Intervenção e identificação precoce do Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação em escolares no início da alfabetização

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação: efeito do foco de atenção em tarefa bimanual

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Do children with motor difficulties show low levels of physical fitness?

The aim of the present study was to examine whether children with motor difficulties would show levels of health-related components of physical fitness lower than children without such difficulties. Sixteen children with motor difficulties with approximately 8 years of age were age-and gender-matched with other 16 children without motor difficulties. Participants completed the test batteries for physical fitness (seat and reach, standing long jump, sit-up, modified pull-up and 9-minute run) and for motor coordination (MABC-2). The results indicated significant differences in standing long jump, sit-up, modified pull-up tests, but not for the seat and reach and the 9-minute run tests. Overall, the results are similar to those published in the international literature, with the exception of cardiorespiratory fitness. The idea that at to some degree coordination is required to perform physical fitness tasks and might impact on physical fitness performance is further discussed in the present work.

Dicas de aprendizagem auxiliam as crianças com TDC na aquisição de uma habilidade motora complexa?

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar se as dicas de aprendizagem auxiliam crianças com TDC na aquisição de uma habilidade motora complexa. Dez crianças com TDC e 14 de desenvolvimento típico, de 9 a 11 anos, foram divididas nos grupos TDC com dicas (TDCD), TDC sem dicas (TDCS), desenvolvimento típico com dicas (GDTD) e desenvolvimento típico sem dicas (GDTS). As crianças participaram de sete aulas, durante três semanas, para a aprendizagem do rolamento peixe, com o uso das dicas "empurre o chão", "coloque a mão o mais longe possível" e "queixo no peito". Os resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos, o que evidencia que as dicas não apresentaram efeito positivo na aprendizagem do rolamento peixe.

Crianças com dificuldades motoras apresentam baixos níveis de aptidão física?

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar se crianças com dificuldades motoras apresentariam baixos níveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em relação aos seus pares sem dificuldades. Dezesseis crianças com dificuldades motoras com aproximadamente oito anos foram pareadas em gênero e idade com outras 16 sem dificuldades motoras. Os participantes completaram os testes de aptidão física (sentar e alcançar, salto em distância parado, puxada em suspensão na barra modificado, abdominal e corrida de 9 minutos) e os de coordenação motora (MABC-2). Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas no salto em distância parado, puxada em suspensão na barra modificado, abdominal, mas não para sentar e alcançar e corrida de 9-m. Os resultados são semelhantes aos publicados na literatura internacional, com exceção da corrida de 9 minutos. A ideia de que em algum grau a coordenação é necessária para executar tarefas de aptidão física e pode impactar no desempenho da aptidão física é discutida no presente trabalho.

La coordinación motriz en la Adolescencia y su relación con el IMC, hábitos de práctica y motivación en E.F: Estudio transversal y longitudinal

En las últimas décadas, ha aumentado el interés de la investigación sobre el desarrollo de la coordinación motriz en la adolescencia por ser una etapa sensible, crítica y crucial para la adquisición de hábitos y conductas saludables de vida. Estos estudios han mostrado que la adquisición de unos niveles óptimos de coordinación y competencia motriz van a ser determinantes para el bienestar del adolescente y van a estar relacionados e influidos por otras dimensiones del desarrollo de la persona. Recientes investigaciones han sacado a la luz datos alarmantes sobre el aumento de problemas de coordinación motriz en la población infantil y adolescente (Cantell, Smyth y Ahonen, 1994; Gómez, 2004; Ruiz, Graupera, Gutiérrez y Miyahara, 2003; Sudgen y Chambers, 2005) donde abrocharse los botones de una camisa o correr de forma armónica puede ser todo un mundo lleno de dificultades y consecuencias sobre otras dimensiones del desarrollo (Ramón-Otero y Ruiz, 2015). Estos problemas han sido tratados por investigadores como una “dificultad oculta” (Gómez, Ruiz y Mata, 2006), cuya manifestación está presente en las actividades de la vida cotidiana, en contextos deportivos, en juegos y/o en la clase de Educación Física (Ruiz, 2004). La preocupación por estas dificultades se ha extendido a nivel internacional, creando todo un campo de investigación que estudia el diagnóstico de éstos problemas, conocido bajo las siglas DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder). El presente estudio se centra en la etapa adolescente, periodo de transición entre la etapa infantil y adulta, caracterizada por numerosos cambios biológicos, cognitivos y socioemocionales (Santrock, 2005), que van a determinar la adaptación con el entorno (Gallahue, Ozmun y Goodway, 2011; Gómez, Ruiz, y Mata, 2006). El propósito principal del estudio es analizar el desarrollo de la coordinación motriz en la etapa adolescente investigando las diferencias de género y de edad en relación con variables psicosociales, los hábitos de práctica y las variables antropométricas. El diseño de la investigación se estructura en dos estudios. El primero de ellos, de carácter transversal, analizó una muestra representativa de 1.966 adolescentes de 1º a 4º de la ESO. El segundo, de naturaleza longitudinal, utilizó un grupo de 89 adolescentes del estudio transversal los cuales fueron estudiados durante 4 años, desde los 12 a los 15 años. Los mismos instrumentos fueron utilizados en ambos estudios: el Test Sportcomp para la evaluación de la coordinación motriz, el test AMPET4 para valorar la motivación de logro para el aprendizaje en Educación Física, el inventario HBSC para conocer los hábitos saludables sobre la práctica de actividad física y, por ultimo, se utilizó un estadiómetro para obtener el peso y la altura y así calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC). La toma de datos del Estudio Transversal se realizó en 2 cursos académicos (2011/12 - 2012/13), en la cual se requirieron 3 sesiones coincidiendo con la clase de Educación Física. En la primera sesión, se evaluó la coordinación motriz. En la segunda se aplicaron los cuestionarios (AMPET4 y HBSC) y, en la última sesión se midió el peso y la altura en un espacio reservado al estadiómetro. El análisis de datos fue descriptivo y diferencial de cada una de las variables estudiadas: motoras, psicosociales, de hábitos de práctica de actividad física y antropométricas. Asimismo, se llevaron a cabo pruebas de análisis univariante y multivariante, calculando el valor-p y las pruebas de efecto. Respecto al Estudio Longitudinal, la toma de datos se llevó cabo durante 4 años desde el 2011 al 2014. La evaluación de la coordinación motriz se realizó en cada uno de los 4 años. Sin embargo, los 2 cuestionarios y las medidas antropométricas fueron evaluadas en el primer y cuarto año. Los análisis de datos fueron descriptivos y comparativos entre las variables analizadas. En el caso de la coordinación motriz, se realizaron las pruebas de medidas repetidas y, en el caso de las demás variables analizadas, se realizaron Prueba T para muestras relacionadas. Los resultados globales mostraron que el índice motor en el Estudio Transversal fue progresivo en el conjunto de chicos. Sin embargo, en las chicas, el rendimiento se estabiliza a partir de los 13 años. En el caso del Estudio Longitudinal, este índice se estabiliza en los 3 primeros años y a la edad de los 14, es cuando comienzan a acusarse las diferencias de género. En el caso de los hombres el rendimiento mejora y, por el contrario, en las mujeres empeora. En el Estudio Transversal, el análisis de varianza mostraron diferencias en función de la edad [F(7, 1958) = 220.70, p < .001; η2 = .101], del género [F(7, 1958) = 29.76, p < .001; η2 = .044], así como en la interacción entre ambos [F(7, 1958)= 11.90, p < .001; η2 = .018]. Únicamente aparecieron diferencias significativas con la edad en todos los grupos de hombres, excepto entre 14 y 15 años. En el Longitudinal, los contrastes multivariados mostraron que no hubo diferencias sgnificativas en el tiempo [F(3,85) = .05, p = .987, η2= .002] mostrando un nivel de coordinación estable a lo largo de los años, aunque existieron diferencias entre chicos y chicas [F(3,85) = 4.64 p = .005] con un tamaño de efecto destacable (η2 = .141). En cuanto a la motivación de logro para prender en Educación Física, en ambos estudios, los chicos fueron los que obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas en todas las dimensiones positivas del test (compromiso de aprendizaje, competencia autopercibida y comparada). Sin embargo, en la dimensión negativa del test, la referida a la ansiedad y al agobio ante el fracaso, fueron las chicas las que puntuaron más alto. En el Estudio Transversal, los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en todas las dimensiones del AMPET4 en función del nivel de coordinación motriz: compromiso con el aprendizaje [F(2, 1644) = 8.66, p < .001; η2 = .010], competencia autopercibida [F(2, 1644) = 50.94, p < .001; η2 = .048], competencia comparada [F(2, 1644) = 41.56, p < .001, η2 = .020] y ansiedad [F(2, 1644) = 16.67, p < .001, η2 = .058]. En este sentido, los grupos de mejor nivel de coordinación motriz, fueron los que mayor puntuación obtuvieron en las dimensiones positivas y los que menor, en la negativa. En el Estudio Longitudinal, también se encontraron diferencias entre el primer y cuarto año de estudio en todas las dimensiones, excepto en competencia motriz autopercibida. Estas diferencias se tradujeron en una disminución en las 3 variables significativas del primer al cuarto año. Respecto al inventario HBSC, en el Estudio Longitudinal, la prueba T mostró únicamente la existencia de diferencias significativas entre el primer y cuarto año en 2 de los 11 ítems: percepción de la forma física (p = .006) y percepción de la salud (p = .047), los cuales disminuyeron en el intervalo de tiempo del estudio. En el Transversal, las diferencias se observaron en función del género (p < .001) y de la edad (p < .001). Asimismo, se mostraron diferencias significativas en todos los ítems respecto al nivel de coordinación motriz, excepto en 2 de ellos: frecuencia tiempo libre con los amigos fuera del colegio (p = .580) y facilidad para hacer amigos en el centro escolar (p = .098). Por último, en las variables antropométricas, los resultados del Estudio Transversal y Longitudinal coinciden tanto en la estatura como en el peso, apuntando, que en ambos estudios, se produce un aumento progresivo tanto en chicos como en chicas a medida que se avanza en edad. Concretamente en el Transversal, estas diferencias en la edad se encuentran en todos los grupos en ambos géneros, excepto en el conjunto de chicas entre los 14 y los 15 años. Asimismo, ambos estudios coincidieron en que tanto las ganancias en cm y kg, como las puntuaciones medias, fueron mayores en los chicos que en las chicas. Respecto al IMC, los 2 estudios coincidieron en que la evolución es paralela, y tal y como apuntan los resultados del Transversal, no se encontraron diferencias ni en la edad (p = 792) ni en el género (p = 284). No obstante, el Longitudinal apuntó únicamente diferencias significativas entre el primer y cuarto año en el conjunto de los hombres [t(41) = -4.01, p < .001]. Finalmente, y en relación con los niveles de coordinación motriz, hubo diferencias significativas en relación con el IMC (p = .012), mostrando como el grupo de peso normal coincide con puntuaciones óptimas de coordinación motriz. A modo de conclusiones, el presente estudio revela cómo la adquisición de un nivel de coordinación óptimo va a ser fundamental para el desarrollo psicosocial, para el desarrollo de hábitos saludables de práctica y para mantener un IMC dentro de la normalidad para el género y la edad. De esta manera, el desarrollo de la coordinación motriz será un aspecto fundamental para lograr un estado de bienestar físico y mental, y unos hábitos favorables para la práctica de actividad física. ABSTRACT In the past couple of decades, adolescence stage in motor coordination gained significant interest in research especially due to its sensitive and critical importance to achieving a healthy life style. These studies observed how to acquire optimum levels of coordination and motor competence, which proved crucial to the quality of the adolescent stage in addition to being influenced by other dimensions of development for each individual. Recent research shed light to an alarming set of data, which showed increased motor coordination problems in children and adolescents (Cantell, Smyth & Ahonen, 1994; Gómez, 2004; Ruiz, Graupera, Gutierrez & Miyahara, 2003; Sugden & Chambers, 2005). For instance, even to the extent that buttoning a shirt or running in a harmonic form can lead to a whole set of consequences and difficulties on the development stage. Researchers have addressed such problems in various studies such as “dificultad oculta” (Gomez, Ruiz & Mata, 2006), which literally translates as “hidden trouble”. The studies are evidently present in the activities of daily life, sporting contexts, games and/or Physical Education (Ruiz, 2004). Concern about these difficulties spread internationally, creating a whole framework research studying the diagnosis of these problems, known under the acronym DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder). The study focuses on the adolescent stage, transition period between childhood and adulthood characterized by numerous biological, cognitive and socio-emotional changes (Santrock, 2005), which interestingly determines an individual´s adaptation to the environment (Gallahue, Ozmun & Goodway, 2011; Gomez, Ruiz & Mata, 2006). The main purpose of the study is to analyse the development of motor coordination in the adolescent stage investigating gender differences and age in relation to psychological variables, physical activity habits and anthropometric variables. The research design is structured in two studies. The first (transversal nature), analyses a representative sample of 1,966 adolescents from 1st to 4th of Secondary Education School. The second (longitudinal nature) used a group of 89 teenagers from cross-sectional study, which were studied for four years, from 12 to 15 years. The same instruments were used in both studies, namely; “Sportcomp Test” used to evaluate of motor coordination; “AMPET4 Test” which assesses the motivational achievement of learning Physical Education; “HBSC Inventory” to find out the healthy habits gained from physical activities; And finally a “stadiometer” was used to obtain the weight and height and thus calculate the body mass index (BMI). The data collection of the cross-sectional Study was conducted in two academic years (2011/12 - 2012/13), in which 3 sessions coinciding with the Physical Education level are required. In the first session, motor coordination was evaluated; questionnaires were applied in the second session (AMPET4 and HBSC); and in the last session the weight and height were measured in a reserved space for the “stadiometer”. Notably, data analysis was descriptive and differential in each of the variable studies: motor, psychological, practical and anthropometric habits of physical activity. Thus the tests were conducted in a univariate and multivariate analysis, calculating the p-value and effect tests. Regarding the Longitudinal Study, data collection was carried out during four years from 2011 to 2014 inclusively. The assessment of motor coordination was performed on each of the four years, however, the 2 questionnaires and anthropometric measures were evaluated in the first and fourth year. Data analyses were also descriptive and comparative among the variables that were put to the test. In the case of motor coordination tests, they were done on repeated measures, whilst, in the case of other variables analysed, they were accomplished through T Tests under comparable samples. The overall results showed that the engine Motor Index in Study 1 was progressive in all male gender studies, however in the females the performance remained constant after reaching 13 years of age. For the Longitudinal Study, this index is stabilized in the first 3 years and at the age of 14 is when the gender differences take place. In the case of males, the performance improves, however, in females worsens. The cross-sectional Study, analysis of variance showed differences in terms of age [F(7, 1958) = 220.70, p < .001; η2 = .101], gender [F(7, 1958) = 29.76, p <.001; η2 = .044], as well as their interaction [F(7, 1958) = 11.90, p <.001; η2 = .018]. They only show significant differences in respect to age in the male set sample, in all groups except between 14 and 15 years old. In the Longitudinal, the multivariate contrasts showed no significant differences in time [F(3,85) = 0.05, p = 0.987, η2 = 0.002] showing a stable level of coordination over the years, but if there were differences between both genders [F(3,85) = 4.64, p = .005] it took place with a noteworthy effect size (η2 = .141). In regards, to the Motivational Achievement for learning Physical Education, in both studies the male sample administered obtained higher scores on all the positive dimensions of the test (commitment to learning, self-assessed competence, and comparable competence). However, on the negative assessment side, namely, anxiety and fear of failure, the female sample scored higher than the male one. In Study 1, the multivariate analysis showed significant differences between the psychosocial dimensions and levels of motor coordination with moderate to significant effect [Lambada de Wilks = .931, F(8, 3282) = 14.99; p = <0.001; η2 = .035]. By the same token, the groups with the best level of motor coordination were the highest scoring ones in the positive dimensions, whilst the lower performing ones, performed better in the negative dimension. In the longitudinal study, there is also differences were also found between the first and fourth years of study in all dimensions, except in self-perceived motor competition. These differences resulted in a significant decrease in the 3 variables from first to fourth year. Regarding, the “HBSC Inventory”, the T test in the longitudinal study showed uniquely the existence of significant differences between the first and fourth year in 2 of the 11 items: perception of physical fitness (p = .006) and perceived health (p = 047), which diminished in the interval time of the study. In the Cross-sectional study, the se differences were also observed in gender (p < .001) and age (p < .001). Similarly, they showed significant differences in all items in respect to the motor coordination level, except in 2 of them; frequency of free time with friends outside of school (p = .580) and the ease to make friends at the educational centre (p = 098). And last but not least, the anthropometric variables, both the results of the Transversal and Longitudinal Study matched both height and weight, pointing out that in both studies a gradual increase in both genders, as they grow older. Notably in the Cross-sectional, these differences in age are found in all groups in both genders, except for the set of girls between 14 and 15 years. Thus both studies concluded that both gains in cm and kg and the mean scores were higher amongst males compared to females. Regarding BMI, the 2 studies concluded that the evolution is parallel, and as pointed cross-sectional study there isn’t differences found in age (p = 792) or in gender (p = 284). However, the Longitudinal study uniquely shows significant difference between the first and fourth year for male set sample [t (41) = -4.01, p < .001]. Finally, in relation to levels of motor coordination, there were significant differences in relation to BMI (p = .012), showing how the “normal weight group” matches the optimal scores of motor coordination. In conclusion, this study reveals how the acquisition of an optimal level of coordination is vital for psychological development, to develop and practice healthy habits, and to maintain a BMI within the normal range for age and gender. Therefore, the development of motor coordination is fundamental to achieving a state of physical and mental wellbeing, and preferable habits to pursuing physical activity.

Teamwork in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Evaluation of a multiprofessional workshop

This paper outlines a multiprofessional education workshop piloted and subsequently conducted with a cohort of 81 graduate entry students of occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology and audiology. The rationale for, and format of, the workshop is outlined, followed by comparisons between students' knowledge about teamwork prior to and after the four-hour workshop. The workshop was based on a real case scenario of a child with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Students completed pre- and post-workshop questionnaires about their knowledge of DCD, teamwork and the roles of various professionals and parents; and a post-workshop questionnaire about their views regarding the utility of the workshop, its strengths, and learning outcomes. The evaluation indicated that the workshop was overwhelmingly successful from the students' perspective in: (1) enhancing their understanding about DCD and its multifaceted impact on school age children; (2) developing a deeper appreciation of the importance of teamwork itself; (3) refining their understanding of their own profession's role and (4) developing an appreciation of the role of other professions and parents in working with children with complex needs, and their families. Limitations of this study and directions for future research are discussed.

The preparation of reach-to-grasp movements in adults, children, and children with movement problems

This study explored the use of advance information in the control of reach-to-grasp movements. The paradigm required participants to reach and grasp illuminated blocks with their right hand. Four target blocks were positioned on a table surface, two each side of the mid-saggital plane. In the complete precue condition, advance information precisely specified target location. In the partial precue condition, advance information indicated target location relative to the midsaggital plane (left or right). In the null condition, the advance information was entirely ambiguous. Participants produced fastest responses in the complete precue condition, intermediate response times in the partial condition, and the slowest responses in the null condition. This result was observed in adults and four groups of children including a group aged 4-6 years. In contrast, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD, n = 11, aged 7-13 years) showed no advantage of partial precueing. Movement duration was determined by target location but was unaffected by precue condition. Movement duration was a clear function of age apart from children in the DCD group who showed equivalent movement times to those of the youngest children. These findings provide important insights into the control of reach-to-grasp movements and highlight that partial cues are exploited by children as young as 4 years but are not used in situations of abnormal development.

Estudo das competências grafomotoras em crianças no 3º ano de escolaridade, na região de Lisboa

A escrita é uma atividade complexa que envolve a interação constante de processos cognitivos e motores. As crianças passam grande parte do tempo a escrever em contexto escolar, aplicando também esta habilidade noutros contextos. As dificuldades de escrita ao nível da legibilidade e velocidade possuem um impacto negativo nos diferentes contextos de vida das crianças. Esta tese teve como objetivo estudar as competências de escrita em crianças no 3º ano de escolaridade, período em que é alcançada uma automatização da escrita. Começou-se por traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar para o Português Europeu dois instrumentos que são internacionalmente utilizados no diagnóstico da Disgrafia e da Perturbação do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (PDC): Movement Assessment Battery for Children – 2nd edition (MABC-2) e Echelle d’évaluation rapide de l’écriture chez l’enfant (BHK). Os instrumentos revelaram ser fidedignos e com solidez suficiente para a sua aplicação. Prosseguiu-se com a exploração da relação entre as competências de escrita e a coordenação motora. Não foi encontrada relação entre qualidade e velocidade de escrita e coordenação motora fina, nem qualquer associação entre qualidade e velocidade de escrita. Na diferença de desempenhos entre rapazes e raparigas, estas revelaram melhores resultados apenas na tarefa de colocação de pinos com a mão preferida. Verificou-se que a formação de letras é o fator que mais contribui para explicar os desempenhos na qualidade de escrita. Através de análise computacional conseguiu-se dar os primeiros passos para o estabelecimento de um padrão de legibilidade, com a caracterização espacial das letras. No entanto, não foi encontrada relação entre as características espaciais e a qualidade de escrita. No final desta tese, relatam-se as limitações dos procedimentos adotados e sugerem-se futuros desafios de investigação dos fenómenos inerentes a esta temática.

Play behaviours and play object preferences of young children with autistic disorder in a clinical play environment

Play is the primary occupation of childhood and provides a potentially powerful means of assessing and treating children with autistic disorder. This study utilized a cross-sectional comparison design to investigate the nature of play engagement in children with AD (n = 24), relative to typically developing children (n = 34) matched for chronological age. Play behaviours were recorded in a clinical play environment. Videotapes comprising 15 minutes of the children's spontaneous play behaviour were analysed using time-interval analysis. The particular play behaviours observed and play objects used were coded. Differences in play behaviours (p < 0.0001) and play object preferences (p < 0.0001) were identified between the groups. Findings regarding play behaviour contribute to contention in the literature surrounding functional and symbolic play. Explanations for play object preferences are postulated. Recommendations are made regarding clinical application of findings in terms of enhancing assessment and intervention by augmenting motivation.

A core vocabulary approach for management of inconsistent speech disorder

Developmental speech disorder is accounted for by theories derived from psychology, psycholinguistics, linguistics and medicine, with researchers developing assessment protocols that reflect their theoretical perspective. How theory and data analyses lead to different therapy approaches, however, is sometimes unclear. Here, we present a case management plan for a 7 year old boy with unintelligible speech. Assessment data were analysed to address seven case management questions regarding need for intervention, service delivery, differential diagnosis, intervention goals, generalization of therapeutic gains, discharge criteria and evaluation of efficacy. Jarrod was diagnosed as having inconsistent speech disorder that required intervention. He pronounced 88% of words differently when asked to name each word in the 25 word inconsistency test of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology three times, each trial separated by another activity. Other standardized assessments supported the diagnosis of inconsistent speech disorder that, according to previous research, is associated with a deficit in phonological assembly. Core vocabulary intervention was chosen as the most appropriate therapy technique. Its nature and a possible protocol for implementation is described.

Perception of Filtered Speech by Children with Developmental Dyslexia and Children with Specific Language Impairments

Here we use two filtered speech tasks to investigate children’s processing of slow (<4 Hz) versus faster (∼33 Hz) temporal modulations in speech. We compare groups of children with either developmental dyslexia (Experiment 1) or speech and language impairments (SLIs, Experiment 2) to groups of typically-developing (TD) children age-matched to each disorder group. Ten nursery rhymes were filtered so that their modulation frequencies were either low-pass filtered (<4 Hz) or band-pass filtered (22 – 40 Hz). Recognition of the filtered nursery rhymes was tested in a picture recognition multiple choice paradigm. Children with dyslexia aged 10 years showed equivalent recognition overall to TD controls for both the low-pass and band-pass filtered stimuli, but showed significantly impaired acoustic learning during the experiment from low-pass filtered targets. Children with oral SLIs aged 9 years showed significantly poorer recognition of band pass filtered targets compared to their TD controls, and showed comparable acoustic learning effects to TD children during the experiment. The SLI samples were also divided into children with and without phonological difficulties. The children with both SLI and phonological difficulties were impaired in recognizing both kinds of filtered speech. These data are suggestive of impaired temporal sampling of the speech signal at different modulation rates by children with different kinds of developmental language disorder. Both SLI and dyslexic samples showed impaired discrimination of amplitude rise times. Implications of these findings for a temporal sampling framework for understanding developmental language disorders are discussed.

Exclusive gene mapping of congenital microphthalmia in a Chinese family

Congenital microphthalmia is a developmental ocular disorder and might be caused by the mutations in the genes involved in eye development. To uncover the genetic cause in a six-generation Chinese pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital microphthalmia

Investigation of language and motor skills in Serbian speaking children with specific language impairment and in typically developing children

Specific language impairment (SLI) is usually defined as a developmental language disorder which does not result from a hearing loss, autism, neurological and emotional difficulties, severe social deprivation, low non-verbal abilities. Children affected with SLI typically have difficulties with the acquisition of different aspects of language and by definition, their impairment is specific to language and no other skills are affected. However, there has been a growing body of literature to suggest that children with SLI also have non-linguistic deficits, including impaired motor abilities. The aim of the current study is to investigate language and motor abilities of a group of thirty children with SLI (aged between 4 and 7) in comparison to a group of 30 typically developing children matched for chronological age. The results showed that the group of children with SLI had significantly more difficulties on the language and motor assessments compared to the control group. The SLI group also showed delayed onset in the development of all motor skills under investigation in comparison to the typically developing group. More interestingly, the two groups differed with respect to which language abilities were correlated with motor abilities, however Imitation of Complex Movements was the unique skill which reliably predicted expressive vocabulary in both typically developing children and in children with SLI.

Diagnóstico de crianças com alterações específicas de linguagem por meio de escala de desenvolvimento

Alterações específicas do desenvolvimento da linguagem (AEDL) devem ser identificadas precocemente, pois tais alterações podem interferir nos aspectos sociais e escolares da criança. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar o desempenho de crianças com diagnóstico de AEDL, em comparação com o de crianças normais, por meio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Comportamental de Gesell e Amatruda (EDCGA). Foram selecionadas 25 crianças de 3 a 6 anos com o diagnóstico de AEDL (grupo estudado - GE) e 50 crianças normais da mesma faixa etária (grupo controle - GC). As crianças do GC apresentaram desempenho satisfatório e melhor que as crianças do GE, em todos os campos da escala. O valor da mediana do GE foi limítrofe nos comportamentos adaptativo e social-pessoal, já no de linguagem foi discrepantemente rebaixado. Concluímos que as alterações de linguagem interferiram na avaliação dos outros campos do desenvolvimento (adaptativo e pessoal-social). Apesar da interferência, a escala pode ser instrumento útil no diagnóstico de AEDL.