“La Felicidad incluye a todos”. La construcción de un barrio mezclado en Bogotá.

El trabajo se enmarca en las discusiones relacionadas con segregación espacial, segregación social y construcción de barrios mezclados. Específicamente, selecciona el caso de La Felicidad: ciudad parque en Bogotá como un ejemplo que sirve para analizar las políticas públicas enfocadas en disminuir la segregación residencial en la ciudad a partir de la construcción de un vecindario que está compuesto por vivienda de interés social y vivienda regular. A partir de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos se analiza cómo esta funcionando esta propuesta urbana.

Loss of nerve fiber layer in HIV positive patients and comparative patterns in a series of cases in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Objective: The objective of this study is to conduct a description of the features of optic neuropathy associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in relation to their possible incidence within our population, regarding that there is no data in our population in terms of frequency of this pathology (1,2). Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study of a clinical series of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, but AIDS, and the thickness of optic nerve´s layer of fibers studied with OCT technology (optical coherence tomography), patients were cited once captured. OCT was performed by the same observer, by taking 3 shots and picking the one with better reliability. Patients were given personally to the Ophthalmologic Foundation of Santander to conduct the review called OCT (optical coherence tomography). Results: In terms of viral load variable, we found a clear correlation in which validates the hypothesis that lower viral load means a thicker layer of fibers finding statistically significant differences for the 6 hours in right eye and 12 and 6 hours in left eye. Comparison between the known nomogram of fiber layer thickness for the population of Bucaramanga, Santander and thickness found in our sample, we note a clear decrease in the upper and lower quadrants, specifically in 7 hours and 11 hours, being more important in 7 hours, showing statistically significant differences. Conclusions: The pattern  of thinning of the nerve fiber layer in HIV positive patients without AIDS, and antiretroviral treatment type HAART, showed a statistically significant thinning targeted at 7 hours and 11 hours, being higher in first. Viral load figures have a direct relation with loss fiber layer, showing a statistically significant difference for the 6 and 12 hours.

The incidents of housing policies in the process of nesting the urban space (Buenos Aires, 1870-1999)

This article describes the housing policies displayed historically in B.A. that affected the processes of configuration and of giving hierarchy to the urban space. Since the process of modernization of B.A., at the end of the XIXth century, housing measures, urbanistic projects and political decisions have influenced the building of the city and the space distribution of their inhabitants: in this way, they have integrated some people and excluded others. No wonder, that, historically, popular sectors have established themselves in the South of the city (and in outskirt villages). These zones have been disregarded by the state, which has invested less in these areas. We will see how the connection between state housing policies and the population redistribution in the city, confirms the persistence of a strong process of urban and residential segregation that tends to expel the inhabitants of popular sectors and to attract the ones of the middle-class and high class sectors.

Revolución y contrarrevolución: el gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990

El artículo analiza el surgimiento y la caída de un movimiento de contraguerrilla (“La Contra”) en Nicaragua. Ubica este movimiento dentro de la Revolución Sandinista (1979 – 1990) y el programa de reformas estructurales del gobierno sandinista, trazando el inicio y el desarrollo del proceso de exclusión y alienación de segmentos de la población, especialmente en cuanto a los pueblos étnicos de la costa atlántica y al campesinado medio de la región fronteriza con Honduras. Enfatiza el papel de fuerzas ajenas (las FFAA argentinas, la CIA) en materia de entrenamiento y financiación y analiza el desarrollo de las campañas sociales y militares dentro del conflicto armado que surgió. Termina con el efecto principal: el desangramiento de la Revolución Sandinista tras la derrota militar de la Contra y la pérdida electoral en 1990 como consecuencia.

Characterizing E-Government in China

Although E-Government (E-G) is one public policy in China, it still has a long way to go in terms of diffusion across the country and interactive participation from citizens. It constitutes a double sided sword since it enhances the features that  China needs to show to the world in international competitiveness and status, but  also poses challenges to the Communist rule inasmuch as it has to be controlled.   Therefore, E-G is both a political and a managerial issue: it is sensitive to the Chinese Communist Party but also leads to economical and administrative prosperity  and efficiency. Some of the keys would be the development of the middle  class, further penetration of the Internet, and more education about virtual tools  in government issues and services.

El costo de la atención ambulatoria del lupus eritematoso sistémico en Colombia. Contrastes y comparaciones con otras poblaciones.

Introducción: el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es considerado una enfermedad de alto costo. La expresión clínica de la enfermedad depende de la ubicación geografía y la etnicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue el calcular los costos ambulatorios relacionado al LES en una cohorte colombiana, identificar los predictores de costos y comparar nuestro resultados con otras poblaciones. Métodos: Se realizó una aproximación de tipo prevalencia en 100 pacientes LES en quienes se evaluaron los costos directos médicos, directos no médicos, indirectos e intangibles. Todos los costos médicos fueron evaluados usando una metodología abajo hacia arriba. Los costos directos fueron valorados desde una perspectiva social usando una metodología de micro-costeo. Los costos indirectos se evaluaron mediante una aproximación de capital humano, y los costos intangibles calculados a partir de los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC). Se analizaron los datos por medio de un análisis multivariado. Para comparaciones con otras poblaciones todos los costos fueron expresados como la razón entre los costos y producto interno bruto nacional per cápita. Resultados: La media de costos totales fue 13.031±9.215 USD (ajustados por el factor de conversión de paridad del poder adquisitivo), lo cual representa el 1,66 del PIB per capita de Colombia. Los costos directos son el 64% de los costos totales. Los costos médicos representan el 80% de los costos directos,. Los costos indirectos fueron el 10% y los costos intangibles el 25% de los costos totales. Los medicamentos representaron el 45% de los costos directos. Mayores costos se relacionaron con el estrato socioeconómico, seguro médico privado, AVAC, alopecia, micofenolato mofetilo, y terapia anticoagulante. Los costos directos ajustados de los pacientes con LES en Colombia fueron mayores que en Norte América y en Europa. Conclusiones: el LES impone una carga económica importante para la sociedad. Los costos relacionados con la atención médica y AVAC fueron los principales contribuyentes al alto costo de la enfermedad. Estos resultados pueden ser referencia para determinar políticas en salud pública así como comparar el gasto en salud de forma internacional.

La pelota no se mancha: Un estudio histórico sobre el desarrollo y la política en FIFA

Esta investigación se centra en la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) como organización política. Intenta responder dos interrogantes primordiales: 1) ¿cómo la FIFA ha constituido el poder que tiene actualmente y, así, hacerse del monopolio indiscutido del fútbol? Y 2) ¿cómo ha cambiado en el tiempo la política interna de FIFA y su vínculo con la política internacional? Para lograr esto, se realiza un estudio histórico, basado principalmente en documentos, que intenta caracterizar y analizar los cambios de la organización en el tiempo. Se enfatizan las últimas dos presidencias de FIFA, de João Havelange y Joseph Blatter, como casos de estudio.

Ajuda-me: quero escrever sem erros : projecto de intervenção junto de aluno com dificuldades de leitura e escrita

RESUMO: Esta Intervenção - acção, pretende mostrar como se pode trabalhar com um aluno com dificuldades de aprendizagens especificas, nomeadamente e segundo relatórios psicológicos, “uma suposta dislexia”, usado um método de reeducação não muito utilizado em contexto escolar. Esse método é normalmente usado em contexto de consulta psicológica. O Método Fonomimico é um método com vários materiais que podem ser usados com qualquer criança ou jovens com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Numa primeira face da intervenção, foi feita uma pesquisa sobre educação inclusiva e a educação especial, nomeadamente em Portugal Na face seguinte, tentou-se mostrar o que é a dislexia, características e como se deve trabalhar com alunos que apresentem estas características. Em seguida foi apresentada a escola, o meio, a turma e a aluna-alvo. Foi realizada uma entrevista à professora da turma, com o objectivo de saber as suas expectativas em relação à aluna, expectativas essas que foram muito baixas. A sociometria mostrou que a aluna - alvo é bem aceite na turma, tendo em conta as suas dificuldades. Foram apresentadas também as planificações, quais os objectivos específicos para que a aluna pudesse apresentar evoluções ao nível da leitura, escrita e também na área espácio-temporal porque estas são as áreas onde a aluna apresenta maiores dificuldades. E por último foram apresentados os resultados desta intervenção, e concluiu-se que o método teve sucesso nesta aluna, a sua evolução na leitura e na escrita foi significativa e assim o Método Fonomimico, pode e deve ser usado em contexto escolar. ABSTRACT: This Intrevenção-action, to show how it can work with a student with specific learning difficulties, including psychological reports and the second, "an alleged dyslexia", used a method of rehabilitation not widely used in schools. This method is commonly used in the context of psychological consultation. Fonomimico the Method is a method with several materials that can be used with any child or youth with learning difficulties. A first side of the intervention was made a research on inclusive education and special education, particularly in Portugal in the next face, tried to show what is dyslexia, features and how to work with students who display these characteristics. Then was presented the school, the middle class and the target student. Interviews were held with the class teacher in order to know their expectations for student, expectations that were too low. Sociometry showed that the target student is well accepted in the class, taking into account their difficulties. We also presented the schedules, the specific objectives for which the student could produce changes in the reading, writing and also in the area espaçiotemporal because these are the areas where the student presents greater difficulties. Finally we presented the results of this intervention, and it was concluded that this method was successful student, their progress in reading and writing was so significant and the method Fonomimico can and should be used in schools.

Humberto Salvador: biografía armable y desarmable de un «proscrito interior» (Dossier: Cuatro narradores del 30, relecturas en su centenario)

El autor recoge varios testimonios que retratan al hombre detrás del narrador guayaquileño. Humberto Salvador fue marcadamente tímido, y acaso ello lo volvió el cronista y testigo más veraz de su época. Soportó tensiones con la moral burguesa y cristiana por su condición de hijo ilegítimo, actor social de la naciente clase media ecuatoriana, laboró en la docencia, la promoción cultural y la consulta psicoanalítica. Pero la máxima pasión de Salvador fue la literatura, más que reconocimiento para sus novelas, buscó sobre todo interlocutores para este ejercicio, renovándose en el cultivo de múltiples poéticas. Lector atento y deseoso buscó involucrarse con lo que sucedía en su tiempo, la denuncia en sus obras responde a una valerosa voluntad de reparación social y su interés por el psicoanálisis, a un deseo de reconciliarse con su situación personal y de proseguir su reflexión sobre la condición humana. Finalmente se pasa revista a las influencias literarias de Salvador, cerrando con ello un retrato complejo, plenamente humano, del vanguardista guayaquileño.

Cuerpos cosificados: una lectura de Herencia de Clorinda Matto de Turner (Estudios)

En este ensayo la teoría de Karl Marx, sobre el bien de consumo y sobre los valores de uso e intercambio, así como también las reflexiones de la feminista De Luce Irigaray, expuestas en “Women on the Market”, nos ayudan a analizar las relaciones sociales en el siglo XIX y a ver al espacio de Lima como un gran mercado, en donde la sociedad burguesa hace uso de los objetos de moda para aparentar una posición social alta. En este espacio urbano, que aparece recargado de objetos de compra y venta, Margarita y Lucía se presentan como compradoras, pero no solo de objetos sino también de cuerpos, de esta manera, Margarita es un cuerpo exhibido en la gran vitrina que es Lima, en donde la clase alta debe observarla, aceptarla o rechazarla. Ella es mestiza, pero su origen no interesa, sino cómo luce su cuerpo y qué ostenta o aparenta tener, con lo cual ella, finalmente, consigue marido. En este ensayo se ve cómo el cuerpo femenino tiene un valor de intercambio, pues al ostentar puede aspirar a un candidato de clase alta también, sin embargo, en esta novela todos los cuerpos femeninos y masculinos llegan a tener un valor de uso o intercambio que no se mide por lo que se es, sino por lo que se aparenta por medio de la moda y sus lujos.

Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and educational innovations

This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba (known as Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina in Spanish). We apply a typology for analysing how training programmes address the needs of marginalized populations and build capacity for addressing health determinants. We highlight some ways we can learn from such training programmes with particular regard to lessons, barriers and opportunities for their sustainability at the local, national and international levels and for pursuing similar initiatives in other countries and contexts. We conclude that educational efforts focused on the challenges of marginalization and the determinants of health require explicit attention not only to the knowledge, attitudes and skills of graduates but also on effectively engaging the health settings and systems that will reinforce the establishment and retention of capacity in low- and middle-income settings where this is most needed.

An overview of Earth's global electric circuit and atmospheric conductivity

The Earth’s global atmospheric electric circuit depends on the upper and lower atmospheric boundaries formed by the ionosphere and the planetary surface. Thunderstorms and electrified rain clouds drive a DC current (∼1 kA) around the circuit, with the current carried by molecular cluster ions; lightning phenomena drive the AC global circuit. The Earth’s near-surface conductivity ranges from 10−7 S m−1 (for poorly conducting rocks) to 10−2 S m−1 (for clay or wet limestone), with a mean value of 3.2 S m−1 for the ocean. Air conductivity inside a thundercloud, and in fair weather regions, depends on location (especially geomagnetic latitude), aerosol pollution and height, and varies from ∼10−14 S m−1 just above the surface to 10−7 S m−1 in the ionosphere at ∼80 km altitude. Ionospheric conductivity is a tensor quantity due to the geomagnetic field, and is determined by parameters such as electron density and electron–neutral particle collision frequency. In the current source regions, point discharge (coronal) currents play an important role below electrified clouds; the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo and the unipolar dynamo due to the terrestrial rotating dipole moment also apply atmospheric potential differences. Detailed measurements made near the Earth’s surface show that Ohm’s law relates the vertical electric field and current density to air conductivity. Stratospheric balloon measurements launched from Antarctica confirm that the downward current density is ∼1 pA m−2 under fair weather conditions. Fortuitously, a Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event arrived at Earth during one such balloon flight, changing the observed atmospheric conductivity and electric fields markedly. Recent modelling considers lightning discharge effects on the ionosphere’s electric potential (∼+250 kV with respect to the Earth’s surface) and hence on the fair weather potential gradient (typically ∼130 V m−1 close to the Earth’s surface. We conclude that cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges make only a small contribution to the ionospheric potential, and that sprites (namely, upward lightning above energetic thunderstorms) only affect the global circuit in a miniscule way. We also investigate the effects of mesoscale convective systems on the global circuit.

The spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of North Atlantic cyclones

A climatology of extratropical cyclones is produced using an objective method of identifying cyclones based on gradients of 1-km height wet-bulb potential temperature. Cyclone track and genesis density statistics are analyzed and this method is found to compare well with other cyclone identification methods. The North Atlantic storm track is reproduced along with the major regions of genesis. Cyclones are grouped according to their genesis location and the corresponding lysis regions are identified. Most of the cyclones that cross western Europe originate in the east Atlantic where the baroclinicity and the sea surface temperature gradients are weak compared to the west Atlantic. East Atlantic cyclones also have higher 1-km height relative vorticity and lower mean sea level pressure at their genesis point than west Atlantic cyclones. This is consistent with the hypothesis that they are secondary cyclones developing on the trailing fronts of preexisting “parent” cyclones. The evolution characteristics of composite west and east Atlantic cyclones have been compared. The ratio of their upper- to lower-level forcing indicates that type B cyclones are predominant in both the west and east Atlantic, with strong upper- and lower-level features. Among the remaining cyclones, there is a higher proportion of type C cyclones in the east Atlantic, whereas types A and C are equally frequent in the west Atlantic.

Water quality and ecology of the River Lee: mass balance and a review of temporal and spatial data

A regional overview of the water quality and ecology of the River Lee catchment is presented. Specifically, data describing the chemical, microbiological and macrobiological water quality and fisheries communities have been analysed, based on a division into river, sewage treatment works, fish-farm, lake and industrial samples. Nutrient enrichment and the highest concentrations of metals and micro-organics were found in the urbanised, lower reaches of the Lee and in the Lee Navigation. Average annual concentrations of metals were generally within environmental quality standards although, oil many occasions, concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc were in excess of the standards. Various organic substances (used as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, chlorination by-products and industrial solvents) were widely detected in the Lee system. Concentrations of ten micro-organic substances were observed in excess of their environmental quality standards, though not in terms of annual averages. Sewage treatment works were the principal point source input of nutrients. metals and micro-organic determinands to the catchment. Diffuse nitrogen sources contributed approximately 60% and 27% of the in-stream load in the upper and lower Lee respectively, whereas approximately 60% and 20% of the in-stream phosphorus load was derived from diffuse sources in the upper and lower Lee. For metals, the most significant source was the urban runoff from North London. In reaches less affected by effluent discharges, diffuse runoff from urban and agricultural areas dominated trends. Flig-h microbiological content, observed in the River Lee particularly in urbanised reaches, was far in excess of the EC Bathing Water Directive standards. Water quality issues and degraded habitat in the lower reaches of the Lee have led to impoverished aquatic fauna but, within the mid-catchment reaches and upper agricultural tributaries, less nutrient enrichment and channel alteration has permitted more diverse aquatic fauna.

Integrated modelling of climate change impacts on water resources and quality in a lowland catchment: River Kennet, UK

An integrated approach to climate change impact assessment is explored by linking established models of regional climate (SDSM), water resources (CATCHMOD) and water quality (INCA) within a single framework. A case study of the River Kennet illustrates how the system can be used to investigate aspects of climate change uncertainty, deployable water resources, and water quality dynamics in upper and lower reaches of the drainage network. The results confirm the large uncertainty in climate change scenarios and freshwater impacts due to the choice of general circulation model (GCM). This uncertainty is shown to be greatest during summer months as evidenced by large variations between GCM-derived projections of future tow river flows, deployable yield from groundwater, severity of nutrient flushing episodes, and Long-term trends in surface water quality. Other impacts arising from agricultural land-use reform or delivery of EU Water Framework Directive objectives under climate change could be evaluated using the same framework. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.