The global distribution of Banana bunchy top virus reveals little evidence for frequent recent, human-mediated long distance dispersal events

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV; family Nanoviridae, genus Babuvirus) is a multi-component single-stranded DNA virus, which infects banana plants in many regions of the world, often resulting in large-scale crop losses. Weanalyzed 171 banana leaf samples from fourteen countries and recovered, cloned, and sequenced 855 complete BBTV components including ninety-four full genomes. Importantly, full genomes were determined from eight countries, where previously no full genomes were available (Samoa, Burundi, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the USA [HI]). Accounting for recombination and genome component reassortment, we examined the geographic structuring of global BBTV populations to reveal that BBTV likely originated in Southeast Asia, that the current global hotspots of BBTV diversity are Southeast Asia/Far East and India, and that BBTV populations circulating elsewhere in the world have all potentially originated from infrequent introductions. Most importantly, we find that rather than the current global BBTV distribution being due to increases in human-mediated movements of bananas over the past few decades, it is more consistent with a pattern of infrequent introductions of the virus to different parts of the world over the past 1,000 years.

Adsorption of anionic dyes on chitosan grafted poly(alkyl methacrylate)s

Chitosan grafted poly(alkyl methacrylate)s (namely chitosan grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (ChgPMMA), chitosan grafted poly(ethyl methacrylate)(ChgPEMA), chitosan grafted poly(butyl methacrylate) (ChgPBMA) and chitosan grafted poly(hexyl methacrylate) (ChgPHMA)) were synthesized and characterized by using FT-IR and C-13 NMR techniques. The adsorption batch experiments on these grafted copolymers were conducted by using an anionic sulfonated dye. Orange-G. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to determine the kinetics of adsorption. The effect of grafting, effect of process variables and the effect of different sulfonated anionic dyes (Orange-C, Congo Red, Remazol Brill Blue R and Methyl Blue) on the adsorption kinetics was determined. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to fit the adsorption isotherms and from the values of correlation coefficients (R-2), it was observed that the experimental data fits very well to the Langmuir model. The values of the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents follow the order: ChgPMMA > ChgPEMA > ChgPBMA > ChgPHMA > chitosan. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phospholipid cytochrome c interactions

The ability of the peripherally associated membrane protein cytochrome c (cyt c) to bind phospholipids in vitro was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and large unilamellar liposomes. Previous work has shown that cyt c can bind phospholipids using two distinct mecha- nisms and sites, the A-site and the C-site. This binding is mediated by electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions, respectively. Here, we focus on the mechanism underlying these interactions. A chemically modified cyt c mutant Nle91 was used to study the ATP-binding site, which is located near the evolutionarily invariant Arg 91 on the protein surface. This site was also demonstrated to mediate phospholipid binding, possibly by functioning as a phospholipid binding site. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of zinc- porphyrin modified [Zn2+-heme] cyt c and liposome binding studies of the Nle91 mutant were used to demonstrate that ATP induces a conformational change in membrane- bound cyt c. The ATP-induced conformational changes were mediated by Arg 91 and were most pronounced in cyt c bound to phospholipids via the C-site. It has been previously reported that the hydrophobic interaction between phospho- lipids and cyt c (C-site) includes the binding of a phospholipid acyl chain inside the protein. In this mechanism, which is known as extended phospholipid anchorage, the sn-2 acyl chain of a membrane phospholipid protrudes out of the membrane surface and is able to bind in a hydrophobic cavity in cyt c. Direct evidence for this type of bind- ing mechanism was obtained by studying cyt c/lipid interaction using fluorescent [Zn2+- heme] cyt c and fluorescence quenching of brominated fatty acids and phospholipids. Under certain conditions, cyt c can form fibrillar protein-lipid aggregates with neg- atively charged phospholipids. These aggregates resemble amyloid fibrils, which are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Congo red staining of these fibers con- firmed the presence of amyloid structures. A set of phospholipid-binding proteins was also found to form similar aggregates, suggesting that phospholipid-induced amyloid formation could be a general mechanism of amyloidogenesis.

Forest governance and climate change adaptation : Case studies of four African countries

Africa is threatened by climate change. The adaptive capacity of local communities continues to be weakened by ineffective and inefficient livelihood strategies and inappropriate development interventions. One of the greatest challenges for climate change adaptation in Africa is related to the governance of natural resources used by vulnerable poor groups as assets for adaptation. Practical and good governance activities for adaptation in Africa is urgently and much needed to support adaptation actions, interventions and planning. The adaptation role of forests has not been as prominent in the international discourse and actions as their mitigation role. This study therefore focused on the forest as one of the natural resources used for adaptation. The general objective of this research was to assess the extent to which cases of current forest governance practices in four African countries Burkina Faso, The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana and Sudan are supportive to the adaptation of vulnerable societies and ecosystems to impacts of climate change. Qualitative and quantitative analyses from surveys, expert consultations and group discussions were used in analysing the case studies. The entire research was guided by three conceptual sets of thinking forest governance, climate change vulnerability and ecosystem services. Data for the research were collected from selected ongoing forestry activities and programmes. The study mainly dealt with forest management policies and practices that can improve the adaptation of forest ecosystems (Study I) and the adaptive capacity through the management of forest resources by vulnerable farmers (Studies II, III, IV and V). It was found that adaptation is not part of current forest policies, but, instead, policies contain elements of risk management practices, which are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. These practices include, among others, the management of forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources and silvicultural practices. Better livelihood opportunities emerged as the priority for the farmers. These vulnerable farmers had different forms of forest management. They have a wide range of experience and practical knowledge relevant to ensure and achieve livelihood improvement alongside sustainable management and good governance of natural resources. The contributions of traded non-timber forest products to climate change adaptation appear limited for local communities, based on their distribution among the stakeholders in the market chain. Plantation (agro)forestry, if well implemented and managed by communities, has a high potential in reducing socio-ecological vulnerability by increasing the food production and restocking degraded forest lands. Integration of legal arrangements with continuous monitoring, evaluation and improvement may drive this activity to support short, medium and long term expectations related to adaptation processes. The study concludes that effective forest governance initiatives led by vulnerable poor groups represent one practical way to improve the adaptive capacities of socio-ecological systems against the impacts of climate change in Africa.

Individuals' Responsibility in Corporations

I discuss role responsibly, individual responsibility and collective responsibility in corporate multinational setting. My case study is about minerals used in electronics that come from the Democratic Republic of Congo. What I try to show throughout the thesis is how many things need to be taken into consideration when we discuss the responsibility of individuals in corporations. No easy and simple answers are available. Instead, we must keep in mind the complexity of the situation at all times, judging cases on individual basis, emphasizing the importance of individual judgement and virtue, as well as the responsibility we all share as members of groups and the wider society. I begin by discussing the demands that are placed on us as employees. There is always a potential for a conflict between our different roles and also the wider demands placed on us. Role demands are usually much more specific than the wider question of how we should act as human beings. The terminology of roles can also be misleading as it can create illusions about our work selves being somehow radically separated from our everyday, true selves. The nature of collective decision-making and its implications for responsibility is important too. When discussing the moral responsibility of an employee in a corporate setting, one must take into account arguments from individual and collective responsibility, as well as role ethics. Individual responsibility is not a separate or competing notion from that of collective responsibility. Rather, the two are interlinked. Individuals' responsibilities in collective settings combine both individual responsibility and collective responsibility (which is different from aggregate individual responsibility). In the majority of cases, both will apply in various degrees. Some members might have individual responsibility in addition to the collective responsibility, while others just the collective responsibility. There are also times when no-one bears individual moral responsibility but the members are still responsible for the collective part. My intuition is that collective moral responsibility is strongly linked to the way the collective setting affects individual judgements and moulds the decisions, and how the individuals use the collective setting to further their own ends. Individuals remain the moral agents but responsibility is collective if the actions in question are collective in character. I also explore the impacts of bureaucratic ethic and its influence on the individual. Bureaucracies can compartmentalize work to such a degree that individual human action is reduced to mere behaviour. Responsibility is diffused and the people working in the bureaucracy can come to view their actions to be outside the normal human realm where they would be responsible for what they do. Language games and rules, anonymity, internal power struggles, and the fragmentation of information are just some of the reasons responsibility and morality can get blurry in big institutional settings. Throughout the thesis I defend the following theses: ● People act differently depending on their roles. This is necessary for our society to function, but the more specific role demands should always be kept in check by the wider requirements of being a good human being. ● Acts in corporations (and other large collectives) are not reducible to individual actions, and cannot be explained fully by the behaviour of individual employees. ● Individuals are responsible for the actions that they undertake in the collective as role occupiers and are very rarely off the hook. Hiding behind role demands is usually only an excuse and shows a lack of virtue. ● Individuals in roles can be responsible even when the collective is not. This depends on if the act they performed was corporate in nature or not. ● Bureaucratic structure affects individual thinking and is not always a healthy environment to work in. ● Individual members can share responsibility with the collective and our share of the collective responsibility is strongly linked to our relations. ● Corporations and other collectives can be responsible for harm even when no individual is at fault. The structure and the policies of the collective are crucial. ● Socialization plays an important role in our morality at both work and outside it. We are all responsible for the kind of moral context we create. ● When accepting a role or a position in a collective, we are attaching ourselves with the values of that collective. ● Ethical theories should put more emphasis on good judgement and decision-making instead of vague generalisations. My conclusion is that the individual person is always in the centre when it comes to responsibility, and not so easily off the hook as we sometimes think. What we do, and especially who we choose to associate ourselves with, does matter and we should be more careful when we choose who we work for. Individuals within corporations are responsible for choosing that the corporation they associate with is one that they can ascribe to morally, if not fully, then at least for the most part. Individuals are also inclusively responsible to a varying degree for the collective activities they contribute to, even in overdetermined contexts. We all are responsible for the kind of corporations we choose to support through our actions as consumers, investors and citizens.

UDP-glucose 4, 6-dehydratase Activity Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Cell Wall Integrity and Virulence of Candida albicans

Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen, undergoes morphogenetic changes that are associated with virulence. We report here that GAL102 in C. albicans encodes a homolog of dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, an enzyme that affects cell wall properties as well as virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. We found that GAL102 deletion leads to greater sensitivity to antifungal drugs and cell wall destabilizing agents like Calcofluor white and Congo red. The mutant also formed biofilms consisting mainly of hyphal cells that show less turgor. The NMR analysis of cell wall mannans of gal102 deletion strain revealed that a major constituent of mannan is missing and the phosphomannan component known to affect virulence is greatly reduced. We also observed that there was a substantial reduction in the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation but increase in the expression of genes encoding glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in the mutant. These, along with altered mannosylation of cell wall proteins together might be responsible for multiple phenotypes displayed by the mutant. Finally, the mutant was unable to grow in the presence of resident peritoneal macrophages and elicited a weak pro-inflammatory cytokine response in vitro. Similarly, this mutant elicited a poor serum pro-inflammatory cytokine response as judged by IFN gamma and TNF alpha levels and showed reduced virulence in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Importantly, an Ala substitution for a conserved Lys residue in the active site motif YXXXK, that abrogates the enzyme activity also showed reduced virulence and increased filamentation similar to the gal102 deletion strain. Since inactivating the enzyme encoded by GAL102 makes the cells sensitive to antifungal drugs and reduces its virulence, it can serve as a potential drug target in combination therapies for C. albicans and related pathogens.

Purifying water containing both anionic and cationic species using a (Zn, Cu)O, ZnO, and Cobalt Ferrite based multiphase adsorbent system

For the purpose of water purification, novel and low-cost adsorbents which are promising replacements for activated carbon are being actively pursued. However, a single-phase material that adsorbs both cationic and anionic species remains elusive. Hence, a low-cost, multiphase adsorbent bed that purifies water containing both anionic and cationic pollutants is a desirable alternative. We choose anionic (Congo red, Orange G) and cationic (methylene blue, malachite green) dyes as model pollutants. These dyes are chosen since they are widely found in effluents from textile, leather, fishery, and pharmaceutical industries, and their carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic impact on mammalian cells is well-established. We show that ZnO, (Zn0.24Cu0.76)O and cobalt ferrite based multiphase fixed adsorbent bed efficiently adsorbs model anionic (Congo red, Orange G) and cationic (methylene blue and malachite green) pollutants, and their complex mixtures. All adsorbent phases are synthesized using room-temperature, high-yield (similar to 96-100%), green chemical processes. The nanoadsorbents are characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The constituent nanophases are deliberately chosen to be beyond 50 nm, in order to avoid the nanotoxic size regime of oxides. Adsorption characteristics of each of the phases are examined. Isotherm based analysis shows that adsorption is both spontaneous and highly favorable. zeta potential measurements indicate that electrostatic interactions are the primary driving force for the observed adsorption behavior. The isotherms obtained are best described using a composite Langmuir-Freundlich model. Pseudo-first-order, rapid kinetics is observed (with adsorption rate constants as high as 0.1-0.2 min(-1) in some cases). Film diffusion is shown to be the primary mechanism of adsorption.

Phase transformation of ZrO2:Tb3+ nanophosphor: Color tunable photoluminescence and photocatalytic activities

The current study involves synthesis of a series of Tb3+ doped ZrO2 nanophosphors by solution combustion method using oxalyl dihydrazide as fuel. The as-formed ZrO2:Tb3+ nanophosphors having different concentrations of Tb3+ (1-11 mol%) were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques and the materials were subjected to photoluminescence and photocatalytic dye decolorization studies. The PXRD analysis indicates the formation of tetragonal symmetry up to 5 mol% concentration of Tb3+. Further increase in Tb3+ concentration has lead to cubic phase formation and the same was confirmed by Rietveld refinement analysis. SEM images revealed that material was highly porous in nature comprising of large voids and cracks with irregular morphology. TEM and SAED images clearly confirm the formation of high quality tetragonal nanocrystals. The emissive properties of nanophosphors were found to be dependent on Tb3+ dopant concentration. The green emission of the material was turned to white emission with the increase of Tb3+ ion concentration. The photocatalytic activities of these nanophosphors were probed for the decolorization of Congo red under UV and Sunlight irradiation. All the photocatalysts showed enhanced activity under UV light compared to Sunlight. The photocatalyst with 7 mol% Tb3+ showed enhanced activity attributed to effective separation of charge carriers due to phase transformation from tetragonal to cubic. The influence of crystallite size and PL on charge carrier trapping-recombination dynamics was investigated. The study successfully demonstrates synthesis of tetragonal and cubic ZrO2:Tb3+ green nanophosphors with superior photoluminescence and photocatalytic activities. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes on TiO2-CNT nanocomposites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) uniformly decorated with nano-anatase TiO2 particles corresponding to different TiO2-CNT weight ratios (up to 90 % TiO2:10 % CNT) were prepared by employing sol-gel process. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Photoluminescence, BET surface area and diffuse reflectance measurements. The composites show visible light assisted photocatalytic property, for example, the 90 % TiO2-10 % CNT composite completely degrades Indigo Carmine dye within 1 h of exposure to visible light. Similarly, Orange G and Congo Red dyes were decomposed within 2 h under visible light irradiation. The excellent visible light photocatalytic property of the composite is attributed to the synergetic effect of photoexcitation and photosensitization. This is due to the special nanoarchitecture wherein TiO2 nanoparticles are anchored to CNT surface that provides high specific interfacial area for photon absorption and electron trapping. Visible light assisted degradation profile of Indigo Carmine in the presence of TiO2-CNT nanocomposite and TEM image of the TiO2-CNT nanocomposite.

L'aristocratie negriere, ou, reflexions philosophiques et historiques sur l'esclavage et l'affranchissement des noirs : par M. L'Abbé Sibire : ancien ami des Africains; et leur premier Missionnaire dans le royaume de Loango

Sibire foi o primeiro missionário do Reino de Loango, antigo estado africano, fundado provavelmente em 1485 pelo povo Vili. O reino de Loango tornou-se independente entre os séculos XVIl e XVIII, e em 1885 dividiu-se entre o Estado do Congo, Portugal e França . Sibire considerava-se grande amigo dos africanos. A obra ‘L'aristocratie negriere, ou, Réflexions philosophiques et hisloriques sur l'esclavage et l'affranchissemenl des noirs’ é composta de duas partes: a primeira traz a transcrição de um discurso proferido por Sibire na Assembleia Nacional africana; a segunda relata o conteúdo de uma carta dirigida aos colonos, negros, europeus, negociantes e agricultores. O tema dominante em toda a obra é o repúdio à escravidão e a defesa da liberdade do ser humano

Chronica do muito alto, e muito esclarecido principe D. Sancho I, segundo rei de Portugal composta por Ruy de Pina, fidalgo da Casa Real, e Chornista mór do reyno, fielmente Copiada de seu Original, Que Se Conserva no Archivo Real da Torre do Tombo; offerecida a magestade sempre augusta delrey d. João V., Nosso Senhor por Miguel Lopes Ferreyra

Rui de Pina nasceu na cidade de Guarda, provavelmente em 1440, e morreu em Lisboa, por volta de 1522. Ocupou vários cargos de importância e destaque, entre eles os de cronista-mor do reino e de guarda-mor da Torre do Tombo. Como cronista-mor de Portugal, escreveu as biografias de Sancho I, Afonso II, Sancho II, Afonso II, D. Dinis, Afonso IV, Afonso V e D. João II. A descoberta , recentemente, de duas cópias de uma obra quatrocentista contendo as histórias dos sete primeiros reis de Portugal, isto é, de Sancho I a Afonso IV, indica que as Chronicas destes reis escritas por Rui de Pina não passavam de uma refundição daquelas. Como historiador, o autor tem despertado opiniões polêmicas: uns o acusam de mal-informado e desonesto ; outros valorizam a sua capacidade de compreender os eventos de seu tempo, ainda que sob uma visão absolutista. Trata-se de uma “esplêndida edição , adornada de escudos alegóricos com armas reais portuguesas no centro – que encabeçam as dedicatórias -, de artísticas letras iniciais, vinhetas, cabeções e florões decorativos, tudo aberto em chapa de madeira. Os frontispícios das crônicas são impressos em linhas alternadas, em preto e vermelho, e ornados de escudos das armas de Portugal”, conforme esclarece o Catálogo da livraria do Conde Ameal.

Missale romanum ex decreto sacrosancti concilii tridentini restitutum :cum omnibus aliorum sanctorum missis novissimè per summos pontifices enarratis, ac universis ditionibus fidelissimorum lusitaniae regum hucusquè pro utroque clero concessis locupletatum : PII V. Pont. Max. Jussu editum, Clementis VIII. et Urbani VIII. Auctoritate Recognitum

Pagina de rosto e texto impressos em vermelho e preto

Chronica do muito alto, e muito esclarecido principe D. Affonso III., Quinto Rei de Portugal

Trata-se de uma "esplêndida edição, adornada de escudos alegóricos com armas reais portuguesas no centro -- que encabeçam as dedicatórias--, de artísticas letras iniciais, vinhetas, cabeções e florões decorativs, tudo aberto em chapa de madeira. Os frontispícios das crônicas são impressos em linhas alternadas, em preto e vermelho, e ornados de escudos das armas de Portugal", conforme esclarece o Catálogo da Livraria do Conde Ameal.

Repertorio das ordenações, e leys do reyno de Portugal novamente correcto : accrescentado com muitas conclusões tiradas das mesmas ordenações, e com hum novo index no fim delle das materias das collecções, que se ajuntárão aos livros da ordenaçaõ novamente impressa : illustrado com copiosas remissões dos doutores, concordia das ordenações, leys extravagantes, decretos reaes, e assentos da relação, que se tem expedido, e feito desde a nova compilação das ordenações, e com muitas notas de casos praticos, e arestos, que deixarão apontados nas suas ordenações alguns grandes ministros deste reyno

Sob pé de imprenta: "Com as licenças necessarias, e privilegio real".

Avaliação dos métodos para análise da microinfiltração marginal em restaurações de resina composta classe V in vitro

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da microinfiltração marginal obtidos por diferentes meios de aquisição de imagens e métodos de mensuração da penetração de prata em restaurações de resina composta classe V, in vitro. Dezoito pré-molares humanos hígidos, recém extraídos, foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o tipo de instrumento para preparação cavitária utilizado. Grupo 1: ponta diamantada número 3100, em alta rotação. Grupo 2: broca carbide número 330, em alta rotação. Grupo 3: ponta CVDentus código 82137, em aparelho de ultrassom. Foram realizados preparos cavitários padronizados (3x4x2mm) classe V nas faces vestibular e lingual de todos os dentes, com margens oclusais em esmalte e cervicais em dentina/cemento. As cavidades foram restauradas com o sistema adesivo Solobond M (VOCO) e resina composta Grandio (VOCO), a qual foi inserida e fotoativada em três incrementos. Os corpos de prova ficaram imersos em água destilada por 24h a 37oC; receberam acabamento e polimento com discos SofLex (3M) e foram novamente armazenados em água destilada, por sete dias. Posteriormente, as superfícies dentárias foram coberta com duas camadas de esmalte para unhas vermelho, exceto as áreas adjacentes às restaurações. Os espécimes ficaram imersos em solução aquosa de nitrato de prata a 50% por 24h e em solução fotorreveladora por 2h e foram seccionados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual, passando pelo centro das restaurações, com disco diamantado em baixa rotação. As amostras foram polidas em politriz horizontal e analisadas por diferentes métodos. À extensão da microinfiltração foi atribuído escores de 0 a 3 através de análises por meio de estereomicroscópio tradicional e com leds e microscópio ótico. As imagens obtidas na lupa com leds e no microscópio ótico tiveram as áreas infiltradas medidas através do software AxioVision. O teste χ2 de McNemar-Bowker revelou concordância estatística entre estereomicroscópio tradicional e o com leds (p=0,809) durante análises semiquantitativas. Porém, houve diferenças significantes entre microscópio ótico e estereomicroscópios (p<0,001). Houve boa correlação entre análises semiquantitativas e quantitativas de acordo com o teste de Spearmann (p<0,001). O teste de Kruskall-Wallis não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p=0,174) entre os grupos experimentais na análise quantitativa por microscópio ótico, em esmalte. Ao contrário do que se observa com a mesma em lupa (p<0,001). Conclui-se que o método de atribuição de escores comumente aplicado com a lupa nos estudos da microinfiltração marginal é uma opção confiável para análise da microinfiltração.