Mass transfer kinetics of yttriium(III) using a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow. Part I. Extraction with Cyanex 302

The interfacial tension is measured for Cyanex 302 in heptane and adsorption parameters are calculated according to Gibbs equation and Szyskowski isotherm. The results indicate that Cyanex 302 has a high interfacial activity, allowing easy extraction reaction to take place at the liquid-liquid interface. The extraction kinetics of yttrium(III) with Cyanex 302 in heptane are investigated by a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow. The effects of stirring rate, temperature and specific interfacial area on the extraction rate are discussed. The results suggest that the extraction kinetics is a mixed regime with film diffusion and an aqueous one-step chemical reaction proposed to be the rate-controlling step. Assuming the mass transfer process can be formally treated as a pseudo-first-order reversible reaction with respect to the metal cation, the rate equation for the extraction reaction of yttrium(III) with Cyanex 302 at pH <5 is obtained as follows:R-f = 10(-7.85)[Y(OH)(2)(+)]((a))[H(2)A(2)]((o))(1.00)[H+]((a))(-1.00)Diffusion parameters and rate constants are calculated through approximate solutions of the flux equation.

Studies on the roles of different components in Cyanex 302 for rare earth ions extraction and separation

In this paper, the extractabilities of Cyanex 302 and purified Cyanex 302 (hereafter HBTMPTP or HA) in heptane have been compared by extracting the scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and gadolinium from hydrochloric acid solutions. The roles of the different components in Cyanex 302 on lanthanum extraction have been analyzed. The result demonstrates that the Cyanex 302 has a higher extractability than HBTMPTP, which perhaps originates from the interaction among the components in Cyanex 302. Especially for R3PO, obviously synergistic effect can be observed in the lower pH range and extraction mechanism of lanthanum using the mixture of HBTMPTP and TOPO has been deduced to be:where (HA)(2) and B denote the dimeric form of HBTMPTP and TOPO, respectively. At the same time, the separation abilities of Cyanex 302 and HBTMPTP on the rare earth elements have been compared. Also, the effect of temperature on the extraction with Cyaenx 302, HBTMPTP and the mixture of HBTMPTP and TOPO has also been discussed with thermodynamic functions Delta H, Delta S, and Delta G calculated.

STRUCTURE OF [LA(NO3)(3)(OH2)(2)(OHME)(BIPY)].15-CROWN-5

[La(NO3)(3)(OH2)(2)(OHMe)(bipy).15-crown-5 is monoclinic, P2(1)/n, with a = 11.239(6), b = 19.302(7), c = 14.458(8) Angstrom, beta = 92.47(5)degrees, and D-calc = 1.63 g cm(-3) for Z = 4. In the complex, two nitrogen atoms (from bipy) and nine oxygen atom

The antioxidant activity of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan

Chitosan (CS) with two different molecular weights was modified by reacting with 4-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride or 2-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride to give new 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan (2-HCBSAHCS, 2-HCBSALCS, 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS). The structure of the derivatives was characterized by FT-IR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the derivatives were investigated employing various established systems, such as hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot)/superoxide anion (O-2(radical anion)) scavenging/reducing power and chelating activity. All the derivatives showed stronger scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical than chitosan and ascorbic acid (Vc), and IC50 of 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS, 2-HCBSAHCS and 2-HCBSALCS was 0.334, 0.302, 0.442, 0.346 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward superoxide radical by the PMS-NADH system were strong. The results showed that the superoxide radical scavenging effect of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfanimide)-chitosan was higher than chitosan. The derivatives had obviously reducing power and slight chelating activity. The data obtained in in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfanimide)-chitosan. (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

重庆城口地区早前寒武系黑色岩系研究：（2）早寒武世硅质岩的沉积环境研究

和平、羊儿坝和猪草河剖面是南秦岭槽区巴山组的三个典型剖面，从南向北，这三个剖面的硅质岩厚度逐渐增大。通过对三个剖面硅质岩各种地球化学特征参数的研究分析，结果表明：猪草河剖面最接近火山弧带，为与大陆火山岛弧相邻的弧后盆地，受火山活动的控制很强烈，热水沉积的控制占主要地位；相应的硅质岩和碳酸盐岩都具有强烈的Eu正异常，其中具有高正Eu异常的碳酸盐岩在华南下寒武统尚属首次发现。羊儿坝剖面相当于大陆边缘的深水盆地，热水与海水处于相对平衡的状态。和平剖面最接近大陆边缘，热水的影响很弱，以海水的正常沉积为主，陆源碎屑物质增多。三个剖面沉积相从早到晚的变化体现了南秦岭断陷海槽从拉张到闭合的过程。

Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes: A review of the evidence

The aim is to critically review the more relevant evidence on the interrelationships between exercise and metabolic outcomes. The research questions addressed in the recent specific literature with the most relevant randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis and cohort studies are presented in three domains: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined aerobic and resistance exercise. From this review appear that the effects of aerobic exercise are well established, and interventions with more vigorous aerobic exercise programs resulted in greater reductions in HbA1c, greater increase in VO2max and greater increase in insulin sensitivity. Considering the available evidence, it appears that resistance training could be an effective intervention to help glycemic control, especially considering that the effects of this form of intervention are comparable with what reported with aerobic exercise. Less studies have investigated whether combined resistance and aerobic training offers a synergistic and incremental effect on glycemic control; however, from the available evidences appear that combined exercise training seems to determine additional change in HbA1c that can be seen significant if compared with aerobic training alone and resistance training alone.

Alternative treatments to inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal neovascularisation: 2-year findings of the IVAN randomised controlled trial

Background: Bevacizumab has been suggested to have similar effectiveness to ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The Inhibition of VEGF in Age-related choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN) trial was designed to compare these drugs and different regimens. Here, we report the findings at the prespecified 2-year timepoint. Methods: In a multicentre, 2×2 factorial, non-inferiority randomised trial, we enrolled adults aged at least 50 years with active, previously untreated neovascular age-related macular degeneration and a best corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA) of at least 25 letters from 23 hospitals in the UK. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (0·5 mg) or bevacizumab (1·25 mg) in continuous (every month) or discontinuous (as needed) regimens, with monthly review. Study participants and clinical assessors were masked to drug allocation. Allocation to continuous or discontinuous treatment was masked up to 3 months, at which point investigators and participants were unmasked. The primary outcome was BCVA at 2 years, with a prespecified non-inferiority limit of 3·5 letters. The primary safety outcome was arterial thrombotic event or hospital admission for heart failure. Analyses were by modified intention to treat. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN92166560. Findings: Between March 27, 2008, and Oct 15, 2010, 628 patients underwent randomisation. 18 were withdrawn; 610 received study drugs (314 ranibizumab; 296 bevacizumab) and were included in analyses. 525 participants reached the visit at 2 years: 134 ranibizumab in continuous regimen, 137 ranibizumab in discontinuous regimen, 127 bevacizumab in continuous regimen, and 127 bevacizumab in discontinuous regimen. For BCVA, bevacizumab was neither non-inferior nor inferior to ranibizumab (mean difference -1·37 letters, 95% CI -3·75 to 1·01; p=0·26). Discontinuous treatment was neither non-inferior nor inferior to continuous treatment (-1·63 letters, -4·01 to 0·75; p=0·18). Frequency of arterial thrombotic events or hospital admission for heart failure did not differ between groups given ranibizumab (20 [6%] of 314 participants) and bevacizumab (12 [4%] of 296; odds ratio [OR] 1·69, 95% CI 0·80-3·57; p=0·16), or those given continuous (12 [4%] of 308) and discontinuous treatment (20 [7%] of 302; 0·56, 0·27-1·19; p=0·13). Mortality was lower with continuous than discontinuous treatment (OR 0·47, 95% CI 0·22-1·03; p=0·05), but did not differ by drug group (0·96, 0·46-2·02; p=0·91). Interpretation: Ranibizumab and bevacizumab have similar efficacy. Reduction in the frequency of retreatment resulted in a small loss of efficacy irrespective of drug. Safety was worse when treatment was administered discontinuously. These findings highlight that the choice of anti-VEGF treatment strategy is less straightforward than previously thought.

Practicum 2.0. El diario digital compartido sustituye a la memoria tradicional

La utilización de la Web 2.0 surge como una oportunidad para potenciar cada uno de los aspectos relacionados al acto educativo y por tanto es una herramienta enriquecedora de los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje. Dentro del campo de la evaluación, la colaboración entre pares permite un aprendizaje más significativo, cómo lo explican algunas teorías por ejemplo, la del aprendizaje social. A través de las redes sociales y el conectivismo propio de la Web 2.0, se enriquece cada vez más el proceso evaluativo, ya que no sólo participan pares si no también otras personas que forman parte del contexto, puntualmente en cada momento de la formación. El diario digital compartido a través de la Web 2.0 puede ser una alternativa para potenciar el practicum de los estudiantes de magisterio e incluso de cualquier otro grado que requiera el desarrollo de memorias que reflejen una práctica profesionalizadora. Dentro del ámbito del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, la evaluación por competencias es un factor inminente y determinante para el logro de ciertas habilidades propias de las profesiones en las que se están formando los estudiantes de todas las carreras, es por esto necesario replantearse el desarrollo de estrategias así como de herramientas que permitan la integración de las nuevas tendencias educativas y los avances tecnológicos, sin olvidar los principios fundamentales de la formación de profesionales eficientes dentro del campo laboral. Se plantea por tanto, a través de diversos instrumentos desarrollados en la Web 2.0 contribuir en los procesos evaluativos de estudiantes de magisterio que cursan el practicum, potenciando procesos reflexivos y permitiendo la generación de conocimientos a través de la autoevaluación y la colaboración de todos los individuos implicados en el proceso, incluso, facilitan al profesor el llevar a cabo una evaluación continua más práctica y objetiva

Generador de afición 2.0

El fundamental propósito de los docentes de la asignatura de primer curso Introducción a la Arquitectura de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de A Coruña es la de la generación de la afición necesaria, y tantas veces olvidada, de todo buen estudiante y futuro profesional. La implicación de éste en la materia de un modo genérico, no especializado; a modo de primer acercamiento general a los contenidos de los estudios que inicia, obliga a la búsqueda y utilización de todas cuantas herramientas sean necesarias para la consecución de nuestros objetivos. Durante los últimos cursos hemos trabajado la utilización de blogs como recurso enormemente útil para no sólo conseguir el acercamiento del alumno -en las primeras fases de la experiencia descritas en convocatoria previa de este mismo foro univest08-, sino incluso para hacerlo partícipe en calidad de autor, diluyendo las limitaciones de la clase presencial y apostando por hacer del tiempo no presencial un tiempo que ha de ser rentable para la consecución de nuestros objetivos. A modo de ensayo, de cara a la inminente implantación del nuevo título de grado, nos ha preocupado el control, la evaluación y la medida de nuestros actos, para lo que se ha jugado tanto a no vincular al proceso a la totalidad de grupos como a evaluar a uno de los grupos implicados de forma externa gracias a una docente e otra asignatura. A día de hoy, podemos afirmar que las herramientas web 2.0 en general, y los blogs en particular se han convertido en la más útil de las oportunidades para la generación de afición en nuestros alumnos

INCOTIC-ESO : cómo autoevaluar y diagnosticar la competencia digital en la Escuela 2.0

Resumen basado en el de la publicación