O fenômeno da proletarização das profissões liberais e a subordinação do contrato de trabalho

As modificações nas relações de prestação de serviço, decorrentes da sofisticação da sociedade pós-industrial, são notórias. Os trabalhadores dos dias atuais ainda são homens e mulheres que vivem da venda de sua força de trabalho, contudo, além do trabalhador operário há o surgimento de uma nova classe de trabalhadores: o trabalhador autônomo. Com isso a subordinação se tornou um importante elemento diferenciador das relações de trabalho. A visão do trabalho subordinado, um dos elementos da relação de emprego, foi construída a partir de um modelo tradicional de trabalhador. Logo, o que se pretende analisar no decorrer desta pesquisa é se o critério da subordinação presente na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho ainda pode ser capaz de representar todas as relações de trabalho subordinada. Isto porque está se desenvolvendo uma prática de prestação de serviço na qual o profissional liberal presta o seu serviço com restrição na sua autonomia, o que denotaria a subordinação do trabalhador intelectual, mas que não se concretiza em virtude do ato formal que reveste essa relação. Estes profissionais recebem a nomenclatura de autônomo-subordinados, porque apesar de serem contratados como autônomos desempenham a sua função de modo subordinado. Esta prática possui desdobramentos negativos, como a ausência de direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários aos trabalhadores autônomo-subordinados, além da confusão social a que estão submetidos. Tais aspectos serão abordados no decorrer deste estudo, o qual utilizou como método de abordagem o dedutivo-indutivo, e também o método de procedimento bibliográfico dissertativo-argumentativo. Ao final deste trabalhou chegou-se a conclusão de que o conceito clássico de subordinação precisa ser readequado para atender a uma nova realidade do trabalho, a do trabalhador autônomo-subordinado.

Emiliano Mac Donagh - Un “Cuento de viejas” y otros cuentos viejos.

Al revisar viejos papeles familiares de nuestro padre, el Dr. Emiliano Mac Donagh (1896 – 1961) hemos descubierto, como escondidos, unos cuentos breves publicados entre 1929 y 1934. Ficcionales, pintorescos, no han figurado en la nómina de sus escritos, con excepción de El Naturalista, publicado en 1929 en el diario La Nación, y recientemente reproducido en la serie ProBiota (http://ictiologíaargentina.blogspot.com/16) Ofrecemos a la curiosidad de los ictiólogos los tres relatos publicados en 1930 en la revista Número, editada en Buenos Aires. Tanto Un cuento de viejas, como El sabio ebrio, y La quimera, el gallo y el elefante tienen a los peces como centro de interés. En los escritos de Emiliano Mac Donagh, que abarcan desde 1922 hasta 1960 con más de ciento setenta títulos, predominan los trabajos científicos alternando con estudios sobre historia de la biología y de los biólogos, o la preocupación por el cuidado del ambiente y temas relacionados. Sin excepción, aparece la zoología como tema vertebral, ya sea analizando una espina de bagre en la calma del laboratorio, ya sea relatando expediciones zoológicas al interior de nuestro país. Coexisten el detalle mínimo que entrega el microscopio con la aventura a campo abierto, pero el estilo es siempre descriptivo, pegado a la realidad, y despojado de cualquier intento de fantasía que traicionaría el rigor requerido por la ciencia. En los breves relatos aquí presentados, en cambio, el autor escapa de la formalidad, incursiona en un género más liberal en sus normas y deja volar su imaginación y su fino sentido de la ironía. Lo hace sin abandonar el asunto que más le atrae: la naturaleza, y en ella, la vida animal. Si bien los cuentos comparten temas centrales del resto de la producción, aquí no encontramos la exactitud fotográfica ni el análisis desapasionado, sino que la anécdota es imaginada y los escenarios reales se ven transformados por enfoques oníricos. Algunos personajes parecen el fiel retrato de alguien conocido mientras que otros suenan esquemáticos, vacíos. La mirada es humorística y a la vez crítica, gozosa sin dejar de ser analítica. Este período de “autor literario” en vez de “relator científico” dura poco: sólo cinco cuentos en cinco años. En la vasta producción no hay otros intentos de recurrir a la ficción para atraer el interés del público general hacia los admirables y admirados habitantes de las aguas. Quizás podríamos encontrar ecos del monólogo final de El sabio ebrio en el ensayo La belleza de los peces (Revista de Educación, La Plata, 1957) pero en este último el estilo es académico. El cambio de género literario podría sugerir un deseo de cambio vocacional, el cansancio frente a la aparente monotonía y estrictez de los registros científicos. Al plantear el dilema entre observar seres vivos en su medio natural o conservar sus cuerpos para los estudios científicos se insinuaría una encrucijada profesional. En 1930 habrá sido una disyuntiva, aludida en el recurrente contraste entre ambientes cerrados, poblados de frascos, vitrinas y mesas de taxidermia en contraposición con la abierta amplitud de ríos y playas, bosques y cielos. Aludida, también, al atribuir a personajes que las encarnan, dos tipos de sabiduría: una erudita, nacida del estudio, y otra pragmática, forjada en la experiencia. Sin embargo, el tema medular sigue siendo la ictiología: los peces, sus vidas y ámbitos, los nombres que les damos. El nuevo estilo revelaría más bien la intención de jerarquizar los asuntos dilectos envolviéndolos en una forma literaria más libre – y supuestamente más elevada. Creemos captar un latido de euforia, el impulso de compartir la emoción de un descubrimiento, el deseo de conservar la mirada ingenua y la capacidad de asombro ante el maravilloso mundo natural que nos rodea. Que esto se logre más acabadamente por medio de un cuento que a través de un informe, y que la ficción alcance mayor audiencia con la cual compartir la gozosa experiencia del conocimiento, son las cuestiones que nos deja pendientes este naturalista que – por breve tiempo – se volvió cuentista. Mary Mac Donagh de von Reichenbach

影响大学生学业成绩的四个重要非智力因素

In the present study, 520 questionnaires about general self–efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were delivered to university students. The students were randomly chosen from Communication University of China, Central University of Finance and Economics, Capital University of Business and Economics and Shanxi University. 495 responses were valid , in which 225 majoring in liberal arts and 270 majoring in natural sciences. The influences of these four factors on students’ academic achievements were explored. And the gender differences in General self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were analyzed in the present study too. It was found that: 1) There were gender difference on academic achievements. The scores’ of female students were higher than males’. 2) Significant gender differences were found in four considered factors which indicated that female students got higher scores than male students; 3) There were close relations between the four considered factors and students’ academic achievements. There were also obvious relations among the four factors. 4) University students’ academic achievements could be well predicted by their general self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management.

The Rawls-Tawney theorem and the digital divide in postindustrial society.

The digital divide continues to challenge political and academic circles worldwide. A range of policy solutions is briefly evaluated, from laissez-faire on the right to “arithmetic” egalitarianism on the left. The article recasts the digital divide as a problem for the social distribution of presumptively important information (e.g., electoral data, news, science) within postindustrial society. Endorsing in general terms the left-liberal approach of differential or “geometric” egalitarianism, it seeks to invest this with greater precision, and therefore utility, by means of a possibly original synthesis of the ideas of John Rawls and R. H. Tawney. It is argued that, once certain categories of information are accorded the status of “primary goods,” their distribution must then comply with principles of justice as articulated by those major 20th century exponents of ethical social democracy. The resultant Rawls-Tawney theorem, if valid, might augment the portfolio of options for interventionist information policy in the 21st century

Getting Constitutional Theory into Proportion: A Matter of Interpretation?

Gibbs, N., Getting Constitutional Theory into Proportion: A Matter of Interpretation?, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 27 (1), 175-191. RAE2008

Ethics and Foreign Policy: The Antinomies of New Labour's 'Third Way' in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abrahamsen, Rita, Williams, Paul, 'Ethics and Foreign Policy: The Antinomies of New Labour's 'Third Way' in Sub-Saharan Africa', Political Studies (2002) 49(2) pp.249-264 RAE2008

France and the Problems of Security and Disarmament after the First World War

Jackson, Peter, 'France and the Problems of Security and Disarmament after the First World War', Journal of Strategic Studies (2006) 29(2) pp.247-280 Special Issue: Enforcing arms limits: Germany post 1919; Iraq post 1991 RAE2008

The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance

Abrahamsen, Rita, 'The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance', Third World Quarterly (2004) 25(8) pp.1453-1467 RAE2008

The Kosovo Bombing Campaign

Wheeler, Nicholas. 'The Kosovo Bombing Campaign', In: The Politics of International Law, C. Reus-Smit (Ed.), (Cambridge Studies in International Relations 96. Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 189-216, 2004. 1. Introduction Christian Reus-Smit; 2. The politics of international law Christian Reus-Smit; 3. When states use armed force Dino Kritsiotis; 4. Soft law, hard politics, and the Climate Change Treaty Robyn Eckersley; 5. Emerging customary norms, and anti-personnel landmines Richard Price; 6. International law, politics, and migrant rights Amy Gurowitz; 7. The International Criminal Court David Wippman; 8. The Kosovo bombing campaign Nicholas Wheeler; 9. International financial institutions Antony Anghie; 10. Law, politics, and international governance Wayne Sandholtz and Alec Stone Sweet; 11. Socety, power, and ethics Christian Reus-Smit. RAE2008

Gadamer, History and the Classics: Fugard, Marowitz, Berkoff and Harrison Rewrite the Theatre

Forsyth, A. (2002). Gadamer, History and the Classics: Fugard, Marowitz, Berkoff and Harrison Rewrite the Theatre. Studies in Literary Criticism and Theory: Vol. 15. New York: Peter Lang. RAE2008

The French Second Empire: an anatomy of political power

Price, Roger, The French Second Empire: an anatomy of political power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp.x+507 RAE2008

W stronę uniwersytetu jako instytucji dobra wspólnego. Filozoficzne podstawy krytycznych badań nad szkolnictwem wyższym

Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Filozofii

No Muslims Allowed? An analysis of the State of Pluralism in the West

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais com o Mundo Árabe e Islâmico.

O discurso de O Portuguez e a Corte portuguesa no Brasil

Relatório apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para cumprimento do programa de pós-doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação, vertente Jornalismo

The influence of neoliberal thought on contemporary politics: an examination of the interrelationships between ideological hegemony, neoliberal thought and contemporary politics

This thesis critically assesses the impact of neoliberal ideology on liberal thought and contemporary politics specifically examining the question, To what extent has neoliberalism, as elucidated originally by Hayek affected change in contemporary politics? This question is crucial to understanding the nature, role, influence and impact of neoliberal ideas. This investigation required a broad engagement with the literature, identifying and discussing the relationships within neoliberalism allowing a clearer understanding of the role of ideas in neoliberalism’s continuing hegemony. The methodological approach adopted a social constructivist character that encompassed an individual centric emphasis, acknowledging the breadth and complexity of Neoliberalization through the use of interpretive repertoires. The initial chapters examine the ideational process and the role of particular understanding in motivating political conduct. In this context of the transfer of ideas through their everyday resonance eventually becoming ‘stubborn social facts’ (Habermas 2006:413) is highlighted. Later chapters discuss the historical and economic context of Neoliberalization focussing on the role of the hegemon and its influence, outlining and evaluating the contribution of Hayek to liberal thought. The penultimate chapter deals with the contemporary situation and the irony associated with Hayek’s original ideas. Concluding, several findings emerged contributing by combining available knowledge in a uniquely fresh way and generating originality by linking old ideas, new ideas and new facts. The results are grouped as, - Pragmatic, recognising that political pragmatism trumps ideological aspiration where liberal democratic processes require politicians are held to account. - Realistic, recognising the contrast and irony between political action and ideological insight reflected in the operationalization of neoliberalism. - General, recognising Hayek’s on-going but increasingly indirect influence. The thesis finishes with a short aside on ideational change within the context of the current crisis and advocates an introspective approach that includes entrepreneurial spirit, good conscience and duty as part of future deliberations.