拟南芥AST基因的精细作图

拟南芥ast (anthocyanin spotted testa) 突变体是由碳离子束诱导产生的与花青苷生物合成有关的突变体，受单隐性核基因控制。由于花青苷的异常积累，突变体未成熟种子的种皮呈现紫红色的斑点;野生型植株幼嫩的种皮没有花青苷的异常积累，呈淡绿色。初步作图分析表明，AST基因定位于拟南芥第I号染色体上，并且位于SSLP分子标记nga280和CAPS分子标记PAB5之间。 AST基因与SSLP分子标记nga280紧密连锁，遗传距离为3.2cM;与CAPS分子标记PAB5相距较远，遗传距离为21.1cM。 采用DDRT-PCR的策略，分析野生型与突变型植株未成熟角果中基因表达的差异。通过调整DDRT-PCR中总RNA、锚定引物、随机引物、cDNA和dNTP等关键试剂的用量，优化了适用于银染检测的DDRT-PCR方法。PCR扩增产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳分离后，银染能检测到多而清晰的条带。泳道中的条带数最少为40个，最多达80个，平均为60个，条带大小分布在100bp-900bp范围，银染的灵敏度为5pg/mm2。此方法操作简便快速，灵敏度高，重复性好。采用这个改良的的方法，分析了拟南芥野生型和ast突变型植株未成熟角果中16,000个cDNA扩增产物条带，从中筛选出28个差异条带。二次PCR扩增后，进一步筛选出10个差异表达的cDNA条带，其中6个是野生型特异表达的，4个是突变型特异表达的。对这10个差异片段进行测序。BLASTN分析表明，这10个差异表达的cDNA片段与数据库中花青苷生物合成途径中的结构基因和调节基因序列没有同源性，表明用DDRT-PCR的方法克隆特定的AST基因有一定的局限性。 利用图位克隆（map-based cloning）的策略，对拟南芥AST 基因进行克隆。根据拟南芥数据库中的SNPs (simple nucleotide polymophisms) 序列和插入/缺失多态性（insertion/deletion polymorphisms）序列，设计了一系列分子标记。利用这些分子标记，对600个F2代有突变表型的植株进行重组子筛选，完成了对拟南芥AST基因的精细作图，成功地将AST 基因定位到BAC克隆T13M11上。初步确定该BAC克隆中的基因T13M11.8 可能是AST基因。该基因的DNA序列长1432bp，含有6个外显子和5个内含子，编码的蛋白与花青苷生物合成途径中的二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶有较高的同源性。功能互补实验正在进行当中。

Feeding stimulatory effects of Cyperus rotundus tuber on Cirrhinus mrigala

Traditionally tubers of cyperus (Cyperus rotundus) and its extracts have been used for alluring fish during harvesting in India. An experiment was conducted to evaluate its feeding stimulatory activity and effect on the growth of a commercially important freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric formulated diets viz. plant ingredient based control and control supplemented with cyperus tuber (CS) at 1% and 5% levels were fed to the fingerlings of mrigal, C. mrigala (2.68+0.20 g) for a period of 45 days. The growth performance and the activity of metabolic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in liver, gill and muscle tissues of mrigal were studied during every 15 days interval. Highest relative growth (72.28%) was obtained in the mrigal fed with the diet containing 5% cyperus (5% CS), while the relative growths were 66.18% and 43.40% for the fish fed with the 1% CS diet and control respectively. The activities of AST and ALT were significantly higher (p<0.01) in both 1% and 5% CS diets as compared to the control in all the tissues studied. Higher aminotransferase activities were observed in the tissues of 5% CS group than in those of 1% CS group throughout the experimental period. The observed higher enzymatic activity was concomitant with the higher growth rate in fish. The results suggested that cyperus tuber supplementation increased feed palatability and growth.

Effect of organophosphate, diazinon on some immunophysiological, haematological and histological variable of Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky,1901)

The acute toxicity and effects of diazinon on some haematological parameters of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901) weighing 613.33 g±157.06 g were studied under static water quality conditions at 15°C ± 2ºC in winter and spring 2009. The effective physical and chemical parameters of water were pH= 7-8.2, dh= 300mg/L (caco3), DO= 7 ppm and T= 15°C±2ºC. The first test was primarily to determine the effects of acute toxicity (LC5096 h) of the agricultural toxicant diazinon (emulsion 60%) on kutum male brood stocks. For this purpose, 4 treatments were used to test toxicity; each treatment was repeated in 3 tanks with 9 fish per treatment and with 180 litres water capacity. After obtaining the final results, the information was analysed statistically with Probit version 1.5 (USEPA, 1985), and we determined the LC10, LC50 and LC90 values at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours; the maximum allowable concentration value (LC5096 h divided by 10) (TRC, 1984); and the degree of toxicity. The second stage of testing consists of four treatments: LC0= 0 as experimental treatment, treatment A with a concentration of LC1= 0.107 mg/L, treatment B with concentration of LC5= 0.157 mg/L, treatment C with concentration of MAC value= 0.04 mg/L. Male brood stocks of kutum were treated with these concentrations for 45 days. Experiments were carried out under static conditions based on the standard TRC, 1984 method over 45 days. Our results show that long-term exposure to diazinon causes a decrease in the erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leucocyte count (WBC), lymphocyte, testosterone, iron (Fe), sodium (Na), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cholinesterase (CHeS). In addition, diazinon also causes an increase in prolymphocyte, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and adrenaline (P<0.05). There are no significant effects on monocyte, eosinophil, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), glucose (BS), urea (BUN), uric acid (U.A), triglyceride (TG), calcium (Ca), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), cortisol, noradrenaline and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in kutum male brood stocks (P>0.05). Pathology results showed toxin diazinon no effect on average weight and fish body length, the average weight of heart, brain, spleen, liver, kidney and liver index but caueses decrease of gonad weigth and gonad index and also, cause complications of tissue necrosis, vascular congestion, inflammation in the liver, a sharp reduction in the number of glomeruli, necrosis, vascular congestion and haemorage in the kidney, capsule thickening and fibrosis, atrophy, vascular congestion, macrophages release increased, increasing sediment Hemosiderine and thickening of artery walls in the spleen, atrophy, fibrosis and necrosis in testis , vascular congestion, increased distance between the myocardium and fibrous string in heart and neuronal loss, vascular congestion and edema in the brain of kutum male brood stocks.

YBCO single grains seeded by 45° - 45° bridge-seeds of different lengths

Single grain, (RE)BCO bulk superconductors in large or complicated geometries are required for a variety of potential applications, such as motors and generators and magnetic shielding devices. As a result, top, multi-seeded, melt growth (TMSMG) has been investigated over the past two years in an attempt to enlarge the size of (RE)BCO single grains specifically for such applications. Of these multi-seeding techniques, so-called bridge seeding provides the best alignment of two seeds in a single grain growth process. Here we report, for the first time, the successful growth of YBCO using a special, 45{\deg} - 45{\deg}, arrangement of bridge-seeds. The superconducting properties, including trapped field, of the multi-seeded YBCO grains have been measured for different bridge lengths of the 45{\deg}- 45{\deg} bridge-seeds. The boundaries at the impinging growth front and the growth features of the top, multi-seeded surface and cross-section of the multi-seeded, samples have been analysed using optical microscopy. The results suggest that an impurity-free boundary between the two seeds of each leg of the bridge-seed can form when 45{\deg}- 45{\deg} bridge-seeds are used to enlarge the size of YBCO grains.

A comparison of 0°-0° and 45°-45° bridge-seeded, YBCO single grains

A variety of multiseeding techniques have been investigated over the past 20 yr in an attempt to enlarge bulk (RE)BCO superconducting samples fabricated by the top-seeded melt growth (TSMG) process for practical applications. Unfortunately, these studies have failed to establish whether technically useful values of trapped field can be achieved in multiseeded bulk samples. In this work specially designed, 0°-0° and 45°-45° bridge seeds of different lengths have been employed to produce improved alignment of the seeds during the TSMG process. The ability of these bridge-seeded samples to trap magnetic field, which is the key superconducting property for practical applications of bulk (RE)BCO, is compared for the samples seeded using 0°-0° and 45°-45° bridge seeds of different lengths. The grain boundaries produced by these bridge seeds are analyzed in detail, and the similarities and differences between the two bridge-seeding processes are discussed. © 2013 The American Ceramic Society.

A low-cost CMOS programmable temperature

A novel uncalibrated CMOS programmable temperature switch with high temperature accuracy is presented. Its threshold temperature T-th can be programmed by adjusting the ratios of width and length of the transistors. The operating principles of the temperature switch circuit is theoretically explained. A floating gate neural MOS circuit is designed to compensate automatically the threshold temperature T-th variation that results form the process tolerance. The switch circuit is implemented in a standard 0.35 mu m CMOS process. The temperature switch can be programmed to perform the switch operation at 16 different threshold temperature T(th)s from 45-120 degrees C with a 5 degrees C increment. The measurement shows a good consistency in the threshold temperatures. The chip core area is 0.04 mm(2) and power consumption is 3.1 mu A at 3.3V power supply. The advantages of the temperature switch are low power consumption, the programmable threshold temperature and the controllable hysteresis.

An internally-matched GaN HEMTs device with 45.2 W at 8 GHz for X-band application

Optimized AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with high mobility GaN channel layer structures were grown on 2-in. diameter semi-insulating 6H-SiC substrates by MOCVD. The 2-in. diameter GaN HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 261.9 Omega/square, with the resistance un-uniformity as low as 2.23%. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed a smooth AlGaN surface whose root-mean-square roughness is 0.281 nm for a scan area of 5 x 5 mu m. For the single-cell HEMTs device of 2.5-mm gate width fabricated using the materials, a maximum drain current density of 1.31 A/mm, an extrinsic transconductance of 450 mS/mm, a current gain cutoff frequency of 24 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation 54 GHz were achieved. The four-cell internally-matched GaN HEMTs device with 10-mm total gate width demonstrated a very high output power of 45.2 W at 8 GHz under the condition of continuous-wave (CW), with a power added efficiency of 32.0% and power gain of 6.2 dB. To our best knowledge, the achieved output power of internally-matched devices are the state-of-the-art result ever reported for X-band GaN-based HEMTs. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

玻璃盖板与45°膜复合结构透过率的研究

讨论了一种类似蜂窝或V型膜的玻璃盖板与45°膜复合结构(简称45°膜结构)的光热性能。其透过率比蜂窝结构高，隔热性能与蜂窝结构和V型膜结构相当，在低纬地区应用效果甚好。

模式识别在Eu~(2+)光谱结构研究中的应用

由于Eu~(2+)离子在不同复合氟化物中存在不同的跃迁发射形式，主要有5d → 4f的宽带跃迁，位于365nm-650nm间和4f → 4f的窄带跃迁，中心位置在360nm附近。Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁形式决定于基质的化学组成。本工作就是用多种模式识别方法（KNN，ALKNN，BAYES，LLM，SIMCA和PCA）研究不同复合氟化物基质中Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁发射形式和基质晶体结构之间的关系，找出Eu~(2+)离子产生f → f跃迁其基质构成的一般规律性。收集了90个复合氟化物（AB_mF_n）作为样本集，根据其中Eu~(2+)离子跃迁形式的不同将它们分成两类，一类为具有f → f跃迁的基质45个；另一类为不具有f → f跃迁的基质45个。随机地选用63个基质作为训练集，其余的为验证集。每个基质样本利用其12个晶体结构参数作为描述。由于各参数间差别不大，对原始数据未进行标度化。特征提取是模式识别分析的一个重要步骤，本工作结合变化权重法，BAYES特征量评价法和SIMCA变量相关性评价法的特点，建立了一个以验评价判据式：d(i) = -5.0 + 2.3V(i) + 0.89f(i) + 7.2W(i)根据经验式，选取了变量Z_B/r_(kB)，r_(covA)/r_(covB)和Z_B/r_(covB)，并删除了变量Xσ_A，Xσ_B，r_(covA)。其它变量由于其D值接近，利用穷举法对它们进行选取，结果M，Z'_A和r_(covB)被选中。这样把这6个被选的变量作为对跃迁发射问题最相关的变量进行进一步分析。采用被选的6维变量对训练集样本施行主成份分析，结果表示前三个主成份已可解释原数据信息量的99%以上。所以分别以主成份1-3及主成份1和主成份3作了三维和二维的映射图。结果表示两类基质样本基本上分在不同区域。进一步分别用12维和6维变量对样本系进行了其它几种模式识别分析。所有这些方法对训练集的分类效果都比较理想。采取6维特征时，其正确分类率达79.4-96.8%，这说明与跃迁问题相关的大部分变量已被选入。但是结果显示，各种方法对训练集的分类有一定的差别。我们认为这是由于各种不同的方法对数据结构要求不同引起的。实验证明Bayes线性判别方法对该样本集数据的分类效果最佳。根据Bayes线性差别方法的执行得到了对基质样本分类模式，由此模式讨论了各结构参数对Eu~(2+)离子光谱结构的影响，并对七个未知基质中Eu~(2+)离子的光谱结构进行了计算机预报，结果表示KTbF_4，KBF_4，NaIn_2F_7和KLu_2F_7为具有f → f跃迁发射的基质，而NaCaF_3，MgBeF_4和MgAlF_5为不具有f → f跃迁发射的基质。

多层In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/A_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的变温光致发光研究

测量了自组织多层In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的变温光致发光谱，同时观察到来自浸润层和量子点的发光，首次直接观察了浸润层和量子点之间的载流子热转移。分析发光强度随温度的变化发现浸润发光的热淬灭包括两个过程

不同尺寸分布的自组织In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的静压光谱

在15K测量了不同尺寸分布的In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的静压我致发光，静压范围为0--1.3GPa。常压下观察到三个发光峰，分别来源于不同尺寸的量子点(横向直径分别为26、52和62nm)的发光。它产的压力系数分别为82、94和98meV/GPa,都小于In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As体材料带边的压力系数，特别是尺寸为26nm的小量子点比In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As体材料带边小17%，并且压力系数随量子点尺寸的变小而减小。理论计算表明有效质量的增在和Γ-X混合是量子点压力系数变小的主要原因，并得到横向直径为26和52nm的小量子点的Γ－X混合势为15和10meV。根据实验还确定In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点系统X能带具有Ⅱ类结构，并且估算出价带不连续量为0.15±0.02。