificial electromagnetic radiation at low frequency (3 Hz to 3 kHz) and high frequency (800 MHz to 10 GHz) in housing and office, using some specific geometries: correcting radiation cards. These cards are placed in vertical and horizontal surfaces of an indoor space concerned by radiation. I conclude that an indoor space is affected by multiple simultaneous variables difficult to work separately and apparently it is not possible identify significant changes in measurements with and without correcting radiation cards. Then the artificial electromagnetic environment of low-frequency radiation associated with the electricity distribution network is studied. To see how the electromagnetic environment can be changed, correcting radiation cards are placed directly related to living organisms. On one hand, mung bean seeds subject to complex electromagnetic fields at low and high frequency, typical of an office; and on the other hand mung bean seeds, subjected to pure electromagnetic fields at 50 Hz, no influenced by high frequency radiation. It is observed that exist cause-effect relationship between the geometric design and their ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields at high and low frequencies that arrives on on mung bean seeds. The correcting radiation cards were also used in a standard test in the bioelectromagnetics laboratory of Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, on human neuroblastoma cells. It is observed that exist cause-effect relationship between the geometric design and their ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields at 50 Hz and 100 μT on human neuroblastoma cells and also decrease the rate of cell proliferation compared to the group of cells control. Finally the artificial electromagnetic radiation environment at high frequency associated with wireless communications was studied. Simulations with CST Study software were made to determine the behavior of correcting radiation cards in high-frequency. It is observed across the data information that exist causeeffect relationship between the geometric design and the ability to reduce the levels of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. It also checks that radiation correcting cards decrease the intensity of radiation approaching exposure limits established by Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN), which could be signaling biocompatibility standards.

Logística operacional: alocação de bases operacionais em distribuição de energia elétrica.

Ser eficiente é um requisito para a sustentabilidade das empresas concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil. A busca pela eficiência deve estar em harmonia com a melhoria contínua da qualidade, da segurança e da satisfação dos consumidores e das partes envolvidas. O desafio de atender múltiplos objetivos requer que as empresas do setor desenvolvam soluções inovadoras, com a mudança de processos, tecnologia, estrutura e a capacitação das pessoas. Desenvolver um modelo operacional eficiente e uma gestão rigorosa dos custos são fatores-chave para o sucesso das empresas, considerando o contexto regulatório de revisão tarifária que incentiva a melhoria do desempenho. O modelo operacional é definido a partir da organização logística dos recursos para atendimento da demanda de serviços, que define também os custos fixos e variáveis de pessoal (salário, horas extras, refeições), infraestrutura (manutenção de prédios, ferramentas e equipamentos) e deslocamentos (manutenção de veículos, combustível), por exemplo. A melhor alocação e o melhor dimensionamento de bases operacionais possibilitam a redução dos custos com deslocamento e infraestrutura, favorecendo o aproveitamento da força de trabalho em campo, a melhoria do atendimento dos clientes e da segurança dos colaboradores. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de otimização de custos através da alocação de bases e equipes operacionais, com o modelamento matemático dos objetivos e restrições do negócio e a aplicação de algoritmo evolutivo para busca das melhores soluções, sendo uma aplicação de Pesquisa Operacional, no campo da Localização de Instalações, em distribuição de energia elétrica. O modelo de otimização desenvolvido possibilita a busca pelo ponto de equilíbrio ótimo que minimiza o custo total formado pelos custos de infraestrutura, frota (veículos e deslocamentos) e pessoal. O algoritmo evolutivo aplicado no modelo oferece soluções otimizadas pelo melhoramento de conjuntos de variáveis binárias com base em conceitos da evolução genética. O modelo de otimização fornece o detalhamento de toda a estrutura operacional e de custos para uma determinada solução do problema, utilizando premissas de produtividade e deslocamentos (velocidades e distâncias) para definir as abrangências de atuação das bases operacionais, recursos (equipes, pessoas, veículos) necessários para atendimento da demanda de serviços, e projetar todos os custos fixos e variáveis associados. A metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho considera também a projeção de demanda futura para a aplicação no estudo de caso, que evidenciou a efetividade da metodologia como ferramenta para a melhoria da eficiência operacional em empresas de distribuição de energia elétrica.

Análise do regime de produção distribuída fotovoltaica para autoconsumo

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

Uses of frontier efficiency methodologies and multi-criteria decision making for performance measurement in the energy sector

Guest editorial Ali Emrouznejad is a Senior Lecturer at the Aston Business School in Birmingham, UK. His areas of research interest include performance measurement and management, efficiency and productivity analysis as well as data mining. He has published widely in various international journals. He is an Associate Editor of IMA Journal of Management Mathematics and Guest Editor to several special issues of journals including Journal of Operational Research Society, Annals of Operations Research, Journal of Medical Systems, and International Journal of Energy Management Sector. He is in the editorial board of several international journals and co-founder of Performance Improvement Management Software. William Ho is a Senior Lecturer at the Aston University Business School. Before joining Aston in 2005, he had worked as a Research Associate in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. His research interests include supply chain management, production and operations management, and operations research. He has published extensively in various international journals like Computers & Operations Research, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, European Journal of Operational Research, Expert Systems with Applications, International Journal of Production Economics, International Journal of Production Research, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, and so on. His first authored book was published in 2006. He is an Editorial Board member of the International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology and an Associate Editor of the OR Insight Journal. Currently, he is a Scholar of the Advanced Institute of Management Research. Uses of frontier efficiency methodologies and multi-criteria decision making for performance measurement in the energy sector This special issue aims to focus on holistic, applied research on performance measurement in energy sector management and for publication of relevant applied research to bridge the gap between industry and academia. After a rigorous refereeing process, seven papers were included in this special issue. The volume opens with five data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based papers. Wu et al. apply the DEA-based Malmquist index to evaluate the changes in relative efficiency and the total factor productivity of coal-fired electricity generation of 30 Chinese administrative regions from 1999 to 2007. Factors considered in the model include fuel consumption, labor, capital, sulphur dioxide emissions, and electricity generated. The authors reveal that the east provinces were relatively and technically more efficient, whereas the west provinces had the highest growth rate in the period studied. Ioannis E. Tsolas applies the DEA approach to assess the performance of Greek fossil fuel-fired power stations taking undesirable outputs into consideration, such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emissions. In addition, the bootstrapping approach is deployed to address the uncertainty surrounding DEA point estimates, and provide bias-corrected estimations and confidence intervals for the point estimates. The author revealed from the sample that the non-lignite-fired stations are on an average more efficient than the lignite-fired stations. Maethee Mekaroonreung and Andrew L. Johnson compare the relative performance of three DEA-based measures, which estimate production frontiers and evaluate the relative efficiency of 113 US petroleum refineries while considering undesirable outputs. Three inputs (capital, energy consumption, and crude oil consumption), two desirable outputs (gasoline and distillate generation), and an undesirable output (toxic release) are considered in the DEA models. The authors discover that refineries in the Rocky Mountain region performed the best, and about 60 percent of oil refineries in the sample could improve their efficiencies further. H. Omrani, A. Azadeh, S. F. Ghaderi, and S. Abdollahzadeh presented an integrated approach, combining DEA, corrected ordinary least squares (COLS), and principal component analysis (PCA) methods, to calculate the relative efficiency scores of 26 Iranian electricity distribution units from 2003 to 2006. Specifically, both DEA and COLS are used to check three internal consistency conditions, whereas PCA is used to verify and validate the final ranking results of either DEA (consistency) or DEA-COLS (non-consistency). Three inputs (network length, transformer capacity, and number of employees) and two outputs (number of customers and total electricity sales) are considered in the model. Virendra Ajodhia applied three DEA-based models to evaluate the relative performance of 20 electricity distribution firms from the UK and the Netherlands. The first model is a traditional DEA model for analyzing cost-only efficiency. The second model includes (inverse) quality by modelling total customer minutes lost as an input data. The third model is based on the idea of using total social costs, including the firm’s private costs and the interruption costs incurred by consumers, as an input. Both energy-delivered and number of consumers are treated as the outputs in the models. After five DEA papers, Stelios Grafakos, Alexandros Flamos, Vlasis Oikonomou, and D. Zevgolis presented a multiple criteria analysis weighting approach to evaluate the energy and climate policy. The proposed approach is akin to the analytic hierarchy process, which consists of pairwise comparisons, consistency verification, and criteria prioritization. In the approach, stakeholders and experts in the energy policy field are incorporated in the evaluation process by providing an interactive mean with verbal, numerical, and visual representation of their preferences. A total of 14 evaluation criteria were considered and classified into four objectives, such as climate change mitigation, energy effectiveness, socioeconomic, and competitiveness and technology. Finally, Borge Hess applied the stochastic frontier analysis approach to analyze the impact of various business strategies, including acquisition, holding structures, and joint ventures, on a firm’s efficiency within a sample of 47 natural gas transmission pipelines in the USA from 1996 to 2005. The author finds that there were no significant changes in the firm’s efficiency by an acquisition, and there is a weak evidence for efficiency improvements caused by the new shareholder. Besides, the author discovers that parent companies appear not to influence a subsidiary’s efficiency positively. In addition, the analysis shows a negative impact of a joint venture on technical efficiency of the pipeline company. To conclude, we are grateful to all the authors for their contribution, and all the reviewers for their constructive comments, which made this special issue possible. We hope that this issue would contribute significantly to performance improvement of the energy sector.

Message passing for distributed optimisation of power allocation with renewable resources

The increase in renewable energy generators introduced into the electricity grid is putting pressure on its stability and management as predictions of renewable energy sources cannot be accurate or fully controlled. This, with the additional pressure of fluctuations in demand, presents a problem more complex than the current methods of controlling electricity distribution were designed for. A global approximate and distributed optimisation method for power allocation that accommodates uncertainties and volatility is suggested and analysed. It is based on a probabilistic method known as message passing [1], which has deep links to statistical physics methodology. This principled method of optimisation is based on local calculations and inherently accommodates uncertainties; it is of modest computational complexity and provides good approximate solutions.We consider uncertainty and fluctuations drawn from a Gaussian distribution and incorporate them into the message-passing algorithm. We see the effect that increasing uncertainty has on the transmission cost and how the placement of volatile nodes within a grid, such as renewable generators or consumers, effects it.

Benchmarking e regulação do setor de distribuição de energia elétrica nacional: proposta para avaliação dos custos operacionais eficientes

In Brazil, the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) represents the energy regulator. The rates review have been one of its main tasks, which establish a pricing practice at a level to cover the efficient operating costs and also the appropriate return of the distributors investments. The changes in the procedures to redefine the efficient costs and the several studies on the methodologies employed to regulate this segment denote the challenge faced by regulators about the best methodological strategy to be employed. In this context, this research aims to propose a benchmarking evaluation applied to the national regulation system in the establishment of efficient operating costs of electricity distribution utilities. The model is formulated to promote the electricity market development, partnering with government policies ant to society benefit. To conduct this research, an integration of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) is adopted in a three stages procedure to correct the efficiency in terms of environmental effects: (i) evaluation by means of DEA to measure operating costs slacks of the utilities, in which environmental variables are omitted; (ii) The slacks calculated in the first stage are regressed on a set of environmental variables by means of SFA and operating costs are adjusted to account the environmental impact and statistical noise effects; and, (iii) reassess the performance of the electric power distribution utilities by means of DEA. Based on this methodology it is possible to obtain a performance evaluation exclusively expressed in terms of management efficiency, in which the operating environment and statistical noise effects are controlled.

Tietokantaratkaisuehdotus pientasajännitesähköverkoston mittausdatavarastoksi

Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto tutkii pientasajännitesähkön käyttöä. Yliopisto on rakennuttanut Järvi-Suomen Energia Oy:n ja Suur-Savon Sähkö Oy:n kanssa yhteistyössä kokeellisen pientasajännitesähköverkon, jolla pystytään tarjoamaan kenttäolosuhteet pienjännitetutkimukselle todellisilla asiakkailla ja todentaa LVDC-teknologiaa ja muita älykkään sähköverkon toimintoja kenttäolosuhteissa. Verkon tasajänniteyhteys on rakennettu 20 kV sähkönjakeluverkon ja neljän kuluttajan välille. 20 kV keskijännite suunnataan tasamuuntamolla ±750 V pientasajännitteeksi ja uudestaan 400/230 V vaihtojännitteeksi kuluttajien läheisyydessä. Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on luoda yliopistolle tietokanta pientasajännitesähköverkosta kertyvälle tiedolle ja mittaustuloksille. Tietokanta nähtiin tarpeelliseksi luoda, jotta pienjänniteverkon mittaustuloksia pystytään myöhemmin tarkastelemaan yhdessä ja yhtenäisessä muodossa. Yhdeksi tutkimuskysymykseksi muodostui, kuinka järjestää ja visualisoida kaikki verkosta palvelimille kertyvä mittausdata. Työssä on huomioitu myös kolme tietokantaa mahdollisesti hyödyntävää käyttäjäryhmää: kotitalousasiakkaat, sähköverkkoyhtiöt ja tutkimuslaboratorio, sekä pohdittu tietokannan hyötyä ja merkitystä näille käyttäjille. Toiseksi tutkimuskysymykseksi muodostuikin, mikä kaikesta tietokantaan talletetusta datasta olisi oleellisen tärkeää ottaa talteen näiden asiakkaiden kannalta, ja kuinka nämä voisivat hakea tietoa tietokannasta. Työn tutkimusmenetelmät perustuvat jo valmiiksi olemassa olevaan mittausdataan. Työtä varten on käytetty sekä painettua että sähköisessä muodossa olevaa kirjallisuutta. Työn tuloksena on saatu luotua tietokanta MySQL Workbench -ohjelmistolla, sekä mittausdatan keräys- ja käsittelyohjelmat Python-ohjelmointikielellä. Lisäksi on luotu erillinen MATLAB-rajapinta tiedon visualisoimista varten, jolla havainnollistetaan kolmen asiakasryhmän mittausdataa. Tietokanta ja sen tiedon visualisointi antavat kuluttajalle mahdollisuuden ymmärtää paremmin omaa sähkönkäyttöään, sekä sähköverkkoyhtiöille ja tutkimuslaboratorioille muun muassa tietoa sähkön laadusta ja verkon kuormituksesta.

Distribution and use of electricity,

On cover: Power plant engineering handbook.

Electricity meters: their construction and management. A practical manual for central station engineers, distribution engineers, and students.

Mode of access: Internet.

Modelling Spikes in Electricity Prices

uring periods of market stress, electricity prices can rise dramatically. Electricity retailers cannot pass these extreme prices on to customers because of retail price regulation. Improved prediction of these price spikes therefore is important for risk management. This paper builds a time-varying-probability Markov-switching model of Queensland electricity prices, aimed particularly at forecasting price spikes. Variables capturing demand and weather patterns are used to drive the transition probabilities. Unlike traditional Markov-switching models that assume normality of the prices in each state, the model presented here uses a generalised beta distribution to allow for the skewness in the distribution of electricity prices during high-price episodes.

Analysis and correction of voltage profile in low voltage distribution networks containing photovoltaic cells and electric vehicles

Voltage drop and rise at network peak and off–peak periods along with voltage unbalance are the major power quality problems in low voltage distribution networks. Usually, the utilities try to use adjusting the transformer tap changers as a solution for the voltage drop. They also try to distribute the loads equally as a solution for network voltage unbalance problem. On the other hand, the ever increasing energy demand, along with the necessity of cost reduction and higher reliability requirements, are driving the modern power systems towards Distributed Generation (DG) units. This can be in the form of small rooftop photovoltaic cells (PV), Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) or Micro Grids (MGs). Rooftop PVs, typically with power levels ranging from 1–5 kW installed by the householders are gaining popularity due to their financial benefits for the householders. Also PEVs will be soon emerged in residential distribution networks which behave as a huge residential load when they are being charged while in their later generation, they are also expected to support the network as small DG units which transfer the energy stored in their battery into grid. Furthermore, the MG which is a cluster of loads and several DG units such as diesel generators, PVs, fuel cells and batteries are recently introduced to distribution networks. The voltage unbalance in the network can be increased due to the uncertainties in the random connection point of the PVs and PEVs to the network, their nominal capacity and time of operation. Therefore, it is of high interest to investigate the voltage unbalance in these networks as the result of MGs, PVs and PEVs integration to low voltage networks. In addition, the network might experience non–standard voltage drop due to high penetration of PEVs, being charged at night periods, or non–standard voltage rise due to high penetration of PVs and PEVs generating electricity back into the grid in the network off–peak periods. In this thesis, a voltage unbalance sensitivity analysis and stochastic evaluation is carried out for PVs installed by the householders versus their installation point, their nominal capacity and penetration level as different uncertainties. A similar analysis is carried out for PEVs penetration in the network working in two different modes: Grid to vehicle and Vehicle to grid. Furthermore, the conventional methods are discussed for improving the voltage unbalance within these networks. This is later continued by proposing new and efficient improvement methods for voltage profile improvement at network peak and off–peak periods and voltage unbalance reduction. In addition, voltage unbalance reduction is investigated for MGs and new improvement methods are proposed and applied for the MG test bed, planned to be established at Queensland University of Technology (QUT). MATLAB and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation softwares are used for verification of the analyses and the proposals.