Contraction et décontraction des décharges micro-ondes entretenues à la pression atmosphérique

Les colonnes de plasma entretenues par un champ électrique (continu ou alternatif) à haute pression (p > 10 Torr) sont affectées par les phénomènes de contraction (réduction de la section radiale de la décharge) et de filamentation (fragmentation de la section de plasma en plusieurs filaments). La compréhension de ces phénomènes ainsi que le développement d’une méthode pouvant les supprimer demeurent une étape essentielle pour l’optimisation de certains procédés plasma. Dans cette optique, un premier objectif de notre travail était de déterminer les mécanismes à l’origine de la contraction et de la filamentation dans les décharges créées dans des gaz rares. Ainsi, nous avons montré que dans les plasmas micro-ondes contractés la cinétique de la décharge est contrôlée par les ions moléculaires et que la contraction est liée à l’influence du gradient de la température du gaz sur la concentration de ces ions. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que la filamentation apparaît lorsque l’inhomogénéité radiale du champ électrique devient importante. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une méthode de décontraction et de défilamentation de la décharge, qui consiste à ajouter à une décharge initiale de gaz rare des traces d’un autre gaz rare de plus faible potentiel d’ionisation. Dans le cas des plasmas décontractés, nous avons démontré que la cinétique de la décharge n’est plus contrôlée par les ions moléculaires, ce qui confirme bien l’importance de ces ions dans la description de la contraction. Pour terminer, nous avons étendu à la pression atmosphérique la technique d’absorption optique de mesure de densité des états métastables et résonnants à l’aide d’une lampe spectrale, ce qui n’avait été réalisé jusqu’ici que pour des pressions inférieures à 10 Torr. Ces états jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’ionisation des décharges contractées alors que dans les décharges décontractées leur désexcitation par les atomes du gaz adjuvant est l’étape fondamentale du processus de changement de cinétique menant à la décontraction.

Rééducation périnéale et pelvienne : guérir une contraction à la fois

Travail d'intégration réalisé dans le cadre du cours PHT-6113.

NK1 receptor stimulation causes contraction and inositol phosphate increase in medium-size human isolated bronchi

Although contraction of human isolated bronchi is mediated mainly by tachykinin NK2 receptors, NK1 receptors, via prostanoid release, contract small-size (approximately 1 mm in diameter) bronchi. Here, we have investigated the presence and biological responses of NK1 receptors in medium-size (2-5 mm in diameter) human isolated bronchi. Specific staining was seen in bronchial sections with an antibody directed against the human NK1 receptor. The selective NK1 receptor agonist, [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]SP, contracted about 60% of human isolated bronchial rings. This effect was reduced by two different NK1 receptor antagonists, CP-99,994 and SR 140333. Contraction induced by [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]SP was independent of acetylcholine and histamine release and epithelium removal, and was not affected by nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]SP increased inositol phosphate (IP) levels, and SR 140333 blocked this increase, in segments of medium- and small-size (approximately 1 mm in diameter) human bronchi. COX inhibition blocked the IP increase induced by [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]SP in small-size, but not in medium-size, bronchi. NK1 receptors mediated bronchoconstriction in a large proportion of medium-size human bronchi. Unlike small-size bronchi this effect is independent of prostanoid release, and the results are suggestive of a direct activation of smooth muscle receptors and IP release.

Toward multifactorial null models of range contraction in terrestrial vertebrates

The contraction of a species’ distribution range, which results from the extirpation of local populations, generally precedes its extinction. Therefore, understanding drivers of range contraction is important for conservation and management. Although there are many processes that can potentially lead to local extirpation and range contraction, three main null models have been proposed: demographic, contagion, and refuge. The first two models postulate that the probability of local extirpation for a given area depends on its relative position within the range; but these models generate distinct spatial predictions because they assume either a ubiquitous (demographic) or a clinal (contagion) distribution of threats. The third model (refuge) postulates that extirpations are determined by the intensity of human impacts, leading to heterogeneous spatial predictions potentially compatible with those made by the other two null models. A few previous studies have explored the generality of some of these null models, but we present here the first comprehensive evaluation of all three models. Using descriptive indices and regression analyses we contrast the predictions made by each of the null models using empirical spatial data describing range contraction in 386 terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) distributed across the World. Observed contraction patterns do not consistently conform to the predictions of any of the three models, suggesting that these may not be adequate null models to evaluate range contraction dynamics among terrestrial vertebrates. Instead, our results support alternative null models that account for both relative position and intensity of human impacts. These new models provide a better multifactorial baseline to describe range contraction patterns in vertebrates. This general baseline can be used to explore how additional factors influence contraction, and ultimately extinction for particular areas or species as well as to predict future changes in light of current and new threats.

Decreased cGMP Level Contributes to Increased Contraction in Arteries From Hypertensive Rats Role of Phosphodiesterase 1

Recent evidence suggests that angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1A expression. We hypothesized that Ang II augmented PDE1 activation, decreasing the bioavailability of cyclic guanosine 3` 5`-monophosphate (cGMP), and contributing to increased vascular contractility. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received mini-osmotic pumps with Ang II (60 ng.min(-1)) or saline for 14 days. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions were increased in aorta (E(max)168%+/- 8% vs 136%+/- 4%) and small mesenteric arteries (SMA; E(max)170%+/- 6% vs 143%+/- 3%) from Ang II-infused rats compared to control. PDE1 inhibition with vinpocetine (10 mu mol/L) reduced PE-induced contraction in aortas from Ang II rats (E(max)94%+/- 12%) but not in controls (154%+/- 7%). Vinpocetine decreased the sensitivity to PE in SMA from Ang II rats compared to vehicle (-log of half maximal effective concentration 5.1 +/- 0.1 vs 5.9 +/- 0.06), but not in controls (6.0 +/- 0.03 vs 6.1 +/- 0.04). Sildenafil (10 mu mol/L), a PDE5 inhibitor, reduced PE-induced maximal contraction similarly in Ang II and control rats. Arteries were contracted with PE (1 mu mol/L), and concentration-dependent relaxation to vinpocetine and sildenafil was evaluated. Aortas from Ang II rats displayed increased relaxation to vinpocetine compared to control (E(max)82%+/- 12% vs 445 +/- 5%). SMA from Ang II rats showed greater sensitivity during vinpocetine-induced relaxation compared to control (-log of half maximal effective concentration 6.1 +/- 0.3 vs 5.3 +/- 0.1). No differences in sildenafil-induced relaxation were observed. PDE1A and PDE1C expressions in aorta and PDE1A expression in SMA were increased in Ang II rats. cGMP production, which is decreased in arteries from Ang II rats, was restored after PDE1 blockade. We conclude that PDE1 activation reduces cGMP bioavailability in arteries from Ang II, contributing to increased contractile responsiveness. (Hypertension. 2011;57[part 2]:655-663.)

A Ring Contraction Strategy toward a Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Bakkenolide A

A diastereoselective route to (+)-bakkenolide A is presented from the readily available optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone. This novel synthesis of this sesquiterpene lactone features the following as key stereoselective transformations: (i) the ring contraction reaction of a octalone mediated by thallium(III) nitrate (TTN); (ii) a hydrogenation to create the cis-fused junction; and (iii) the formation of the C7 quaternary center through an enolate intermediate. Furthermore, during this work, the absolute configuration of a trinorsesquiterpene isolated from Senecio Humillimus was assigned.

Ring Contraction of 1,2-Dihydronaphthalenes Promoted by Thallium(III) in Acetonitrile: A Diastereoselective Approach to Indanes

trans-1,3-Disubstituted indanes are conveniently accessed by a stereoselective ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes upon treatment with thallium(III) nitrate (TTN) in acetonitrile. Under these conditions, the oxidative rearrangement of either di- or trisubstituted double bonds is possible.

A Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of trans-Trikentrin A: A Ring Contraction Approach

A new route to obtain the polyalkylated indole (+/-)-trans-trikentrin A was developed. The synthesis of this natural alkaloid features a thallium(III)mediated ring contraction reaction to obtain the trans-1,3-disubstituted five-membered ring in a diastereoselective manner. Thallium(III) is chemoselective in this rearrangement, reacting with the olefin without oxidation of the indole moiety. Other key transformations are the Bartoli`s reaction to construct the heterocyclic ring and a Heck coupling to add the carbons atom that will originate the nonaromatic cycle.

On theory multiple contraction

The one which is considered the standard model of theory change was presented in [AGM85] and is known as the AGM model. In particular, that paper introduced the class of partial meet contractions. In subsequent works several alternative constructive models for that same class of functions were presented, e.g.: safe/kernel contractions ([AM85, Han94]), system of spheres-based contractions ([Gro88]) and epistemic entrenchment-based contractions ([G ar88, GM88]). Besides, several generalizations of such model were investigated. In that regard we emphasise the presentation of models which accounted for contractions by sets of sentences rather than only by a single sentence, i.e. multiple contractions. However, until now, only two of the above mentioned models have been generalized in the sense of addressing the case of contractions by sets of sentences: The partial meet multiple contractions were presented in [Han89, FH94], while the kernel multiple contractions were introduced in [FSS03]. In this thesis we propose two new constructive models of multiple contraction functions, namely the system of spheres-based and the epistemic entrenchment-based multiple contractions which generalize the models of system of spheres-based and of epistemic entrenchment-based contractions, respectively, to the case of contractions (of theories) by sets of sentences. Furthermore, analogously to what is the case in what concerns the corresponding classes of contraction functions by one single sentence, those two classes are identical and constitute a subclass of the class of partial meet multiple contractions. Additionally, and as the rst step of the procedure that is here followed to obtain an adequate de nition for the system of spheres-based multiple contractions, we present a possible worlds semantics for the partial meet multiple contractions analogous to the one proposed in [Gro88] for the partial meet contractions (by one single sentence). Finally, we present yet an axiomatic characterization for the new class(es) of multiple contraction functions that are here introduced.

Measurement of gastric contraction activity in dogs by means of AC biosusceptometry

The mechanical nature of gastric contraction activity (GCA) plays an important role in gastrointestinal motility. The aim of this study was to detect GCA in anaesthetized dogs, using simultaneously the techniques of AC biosusceptometry (ACB) and manometry, analysing the characteristics of frequency and amplitude (motility index) of GCA, modified by drugs such as prostigmine and N-butyl-scopolamine. The ACB method is based on a differential transformer of magnetic flux and the magnetic tracer works as a changeable external nucleus. This magnetic tracer causes a modification in the magnetic flux, which is detected by the coils. The results obtained from the ACB showed a performance comparable to the manometry in measuring the modifications in the frequency and amplitude of the GCA. We concluded that this ACB technique, non-invasive and free of ionizing radiation, is an option for evaluating GCA and can be employed in future clinical studies.

The ACB technique: a biomagentic tool for monitoring gastrointestinal contraction directly from smooth muscle in dogs

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)