957 resultados para 37.048.2
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This study evaluated the effects of different amino acid formulations on supporting meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation of rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta) oocytes in vitro. Five hundred and forty-six cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) aspirated from unstimulated adult monkey follicles (greater than or equal to 1000 mum in diameter) were cultured in either modified Connaught Medical Research Laboratories 1066 medium (mCMRL-1066) or in one of eight chemically defined media (modified basic medium 5 supplemented with 5.5 mmol glucose l(-1), 0.003 mmol pantothenic acid l(-1) and different amino acid formulations) as below: (1) modified basic medium 5 (mBM5) containing no amino acid; (2) mBM5 + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (3) mBM5 + 11 amino acids from hamster embryo culture medium 6 (HECM-6) (11 AA); (4) mBM5 + Eagle's non-essential amino acids (NEA); (5) mBM5 + NEA + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (6) mBM5 + Eagle's essential amino acids (EA) without glutamine; (7) mBM5 + EA + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (8) mBM5 + Eagle's 20 amino acids (20 AA) + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); and (9) mCMRL-1066 (control). All media contained FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone. After maturation, mature oocytes were subjected to the same fertilization and embryo culture procedures. COCs matured in treatment 5 had greater potential to progress to metaphase II (66%; P < 0.05) than did those in treatments 1 (37.3%), 2 (48.3%)f 3 (41%), 6 (41%) and 9 (43%). Oocytes matured in treatment 8 had the best morula (53%) and blastocyst (18%) developmental responses (P<0.05). The lowest (P<0.05) morula and blastocyst developmental responses were obtained from COCs matured in treatments 1 (0%) and 6 (8%). The other media supported intermediate embryonic development (range 11-38% of morula and blastocyst). These results indicate that the choice of amino acids affects the competence of oocyte maturation and that Eagle's 20 AA with 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1) is more efficient than the other amino acid formulations for maturation of rhesus monkey oocytes.
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Biological aspects, population dynamics and stock assessment of the Caspian Sea prawns Palaemon adspersus and Palaemon eleganse were investigated in Guilan coastal water of the Caspian Sea. Sampling was done monthly with a bottom trawl with mesh size of 3 mm in cod end in 0 - 5 m and 5 - 10 m depth in areas as Astra, Shafa Roud, Anzali, Chonchanan Chamkhaleh and Chaboksar during year 2002. Results of one year sampling showed that mean total length of Palaemon adspersus (pooled data) was 39.9±6.84 mm (X±SD) and mean wiegth was 1.133±0.67 g. The mean total length of females and males was 41.6±7.5 mm and 37.9±5.2 mm respectively and mean weight for the mentioned sexes was 1.353±0.65 g and 0.868±0.38 g respectively. There was significant differences in mean length and weight of females and males (P<0.05). The mean total annual sex ratio of males: females for this species was 1.4 and this sex ratio deviated significantly from 1:1 (X2, P<0.05) and biased towards males in the population of this species. The spawning season of Palaemon adspersus begins in April and ends in September with a peak in June . Mean fecundity of this species was 1994.5 ± 506.6 . The growth coefficients Loo and K for females were estimated as 58.5 mm and 2.3 /Year and for males as 55.9 mm and 2.6 /year respectively . The mean CPUA ( catch / Km2 ) for this species was 9.99 ± 33.2 kg / km2 and the correspondance biomass was calculated as 5067.7 kg in 0 - 10 m depth . The mean total length of Palaemon elegans (pooled data ) was 27.5 ± 5.7 mm (X±S.D) and mm and 24.01±4.18 mm respectively and mean weight for the mentioned sexes were was 0.553 ± 0.3 g and 0.237±0.15 g respectively. There was significant differences in mean length and weight of females and males (P<0.05). The mean total annual sex ratio of males:females for this species was 0.57 and in this species also sex ratio differed significantly from 1:1 (X2, P<0.05) and skewed towards females in the population of this species. The spawning season of Palaemon elegans extended from May to September with a peak in July . Mean fecundity of this species was 642.7±313.4. The growth coefficients LOO and K for females were estimated as 42.119 mm and 2.40 /Year and 33.87 mm and 2.50 /year for males respectively. The mean. CPUA ( catch/ Km2 ) for this species was 0.75±3.86 kg/km2 and the correspondance biomass was calculated as 382.1 kg in 0-10 m depth .
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为确定特化等级裂腹鱼类的遗传分化关系 ,对 7种 2 2个裂腹鱼个体进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)研究。从所使用的 40个随机引物中 ,选择了 37个扩增带谱清晰的引物进行分析。根据构建的分子系统树显示 ,特化等级裂腹鱼类划分为 3个属级分类单元较为合适 ,这与采用形态学特征进行系统分析所得出的结论一致。在 2 2个个体之间遗传距离矩阵中 ,最大的遗传距离指数达到了 90 38% ,此外 ,还有较多的遗传距离指数也在 6 0 %~ 90 %之间。通过分析 ,认为用RAPD标记技术来分析属级或属级以上分
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本文报道了东湖环棱螺的种群密度、年龄结构、种群增长率和生物量、生产量、P/B系数及其在不同湖区中的季节变化;用指数生长模型计算种群增长率。以累计总增长的方法估算种群生产量。研究结果表明,水果湖区铜锈环棱螺年平均生物量为554.37克·米~(-2),累计生产量为604.99克·米~(-2)·年~(-1),P/B系数为1.09;郭郑湖区平均生物量为286.74克·米~(-2),生产量为308.99克·米~(-2)·年~(-1),P/B系数为1.08。本文还对影响铜锈环棱螺的种群变动和生产量的生态因子作了扼要的
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采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、时空格局和物种多样性等特征。结果表明,(1)土壤种子库中共统计到37个物种,隶属于16科,其中禾本科、菊科、唇形科、豆科和毛茛科的植物占优势。(2)从返青期到枯黄期,种子库中豆科、禾本科、堇菜科所占比例呈下降趋势,唇形科和菊科所占比例明显提高,种子库的密度也显著提高。(3)种子库中种子数量在垂直分布上呈现出由表层土壤向深层逐层减少的变化规律;在水平分布上的变化规律为:封禁>放牧;阴坡>阳坡;下坡>中坡>上坡。(4)封禁地土壤种子库中的Margalef丰富度和Shannon—Wienner指数都高于放牧地,Pielou均匀性指数低于放牧地。从返青期到枯黄期,封禁地和放牧地土壤种子库的Margalef丰富度、Shannon—Wienner指数、Pielou均匀性指数都呈下降趋势。
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二氧化碳是主要的温室气体,同时也是一种廉价的、取之不尽用之不竭的碳氧资源。以二氧化碳为原料合成可生物降解的脂肪族聚碳酸酯是二氧化碳固定和利用领域的重要课题,其中最受关注的是由二氧化碳和环氧丙烷共聚合所制备的聚碳酸丙烯酯(PPC)。高分子量PPC可用于制备连续薄膜,这类薄膜除了保持可生物降解性能之外,还具有较好的透明性,而且其室温下对氧气的阻隔性能优良,在食品保鲜和药品包装等方面有很大的应用前景。但是, PPC在高温(40℃以上)强度迅速下降、低温(15℃以下)脆性加剧,为使PPC象普通塑料如聚乙烯那样实现大规模化应用,必须解决其高温增强和低温增韧的难题。 从高分子链结构来看,PPC的分子链主要由弱极性或非极性基团构成,且普通PPC的区域和立体规整性较低,导致PPC中分子链间作用力较弱,而且是无定型结构,降低了PPC耐温性能和机械力学性能。本博士论文的主要的思路就是通过调控PPC的链结构来提高其分子间作用力,从而改善PPC的耐温性能和力学性能。本论文围绕PPC的近程结构和远程结构控制,提出了改进PPC 链结构的五个方法,即提高PPC的分子量、制备交联型PPC、合成区域规整结构PPC、合成等规结构PPC、合成等规-无规立体嵌段PPC。通过研究链结构变化对PPC 热性能和机械性能的影响,证明通过共聚物链结构的设计和调控,可以大幅度增强PPC 的分子间作用力,拓展PPC 的使用温度范围。本文的主要内容包括: 1.通过在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerine三元催化体系或通过在环氧丙烷和二氧化碳聚合反应体系中引入少量双环氧单体如乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、丁二醇二缩水甘油醚或新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚,合成了数均分子量超过20万的PPC。与数均分子量为10万左右的PPC相比,分子量在20万左右的PPC的起始热分解温度增加了37℃,一定程度上改善了PPC的加工性能和使用性能。 2.将提高聚合物分子量改善其耐温和力学性能的思路进一步延伸,提出了分子量“无限大”的交联聚合物思路。通过在二氧化碳与环氧丙烷共聚反应中引入少量含有双键的环氧化合物(烯丙基缩水甘油醚),可以在基本上不影响聚合反应收率的前提下,得到侧链带双键的可交联的PPC。通过侧链双键的自由基反应,获得交联的PPC,其耐热性能、力学性能与未交联的PPC相比均有显著提高,大幅度提高了共聚物的尺寸稳定性。在65℃下未交联PPC的永久形变为17.2%,根据PPC交联程度的不同,交联PPC的永久形变在0-15%间可控,而且交联后的PPC仍然具有很好的生物降解性能。 3.通过在稀土三元催化体系中加入适量的路易斯碱,既保持了稀土三元催化剂可以得到高分子量PPC的优点,另外路易斯碱与活性中心配位,可提高活性中心的亲核性和环氧丙烷开环选择性,得到高分子量规整区域结构的PPC。聚合物的头尾连接最高达84.6%,数均分子量为136kg/mol。XPS研究证实路易斯碱与中心锌金属发生配位,提高了金属碳酸酯的亲核性,进而提高了活性中心进攻环氧丙烷单体的选择性,从而改善了PPC区域规整性。进一步研究了非均相稀土三元催化剂中多质子化合物配体以及手性多质子化合物配体对PPC区域结构和头尾连接的影响,结果表明电子效应是影响PPC区域结构的主要因素,为以后催化剂的设计和制备提供了依据。与高头尾结构的低分子量PPC不同,高头尾结构的高分子量PPC性能有了很大的改善。当头尾连接结构含量从69.7%增加到83.2%时,PPC的玻璃化温度增加8℃,起始热分解温度提高45℃,表明提高PPC的区域规整性确实可以改善其耐温性能。 4.利用二氧化碳和环氧丙烷(PO)共聚时,单体PO的开环方式决定聚合产物立体结构的特点,在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerin/PHEN催化体系下,通过S-PO与 CO2的共聚,制得数均分子量为97kg/mol的等规结构PPC。13C-NMR谱图证实聚合物为等规结构。 5. 通过简单的顺序加料方式,在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerin/PHEN催化体系下,通过S-PO/CO2和rac-PO/CO2嵌段共聚,制得数均分子量为139kg/mol的等规-无规立体嵌段PPC。13C-NMR谱图及分子量的数据证实聚合物为等规-无规立体嵌段结构。
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测试了采用PECVD生长的氢化纳米硅(nc-Si:H)薄膜的内应力。利用XRD、Raman、AFM、 HRTEM研究了nc-Si:H薄膜的微结构,用全场薄膜应力测试仪测量了nc-Si:H薄膜的内应力。结果表明:nc-Si:H薄膜的内应力与薄膜的微结构密切相关,强烈依赖于制备工艺。压应力随掺杂浓度的提高而增加;在一定功率密度范围内掺磷nc-Si:H薄膜的压应力随功率密度增加而减少,并过渡为张应力;在373-523K之间,掺硼nc-Si:H薄膜的压应力随衬底温度升高而增加;nc- Si:H薄膜的压应力随氢气对硅烷稀释比的变化而变化。
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发现PECVD生长的系列掺杂氢化纳米硅(nc-Si:H)薄膜中纳米硅晶粒(nc-Si)有择优生长的趋势。用Raman、XRD、AFM、HRTEM等方法研究其微观结构时发现:掺磷的nc-Si:H薄膜XRD峰位的二倍衍射角约为33~°。掺硼nc-Si:H薄膜的XRD峰位的二倍衍射角约为47~°。用自由能密度与序参量的关系结合实验参数分析得到:较高的衬底温度引起序参量改变,使掺磷nc-Si:H薄膜中nc-Si的晶面择优生长。适当的电场作用引起序参量改变,导致掺硼nc-Si:H薄膜在一定的身由能密度范围内nc-Si的晶面择优生长。
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用自行研制的SOS型氢离子敏场效应晶体管, 结合聚乙烯醇膜和赖氨酸脱羧酶膜, 研制成场 效应晶体管型赖氨酸传感器, 其线性响应范围为: 0.02%—0.10%, 响应灵敏度75±3mV,响应时间约2min。传感器寿命达60d, 在pH6.2的磷酸盐缓冲液中(含10~(-3)mol/L磷酸吡哆醛), 37℃时器件性能最优, 同时还考察了硅烷化及膜厚对器件性能的影响。用该传感器初步 检测强化赖氨酸饮料的含量, 结果与经典的茚三酮显色法基本一致。图5表2参6
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生态系统评价是为了向决策者提供生态系统管理信,息而对生态系统结构、功能进行分析,并根据其变化趋势及驱动力提出相应措施的综合研究过程。生态功能分区是依据生态系统胁迫过程与效应、生态环境质量、敏感性和生态系统服务功能重要性等特征空间分异规律而进行的地理空间分区,目的是辨析区域生态环境问题与生态环境脆弱区和良好区,明确优先保护的生态系统和地区,为生态保护与建设、产业结构调整与优化及区域生态系统分区管理提供科学依据。本研究以辽宁省域生态系统为对象,在生态环境调查的基础上,分析了生态环境状况及变化趋势,进行了生态环境质量、敏感性和生态系统服务功能重要性评价,辨析了存在的生态环境问题及驱动力,明确了生态环境质量、敏感性和生态系统服务功能重要性空间分布格局,然后对辽宁省进行了生态功能区划分,并指出了各功能区生态保护与建设的重点和措施以及产业结构调整与优化的对策和方向研究结果表明,在经济和人口增长的长期胁迫作用下,辽宁省生态环境问题依然严峻,主要表现为:土地退化,地表水污染严重,森林质量下降和功能减弱,草地减少与退化并存,天然湿地萎缩,滩涂和海岸带生境恶化,生物多样性面临威胁,农业面源污染凸显,生态系统抗干扰能力下降,生态灾害加剧。全省生态环境质量超过2/3属于一般以下水平,其中优级面积仅占12.56%,良好级面积占18.71%,主要分布在东部及东南部;一般级面积占34.25%,主要分布在中部、北部和南部;较差级面积占34.48%,主要分布在西部及西北部。全省县级市及县有44个,其中生态环境质量为优的仅有4个市县,占总县数的9.09%;生态环境质量为良的有7个市县,占总县数的15.91%;生态环境质量一般的有19个市县,占总县数的43.18%,生态环境质量较差的有14个市县,占总县数的31.82%。全省处于轻度至高度敏感区域。高度敏感区占34.00%,主要分布在辽东山地丘陵、辽东半岛、辽西低山丘陵、辽西北、柳绕地区和大洼县。辽东山地丘陵、辽东半岛和辽西低山丘陵主要是土壤侵蚀高度敏感。辽西北和柳绕地区主要是土地沙漠化高度敏感。大洼县是土壤盐渍化高度敏感。中度敏感区占能.66%,与高度敏感区相间分布。轻度敏感区占3.34%,零星分布在辽东,在辽西和辽河平原也有少量分布。全省生态服务功能均处于比较重要以上。极重要地区占60.66%,基本分布在辽东、辽西和辽河平原的北部与盘锦滨海地区,辽东主要为水源涵养、生物多样性保护、土壤保持、营养物质保持,辽西主要为土壤保持、生物多样性保护、水源涵养、营养物质保持,辽北主要为土壤保持,盘锦滨海地区主要为生物多样性保护。中等重要地区占37.01%,基本分布在辽河平原,在辽东、辽西也有分布,辽河平原主要为土壤保持、水源涵养,沙漠化控制,辽东和辽西主要为土壤保持,辽西北为沙漠化控制。其它地区为比较重要地区,仅占2.33%,主要分布在辽东和辽河平原,在辽西也有少量分布,主要为土壤保持。在生态系统评价的基础上,首先根据地貌和气候划分出4个生态区,即辽东山地丘陵温带湿润半湿润生态区、辽河平原温带半湿润生态区、辽西低山丘陵温带半湿润生态区、辽南环黄渤海海岸带生态区。在明确生态区的基础上,依据生态系统类型与过程的完整性,以及生态服务功能类型的一致性,划分出21个生态亚区。依据生态环境质量、敏感性及生态服务功能重要性等的一致性,进一步划分出52个生态功能区。
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LUCC是全球变化研究的核心主题之一,也是社会经济可持续发展的关键问题。改革开放后四川的社会经济发展非常快,在各种因素的驱动下,土地利用/覆盖发生了深刻变化。目前四川省缺乏基于实际调查数据的、全域性的、具有连续时间序列的LUCC和驱动力分析及土地可持续利用研究成果,这对我们从全局上把握全省土地利用现状、发展变化趋势,利用土地政策参与宏观调控,实现长期可持续发展目标,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会极为不利。本研究针对这一问题,选取全川八大土地利用类型作为研究对象,研究了全省1996年到2006年的土地利用/覆盖格局和变化情况,分析了不同尺度的驱动因素,对全省农用地和建设用地的集约利用状况、潜力进行了分析评价,并提出相应的对策措施。 1.1996年-2006年10年来整个省域的土地利用/覆盖格局变化。 (1)1996年-2006年全省的土地利用/覆盖格局 1996年,全省是一个以农用地为主的土地利用/覆盖格局,林地和牧草地属于优势覆盖类型(合占69.17%),居民点及工矿用地和交通用地合占只有3%左右。 2000年的LUCC格局较为明显的特点是耕地所占比重下降0.4个百分点,水域和未利用土地所占比重有所下降,牧草地保持不变,其余地类所占比重有所上升。 与2000年相比,2004年林草地的优势格局进一步得到强化(合占比重达到70.23%)。耕地面积占幅员面积的比重下降0.83个百分点,略有下降的有未利用土地、水域和牧草地。值得关注的是在“退耕还林还草”的大背景下,牧草地占幅员面积的比重下降0.04个百分点。 到2006年,仍为林草地为主导优势的格局,二者合占上升0.15%。在城市化快速推进的背景下,居民点及工矿用地中的城市用地和建制镇用地占比重超过15%,农村居民点占比重降至76%。交通用地中农村道路占比重降至57.8%,公路用地占比重升至37.5%。五个地貌区的土地利用/覆盖格局与全省的变化基本一致。值得关注的是盆西平原区的交通用地上升幅度和盆地丘陵区的未利用土地的开发利用力度明显大于其它地貌区。 (2)1996-2006年10年间土地利用/覆盖格局的变化 1996-2000年4年间,耕地、水域和未利用地三个地类下降,年均减少0.75、0.19和0.32个百分点。其中耕地年均减少49229.0公顷,约一半流向林地,13.77%流向园地,约20%流向建设用地。另外5个地类面积增长,增长绝对量最大的是林地,年均增长40063.7公顷,交通用地增幅最大,4年年均增长达1.95%。 2001-2004年是西部大开发逐步推进、“退耕还林还草”项目全面展开和土地整理深入实施的关键期,LUCC更为深刻。耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地四个地类面积下降,其余地类按增长幅度依次是园地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地和林地。耕地加速下降,年均降幅达到1.59%,其减少去向主要是林地(占66.75%)和园地(占19.84%),其增加来源主要是未利用地、园地和水域。交通用地的增幅最大,为3.96%,其增加主要来源于耕地、未利用土地和林地,分别占49.96%、16.63%和13.09%。居民点及工矿用地增长幅度为3.12%。 从1996年到2006年的10年间,耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地下降幅度分别为10.36%、3.61%、1.34%和0.26%。园地增幅达23.61%。绝对面积增长最大的则是林地,达630733.3公顷。交通用地和居民点及工矿用地增幅也较大,分别为15.00%和9.31%。 10年间年均总变化量为310326.6公顷,2000年-2004年之间变化最大(为356865.8公顷),高于平均变化量,而1996-2000年间和2004-2006年间都小于平均变化量。 (3)10年间不同地貌区的LUCC变化 盆西平原区的特点是园地大幅上升达77%,居民点及工矿用地和交通用地也大幅上升,耕地、未利用地下降幅度大,该区耕地、水域、未利用地的减少强度和园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的上升强度均居五区第一;盆地丘陵区的特点是牧草地下降幅度大,为-36.89%,交通用地、园地和林地上升幅度较大,该区耕地减少、未利用地减少、林地增加、居民点及工矿用地和交通用地增加的变化强度均居五区相应地类增减的第二位;盆周山地区的特点是耕地减少较多,交通用地和园地增长较大,该区林地变化强度居各区第一位,牧草地和水域变化强度居各区第二位,耕地、居民点及工矿用地和未利用地居各区第三位;川西南山地区的特点是园地、耕地、交通用地和居民点及工矿用地变化幅度大,另外四个地类变化较小。该区减少的牧草地占全省牧草地减少的97.91%,变化强度居各个地貌区的第一位,园地相对变化强度居五区的第二位;川西北高山高原区的特点是耕地大幅下降、园地大幅上升,交通用地升幅也较大,其余地类变化不大。值得注意的是,该区牧草地和水域面积增加,与全省该地类的变化相反。其余地类的相对变化强度均是五个地貌区中最小的。 用变化强度分值考量变化强度,盆西平原区的变化强度最大,盆地丘陵区和盆周山地区的变化强度相当,川西北高山高原区的变化强度则要小得多。 (4)1996年及2006年全省土地利用/覆盖格局的景观生态学分析 全省是以自然景观占优势(占约70%)、农业景观为补充、建设用地景观居于从属地位的土地利用景观格局。景观多样性和均匀度不高。到2006年,全省总的景观格局并无大的改变。总体情况是随着时间的推移和人类活动的加强,区内景观优势度上升、多样性和均匀度变小。但斑块数减少,斑块面积和斑块孔隙度有所增大。斑块的形状指数和分维数均有所下降,表明受人为干扰有加剧的趋势。反映景观格局结构的破碎度指数有轻微下降。景观指数的变化表明全省土地利用有缓慢集中、规模聚集的趋势。 (5)三大生态建设工程对土地利用/覆盖变化的影响 1996-2006年间LUCC与三大生态建设工程实施的耦合分析,发现退耕工程对耕地、林地、牧草地等地类覆盖变化的影响最大,天保工程次之,长防工程最小。 2.四川省LUCC驱动力分析 (1)总体分析: 从整体上分析,人为因素对区域整体LUCC的影响从1996年的63.32%增加到2006年的66.99%,变得日益强烈。同时人为因素影响强度表现出明显的区域差异,地势平缓、经济区位条件好的区域其人为影响强度明显较高。 政策体制转变下的经济高速增长、快速的城市化、工业化过程和生态建设是四川省LUCC宏观尺度的驱动因素。区域的LUCC主要受到了由内向外(从城市到乡村)和由外向内(从山顶向平地)两种作用力的共同推动。局部尺度上,如距离交通线、水利线、中心城市的远近,地形凸起、大型独立项目落址、重污染项目的阻隔等,甚至一些乡规民俗等因素也会成为LUCC的驱动影响因素。在较小的尺度上,人类个体行为选择对LUCC的影响也是存在的。 根据驱动因子的特性作者将其划分为驱变、阻变、良性、惰性因子等类型。 (2)分地貌区的驱动因子分析 各地貌区都存在城市化、工业化、生态工程实施、自然灾害等驱动因子,但主次不一。对于盆西平原和盆地丘陵区,城市化、工业化是前两位的因子,而对另外三个地貌区,生态工程实施和产业结构调整则成为第第一、二位的驱动因子。 (3)分地类的驱动因子分析(以坡耕地为例) 分坡度的耕地变化分析发现,耕地减少主要集中在2°以下的平地、15°-25°和25°以上三个坡度级,是其它坡度级耕地减幅的三倍左右。这表明耕地减少受城市化进程和“退耕还林还草”工程驱动影响尤为巨大。 3.土地利用格局优化、集约利用评价和可持续利用及对策研究 (1)土地利用格局优化的战略选择及调整预测 土地利用格局调整的战略是农业生产用地、建设用地和生态及其他用地占幅员的比重分别稳定在13%、7%和80%左右,重点是三大类别内部二级和三级地类的合理调整。 (2)全省土地集约利用评价 全省农用地利用集约度为0.46,总体上集约度不高,处于较适度利用阶段。建设用地利用集约度为0.38,处于较适度利用阶段。集约利用提升空间较大。 农用地的潜力主要在于加强土地保育、完善利用制度、提高单产。城市建设用地的包括存量潜力、强度潜力、结构潜力,空间很大。农村居民点整理潜力可以逐步挖掘。 (3)新增建设用地集约利用的统筹安排 据测算,到2020年,四川省城市建设用地需求量在463850-492360hm2之间,城镇各业新增建设用地规模为361276.79hm2,占用耕地200565.94 hm2。2004-2020年间四川省农村居民点整理潜力33.86万hm2。农村居民点建设用地需求量为70.57万公顷。 (4)土地集约利用措施与坡耕地可持续利用战略 提出了土地集约利用的措施。在对坡耕地生态系统结构与功能分析的基础上,提出坡耕地可持续利用战略与生态恢复战略,并从技术和政策层面提出了坡耕地合理利用和生态退耕的措施和建议。 LUCC is one of the key questions of global change and sustainable development of society. After the opening and reform of China, the society and economy of Sichuan Province developed very fast ,the land-use/cover changed very strong droved by many factors .But nowadays we have no constant spatial-temporal study and driving force analysis about the whole province based on investigation. And it is lack of land sustainable utilization study based on correlative study. So we choose all the land resource in Sichuan, combine RS and GIS and field investigation, and take statistic-mathematic means and system analysis, to study the LUCC patterns and different scale driving force of different physiognomy regions, land cover types and periods; to analyze the current situation and potential of land resource intensive utilization, and gave out corresponding measurements. We found that forest and grassland are the dominant cover types of Sichuan provincial land –use/cover pattern, and becoming more and more stronger from 1996 to 2006,the natural landscape is the metric and occupy 70%,the diversity and evenness index are not high; the totally change quantity from 2000 to 2004 is the biggest; cultivated land especially steep cultivated land ,garden plot, forestry land ,settlement and industry land and traffic land changed relative stronger; among five physiognomy regions ,the changing intensity of PEN XI PING YUAN QU is the biggest, CHUAN XI BEI GAO SHAN GAO QU is smallest; under the background of policy system changing, the fast developing of economy, fast urbanization and industrialization and ecology construction are the macro-scale driving force of Sichuan provincial LUCC; to compare the impacts of “TUI GENG GONG CHENG” on LUCC especially to cultivated land ,forestry land and grassland is strongest, “TIAN BAO GONG CHENG ” is stronger,“ HANG FANG GONG CHENG” is smallest; the intensive utilization level of farmland and construction land of whole province is relative moderation, there is huge potential to excavate and fulfill the increasing demand of construction land;we must take synthetic measurements to accelerate the sustainable utilization of land resource, including administrative, economical ,technological and ecological policies.
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米亚罗地区是四川西部较为典型的亚高山针叶林区域之一。为建立该地区主要针叶树种岷江冷杉、云杉、紫果云杉和红杉的年轮宽度年表资料,了解不同海拔高度岷江冷杉原始林和不同恢复过程的人工针叶林及次生混交林树木径向生长规律,结合样地调查,用生长锥钻取了树木芯样做年轮生态学分析。芯样经过标准化程序固定和打磨抛光后,用WinDENDRO图像分析系统测量年轮宽度序列,用COFECHA程序交叉定年和控制测量数据质量,用ARSTAN程序建立了4个主要针叶树种的地区年表和不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林及人工针叶林和次生混交林针叶树的样地年表。 4个主要针叶树种年轮宽度年表的平均敏感度低于0.2,而其晚材宽度年表都具相对较高的平均敏感度。早材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数均在0.9以上;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数则种间差异较大,红杉的最高,岷江冷杉的最低。岷江冷杉晚材宽度与年轮总宽度的相关性从1970年以后明显下降,而其他种的相关系数则随时间变化较小。树种之间标准化年表显著正相关,而云杉与紫果云杉和红杉与岷江冷杉之间相关系数明显较高。年表序列的第1主分量表达了4个树种树木共同径向生长变化格局;第2至第4主分量分别表达了云杉属和冷杉属、常绿针叶树种和落叶针叶树种以及云杉和紫果云杉树木径向生长变化差异。 不同海拔高度的8个岷江冷杉样地年轮宽度年表序列敏感度大体上随海拔高度升高而降低。各样地早材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间的相关系数均在0.9以上,且随海拔高度变化不大;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度之间的相关系数随海拔高度的变化较大,并有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。样地年表序列之间相关系数差异很大,高海拔样地年表间多为显著正相关;低海拔样地年表间的相关系数变化不一;高海拔和低海拔样地年表之间相关性较差,且多不显著。样地年表的第1主分量能解释年表序列总方差的37.5%,反映了不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林木共同的径向生长变化格局;第2和第3主分量分别解释总方差的24.5%和18.2%,表现出明显的高海拔和低海拔样地树木间不同的径向生长变化,除一些样地例外,它们一般与低海拔样地年表有正相关,与高海拔样地年表有负相关。在那些另外的样地,海拔以外的其他因素可能也影响了树木径向生长变化。不同海拔高度样地林木的生长抑制和生长释放频率在不同时期表现出较大的差异,表明了不同的干扰历史和林木补充时间。 人工针叶林和次生混交林各样地林木早材宽度与其年轮总宽度年表之间相关系数均高达0.9以上;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间也都显著正相关,但人工针叶林样地的明显较高。样地年表序列之间的相关关系表现为,林分起源和经营管理相似的样地年表之间的相关系数明显较高,如人工针叶林与人工针叶林尽管树种不同,但样地年表之间显著正相关,而与次生混交林样地年表间关系不显著;反之亦然。综合比较各项生长参数及不同时期的树木径向生长速率,人工针叶林树木的胸径增长至少在40年以内是优于次生混交林的同种(或不同种)针叶树的。不同样地林木生长释放和生长抑制及人工针叶林树木胸高断面积增长分析表明,除严重的人为干扰外,林分郁闭后林木密度过大是造成高频率生长抑制的主要原因,在林分发育的适当时期通过抚育间伐等措施调控林分密度,是保证林木胸高断面积在一定时期内保持较高的连年增长的关键。日本落叶松作为引进的树种,在海拔3100 m左右种植表现良好,近30年来各项生长指标均高于林龄相近的云杉人工林,因此,适当用其作为川西亚高山针叶林采伐迹地快速恢复是合理的。 Miyaluo area is one of the typical regions covered by subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan province of southwestern China. To develop the regional tree-ring width chronology series for the dominant conifers such as Abies faxoniana, Picea asperata, P. purpurea and Larix potaninii, and to understand the radial growth patterns of conifers in Abies faxoniana natural forest stands at different altitudes, and in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands in their different restoring processes as well, increment cores were sampled in the field together with conventional plots investigations for dendroecological analyses. After the increment cores being prepared according to standard procedures, the ring widths (total-ring and intra-ring widths) were measured with a WinDENDRO image-analysis system, and the measured tree-ring sequences were crossdated and quality-controlled with the software COFECHA. Using the software ARSTAN, we developed tree-ring width based chronology series of the four dominant conifers, eight site-specific Abies faxoniana chronologies, and seven site-specific chronologies of conifers in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands. Mean sensitivities for total ring width chronologies of the four sampled dominant conifers were all below 0.2, while those for the latewood width chronologies of the same species were relatively much higher. Correlation coefficients between standard earlywood and total ring width chronologies of the four conifers were all above 0.9, but those between standard latewood and total ring width chronologies exhibited differences among species, with the coefficient of Larix potaninii the highest and that of Abies faxoniana the lowest. Correlation coefficients between latewood and total ring width of A. faxoniana obviously decreased from 1920-1970 for successive 50-year segments with 10-years lag analyses, though the same for the other three species changed unnoticeably with time. Tree-ring standard chronologies among species showed significant positive correlations, with the correlation coefficients between chronologies of Picea asperata and P. purpurea, and of Larix potaninii and Abies faxoniana relatively much higher. The first principal component of tree-ring chronologies represented the common radial growth patterns of the four conifers in Miyaluo area. The second, third and fourth PCs expressed the differences in radial growth responses for the genus Picea and Abies, for the evergreen and deciduous confers, and for the two species of the genus Picea, respectively. In general, mean sensitivities of the eight Abies faxoniana site-specific tree-ring width chronologies decreased with increasing altitude. The correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites reached 0.9, which did not change much with altitude; but those between latewood and total ring width chronologies diversified, with a decreasing tendency from lower altitudinal sites to higher altitudinal sites. Correlation coefficients among site chronologies varied considerably, with significant positive correlations among higher site chronologies, mixed results among lower site chronologies, and poor and insignificant correlations between chronologies of higher site and lower site. The first PC, which represents 37.5% of the total variance, reflected a common radial growth response at sites of different altitudes, and it showed a tendency of explaining more variance with increasing altitude. The second and the third PCs contributed to 24.5% and 18.2% of the total variance, respectively, exhibiting distinctive differences in radial growth responses between low- and high-altitudinal sites. With some exceptions, the radial growth represented by the second and third PCs had a positive correlation with that at the low-altitudinal sites and a negative correlation with that at the high-altitudinal sites. For those exceptional sites, factors other than altitude might also play a role in affecting tree-ring growth variations. Trees in stands of different altitudes showed great differences in frequencies of growth suppressions and releases through times, suggesting different disturbance histories and periods when trees recruiting to the canopy. Correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites of coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands were also above 0.9; and the same between latewood width and total ring width chronologies all positively correlated, too, with the coefficients of the coniferous plantations obviously much higher. Correlations among site chronologies showed that the coefficients among sites with similar stand origin and management regimes were much higher than those among sites with different stand origin and management regimes. For example, significant positive correlations were found for chronologies among different coniferous plantations, irrespective of species differences; while insignificant correlations between chronologies of the same conifer from a coniferous plantation and a natural regenerated mixed stand, and vise versa. Integrative comparisons of different tree growth parameters and radial growth rates at different stages indicated that the diameter at breast height (DBH) increments for trees in coniferous plantations were faster than those for trees of the same (or different) species in the natural regenerated mixed stands, at least within their first 40 years of stand development. Analyses of growth releases and suppressions, and basal area increments of trees in different stands demonstrated that over-dense individuals after canopy closure was the main factor resulting in high frequencies of radial growth suppressions, with some exceptions of severe man-made disturbances. Therefore, to ensure a continuous basal area current annual increment in certain periods, tree density controlling through thinning in due time during the stand development process are necessary. It should be mentioned that, as an introduced conifer to Miyaluo area, Larix kaempferi grew quite well at altitude of ca. 3100 m after planting in 1970s. In their near 30 years of stand development, Larix kaempferi trees exhibited faster growth in various parameters than Picea asperata trees of the similar stand age did. Thus we think it reasonable to use Larix kaempferi as a fast restoring species at appropriate sites of cutting blanks of subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan.
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本论文分别从离子源的历史发展,负He离子的产生机理,设计思想及调试运行等方面描述了锂蒸气电荷交换负He离子源。该离子源可以引出1μA以上的He~-离子流,可连续稳定运行十二小时以上。本文研究了其性能,获得了束流强度随蒸气温度、引出电压的变化规律,并对蒸气靶靶厚、电荷交换截面、转化率进行了简单的估算。当引出电压为18KV,蒸气温度500 ℃时,靶厚为8.5 * 10~(13)cm~(-2),交换截面为1.0 * 10~(-16)cm~2, 转化率为0.86%。最大负He离子流强为1.37℃A.该源配置在2 * 2MeV串列静电加速器上,可在核物理实验和离子束分析提供良好的He负离子流和负H离子流。本文还提出了一些改进完善意见和设想
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Dry mass, nitrogen and phosphorus content in belowground litter of four emergent macrophytes (Typha glauca Godr., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link and Scirpus lacustris L.) were followed for 1.2 years in a series of experimental marshes, Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Litter bags containing roots and rhizome materials of each species were buried in unflooded soil, or soil flooded at three water depths (1–30, 31–60, > 60 cm). There were few differences in dry mass loss in unflooded or flooded soils, and depth of flooding also had little effect on decomposition rates. In the flooded sites, Scolochloa and Phragmites roots lost more mass (48.9–63.8% and 59.2–85.5%, respectively) after 112 days than Typha and Scirpus (36.3–43.6 and 37.0–47.2%, respectively). These differences continued through to the end of the study, except in the shallow sites where Scirpus roots lost more mass and had comparable mass remaining as Scolochloa and Phragmites. In the unflooded sites, there was little difference between species. All litters lost nitrogen (22.9–90.0%) and phosphorus (46.3–92.7%) during the first 112 days, then levels tended to remain constant. Decay rates for our belowground root and rhizome litters were comparable to published literature values for aboveground shoot litter of the same species, except for Phragmites roots and rhizomes which decomposed at a faster rate (−k = 0.0014−0.0032) than shoots (−k = 0.0003−0.0007, [van der Valk, A.G., Rhymer, J.M., Murkin, H.R., 1991. Flooding and the decomposition of litter of four emergent plant species in a prairie wetland. Wetlands 11, 1–16]).