Accounting Beta Measuring Systematic Risk: Empirical Evidence from the Finnish Markets

The main purpose of this study is to examine whether accounting-based variables can be used to measure systematic risk of a company using Finnish data. When the fundamental sources of systematic risk are known, companies are able to manage these risks and increase company value. Accounting beta was formed based on OLS regression models. Theoretical background for the study was based on the findings of studies according to which business risk, financial risk, operating risk and growth risk can be theoretically regarded as determinants of the systematic risk. The results reveal that accounting variables describe systematic risk of a company. The accounting beta is found to be particularly sensitive to the changes in the risk components. The investigation is confidential until 15.10.2012.

Investment risks in Russia: A Finnish perspective

Purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of Russia's economic environment changes in the total return indexes of Finnish companies. The research data consisted of Finnish publicly listed companies, which have made physical investments to Russia, and operating in the area. The study used six different variables to model the Russian operating environment. The data consists of total return indexes of Finnish companies. From those we calculated the monthly mean interval between timeline of 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009. Sample period is divided into two different parts. Variables impact on companies' total return indices is tested by regression analysis. By F-test we tested significance of model and squared coefficient correlation told us how much model explains from changes. Goodness of the β-coefficient is tested in the model by t-test. The research results shows that the Russian operating environment, or changes in which the active Finnish companies in total return indices. On partial sample periods results were not so significant.

Yrityksen koko ja book-to-market ilmiöt Yhdysvaltojen osakemarkkinoilla

Tämä kandidaatintutkielma käsittelee yrityksen kokoon ja book-to-market arvoon perustuvia anomalioita Yhdysvaltojen osakemarkkinoilla. Tutkimuksen kohteena on epänormaalien tuottojen saavuttaminen kyseisten anomalioiden kautta erityisesti finanssikriisin aikana. Osakeportfolioiden analysointi tapahtuu pääasiassa Fama-French kolmifaktorimallin avulla.

Interdependence of Emerging Eastern European stock markets

One of the main developments in the global economy during the past decades has been the growth of emerging economies. Projections for their long-term growth, changes in the investment climate, corporate transparency and demography point to an increasing role for these emerging economies in the global economy. Today, emerging economies are usually considered as financial markets offering opportunities for high returns, good risk diversification and improved return-to-risk ratios. However, researchers have noted that these advantages may be in decline because of the increasing market integration. Nevertheless, it is likely that certain financial markets and specific sectors will remain partially segmented and somewhat insulated from the global economy for the year to come. This doctoral dissertation investigates several stock markets in Emerging Eastern Europe (EEE), including the ones in Russia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Slovenia. The objective is to analyze the returns and financial risks in these emerging markets from international investor’s point of view. This study also examines the segmentation/integration of these financial markets and the possibilities to diversify and hedge financial risk. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first includes a review of the theoretical background for the articles and a review of the literature on EEE stock markets. It includes an overview of the methodology and research design applied in the analysis and a summary of articles from the second part of this dissertation and their main findings. The second part consists of four research publications. This work contributes to studies on emerging stock markets in four ways. First, it adds to the body of research on the pricing of risk, providing new empirical evidence about partial stock market segmentation in EEE. The results suggest that the aggregate emerging market risk is a relevant driver for stock market returns and that this market risk can be used to price financial instruments and forecast their performance. Second, it contributes to the empirical research on the integration of stock markets, asset prices and exchange rates by identifying the relationships between these markets through volatility and asset pricing. The results show that certain sectors of stock markets in EEE are not as integrated as others. For example, the Polish consumer goods sector, the Hungarian telecommunications sector, and the Czech financial sector are somewhat isolated from their counterparts elsewhere in Europe. Nevertheless, an analysis of the impact of EU accession in 2004 on stock markets suggests that most of the EEE markets are becoming increasingly integrated with the global markets. Third, this thesis complements the scientific literature in the field of shock and volatility spillovers by examining the mechanism of spillover distribution among the EU and EEE countries. The results illustrate that spillovers in emerging markets are mostly from a foreign exchange to the stock markets. Moreover, the results show that the effects of external shocks on stock markets have increased after the enlargement of the EU in 2004. Finally, this study is unique because it analyzes the effects of foreign macroeconomic news on geographically closely related countries. The results suggest that the effects of macroeconomic announcements on volatility are significant and have effect that varies across markets and their sectors. Moreover, the results show that the foreign macroeconomic news releases, somewhat surprisingly, have a greater effect on the EEE markets than the local macroeconomic news. This dissertation has a number of implications for the industry and for practitioners. It analyses financial risk associated with investing in Emerging Eastern Europe. Investors may use this information to construct and optimize investment portfolios. Moreover, this dissertation provides insights for investors and portfolio managers considering asset allocation to protect value or obtain higher returns. The results have also implications for asset pricing and portfolio selection in light of macroeconomic news releases.

Performance of active portfolio management and the effect of stock market trend

Purpose of the study is to evaluate performance of active portfolio management and the effect of stock market trend on the performance. Theory of efficient markets states that market prices reflect all available information and that all investors share a common view of future price developments. This view gives little room for the success of active management, but the theory has been disputed – at least the level of efficiency. Behavioral finance has developed theories that identify irrational behavior patterns of investors. For example, investment decisions are not made independent of past market developments. These findings give reason to believe that also the performance of active portfolio management may depend on market developments. Performance of 16 Finnish equity funds is evaluated during the period of 2005 to 2011. In addition two sub periods are constructed, a bull market period and a bear market period. The sub periods are created by joining together the two bull market phases and the two bear market phases of the whole period. This allows for the comparison of the two different market states. Performance of the funds is measured with risk-adjusted performance by Modigliani and Modigliani (1997), abnormal return over the CAPM by Jensen (1968), and market timing by Henriksson and Merton (1981). The results suggested that in average the funds are not able to outperform the market portfolio. However, the underperformance was found to be lower than the management fees in average which suggests that portfolio managers are able to do successful investment decisions to some extent. The study revealed substantial dependence on the market trend for all of the measures. The risk-adjusted performance measure suggested that in bear markets active portfolio managers in average are able to beat the market portfolio but not in bull markets. Jensen´s alpha and the market timing model also showed striking differences between the two market states. The results of these two measures were, however, somewhat problematic and reliable conclusions about the performance could not be drawn.

Sistema poroso e capacidade de retenção de água em latossolo submetido a diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras em uma lavoura cafeeira

Os manejos de plantas invasoras em lavouras cafeeiras podem promover alterações estruturais que comprometem a capacidade do solo em infiltrar, distribuir, transmitir e reter água, em função da distribuição dos poros por tamanho. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da adoção de diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras no sistema poroso e na capacidade de retenção de água em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf), nas entrelinhas de uma lavoura cafeeira, em relação ao solo sob mata nativa. A área de estudo localiza-se na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig, em São Sebastião do Paraíso, região sul de Minas Gerais. O experimento foi instalado no ano de 1977 em blocos casualizados (DBC), com três repetições. Os seguintes manejos de plantas invasoras foram utilizados nas entrelinhas dos cafeeiros: sem capina (SCAP); capina manual (CAPM); herbicida de pósemergência (HPOS); roçadora (ROÇA); enxada rotativa (ENRT); grade (GRAD); e herbicida de pré-emergência (HPRE). Em dezembro de 2007, amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada foram coletadas aleatoriamente no centro das entrelinhas dos cafeeiros sob os diferentes manejos, nas profundidades de 0-3 cm, 10-13 cm e 25-28 cm, totalizando 315 amostras. Em uma mata nativa (MATA) sob LVdf, adjacente à área de estudo, foram coletadas 15 amostras adicionais por profundidade, as quais serviram de referência para os atributos avaliados. A partir da curva de retenção de água no solo, foi obtida a distribuição de poros por tamanho (macroporosidade: poros com diâmetro > 50 µm e microporosidade: poros com diâmetro < 50 µm), e o volume total de poros foi calculado pela equação [VTP = 1-(densidade do solo/ densidade de partículas)]. As principais alterações, tanto na curva de retenção de água como na distribuição de poros por tamanho, ocorreram na profundidade de 0-3 cm. Os extremos foram para o LVdf sob MATA e o solo sob lavoura cafeeira manejado com a GRAD e HPRE. Os demais sistemas de manejo proporcionaram ao LVdf valores intermediários das variáveis avaliadas.

Stock Market reaction to the CSR announcements of American fast food companies

The purpose of this study is to examine whether Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) announcements of the three biggest American fast food companies (McDonald’s, YUM! Brands and Wendy’s) have any effect on their stock returns as well as on the returns of the industry index (Dow Jones Restaurants and Bars). The time period under consideration starts on 1st of May 2001 and ends on 17th of October 2013. The stock market reaction is tested with an event study utilizing CAPM. The research employs the daily stock returns of the companies, the index and the benchmarks (NASDAQ and NYSE). The test of combined announcements did not reveal any significant effect on the index and McDonald’s. However the stock returns of Wendy’s and YUM! Brands reacted negatively. Moreover, the company level analyses showed that to their own CSR releases McDonald’s stock returns respond positively, YUM! Brands reacts negatively and Wendy’s does not have any reaction. Plus, it was found that the competitors of the announcing company tend to react negatively to all the events. Furthermore, the division of the events into sustainability categories showed statistically significant negative reaction from the Index, McDonald’s and YUM! Brands towards social announcements. At the same time only the index was positively affected by to the economic and environmental CSR news releases.

Sijoittajien käyttäytyminen matalassa korkomarkkinassa

Tämän Pro gradu –tutkielman aiheena on tutkia sijoittajien käyttäytymistä matalassa korkomarkkinassa. Työssä tutkitaan, ovatko Kymenlaakson Osuuspankin Private –asiakkaat käyttäytyneet rahoituksen klassisen teorian mukaan rationaalisesti. Lisäksi tutkielmassa tutkitaan, ovat asiakkaat nostaneet sijoituksiensa riskitasojaan saadakseen korkeampia tuottoja riskittömän koron ollessa matalalla. Tutkielmassa tutkitaan myös, onko sijoittajien ankkurina riskitaso vai tuottotaso sekä onko naisten ja miesten välillä eroja. Tutkielman teoriapohjana käytetään perinteisiä rahoituksen teorioita, kuten CAPM-mallia, SML-käyrää, riskitöntä korkokantaa, markkinatehokkuutta sekä behavioristista taloustiedettä. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen ja sen empiirinen on kerätty haastattelulomakkeella Kymenlaakson Osuuspankin Private –asiakkailta. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan sanoa, etteivät tutkimukseen osallistuneet henkilöt olleet käyttäytyneet rationaalisesti. Sijoituksien riskitasoa oli nostettu ja miehet olivat nostaneet sijoituksien riskitasoa enemmän. Päätöksenteossa naisille oli hieman merkittävämpää sijoituksien riskitaso, kun taas miehille tärkeämpää oli tuottotaso. Kaikista vastaajista 51,8%:lle tuottotaso oli merkittävämpi tekijä.

Rahapeliyhtiöiden menestys Euroopan markkinoilla

Tutkielma avartaa Eurooppalaisten rahapeliyhtiöiden menestymistä vuosien 2001 ja 2014 välillä verraten menestymistä muihin Sin stocks yrityksiin sekä Euro Stoxx 50 indeksiin. Teoriaosuus keskustelee epäeettisiin yrityksiin kohdistuvista havainnoista sekä rahapelaamisen luonteesta pyrkien esittämään havaintoja, jotka vaikuttavat rahapeliyhtiöiden ja epäeettisten yritysten menestymiseen. Menestymistä tarkastellaan kolmen menestysmittarin: Sharpen ja Treynorin luvun sekä Jensenin alfan avulla.

Stability and predictive ability of beta

The purpose of this paper is to examine the stability and predictive abilities of the beta coefficients of individual equities in the Finnish stock market. As beta is widely used in several areas of finance, including risk management, asset pricing and performance evaluation among others, it is important to understand its characteristics and find out whether its estimates can be trusted and utilized.

Alhaisen volatiliteetin anomalia Suomen osakemarkkinoilla

Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää esiintyykö Suomen osakemarkkinoilla alhaisen volatiliteetin anomaliaa. Tutkielman tavoitteeseen vastataan työn empiirisessä osassa analysoimalla Suomen osakemarkkinoilla listattujen osakkeiden tuottoaikasarjoja. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan myös finanssikriisin vaikutusta anomalian ilmenemiseen. Tutkimus sijoittuu aikavälille tammikuusta 2001 tammikuuhun 2015. Tutkielmassa muodostetaan portfolioita osakkeiden historiallisen volatiliteetin mukaan. Näiden portfolioiden menestymistä suhteessa markkinoihin arvioidaan absoluuttisten tuottojen, Sharpen luvun sekä Jensenin alfan avulla. Markkinaindekseinä käytetään OMXH CAP -indeksiä sekä tutkimusaineiston pohjalta muodostettua markkinaportfoliota. Kaikkein parhaimman absoluuttisen tuoton on saanut vuodesta 2001 vuoteen 2015 sijoittamalla keskiverron volatiliteetin osakkeisiin. Parhaan riskikorjatun tuoton on kuitenkin saavuttanut sijoittamalla alhaisen volatiliteetin osakkeisiin. Tutkielmassa löydetään todisteita alhaisen volatiliteetin anomalian esiintymisestä Suomen osakemarkkinoilla koko tutkimusaineisto huomioon ottaen. Tutkielman ehkä mielenkiintoisin löydös on kuitenkin huomio alhaisen volatiliteetin anomalian häviämisestä Suomen osakemarkkinoilta finanssikriisin jälkeen. Ennen finanssikriisiä esiintynyt erittäin vahva alhaisen volatiliteetin osakkeiden ylisuoriutuminen hävisi täysin finanssikriisin jälkeen. Toisin sanoen riskin ja tuoton suhde on kääntynyt päälaelleen finanssikriisin jälkeen, eikä alhaisen volatiliteetin anomaliaa voida enää sanoa esiintyvän.