Effect of time of harvest of budded virus on the selection of baculovirus FP mutants in cell culture

Rapid formation and selection of FP (few polyhedra) mutants occurs during serial passaging of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) in insect cell culture. The production of HaSNPV for use as biopesticides requires the passaging of the virus over a number of passages to produce enough virus inoculum for large-scale fermentation. During serial passaging in cell culture, FP mutants were rapidly selected, resulting in declined productivity and reduced potency of virus. Budded virus (BV) is usually harvested between 72 and 96 h postinfection (hpi) in order to obtain a high titer virus stock. In this study, the effect of tine of harvest (TOH) for BV on the selection rate of HaSNPV FP mutants during serial passaging was investigated. BV were harvested at different times postinfection, and each series was serially passaged for six passages. The productivity and percentage of FP mutants at each passage were determined. It was found that the selection of FP mutants can he reduced by employing an earlier TOH for BV. Serial passaging with BV harvested at 48 hpi showed a slower accumulation of FP mutants compared to that of BV harvested after 48 hpi. Higher cell specific yields were also maintained when BV were harvested at 48 hpi. When BV that were formed between 48 and 96 hpi were harvested and serially passaged, FP mutants quickly dominated the virus population. This suggests that the V formed and released between 48 and 96 hpi are most likely from FP mutant infected cells.

Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com rações contendo quatro níveis de inclusão do farelo de mamona

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de observar a influência de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 50; 75 ou 100%) do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado em rações para ovinos mestiços 1/2 Morada Nova x 1/2 SPRD (sem padrão racial definido) sobre o seu comportamento ingestivo. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os ovinos eram machos, inteiros, com peso corporal 18,01 ± 1,41 kg e idade média de 7 meses. Foram avaliadas atividades contínuas (tempo de alimentação, ruminação, outras atividades e ócio) e pontuais (consumo de sal, ingestão de água, micção e defecação), como também a eficiência de alimentação (EAL), eficiência de ruminação (ERU), tempo de alimentação (TAL), tempo de ruminação (TRU), tempo de mastigação total (TMT), número de bolos ruminais (BOL), tempo de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal (MMtb) e número de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal (MMnb). As variáveis tempo de alimentação, ruminação, outras atividades, ócio, consumo de sal e ingestão de água foram afetadas (P<0,05), especialmente o MMnb, que foi inferior para os animais alimentados com as rações com 100% de substituição, possivelmente pelo seu menor teor de fibra (oriundo da forragem), sendo possível a substituição total do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado.

Use of biofilm in the postharvest conservation of 'Pedro Sato' guava

This present work aimed to assess the effect of different concentrations of cassava starch, associated or not with prochloraz fungicide, on the postharvest conservation of 'Pedro Sato' guavas. Physiologically mature fruits were immersed in a solution of prochloraz (49.5 g/100 liters of water) for 5 min. Fruit treated with distilled water and air dried were used as control. They were immersed in cassava starch suspension at concentrations of 0, 20, 30 and 40 g/L, plus 0.5 mL/L of mineral oil. The fruits were stored at 21.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative humidity of 85 ± 5%, for 12 days, and were examined at every three days. The combination of prochloraz and cassava starch resulted in delayed loss of firmness and yellowness and inhibited the incidence of lesions caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during the 12 days of storage. Fruits treated with 40 g/L of starch, whether containing prochloraz or not, had unpleasant taste and odor, which suggests the occurrence of fermentation. Control fruits, with and without prochloraz, and those treated with starch with no prochloraz, had nearly 100% lesion occurrence within the 12 days. Starch suspension of 30 g/L, containing prochloraz, was the most effective in maintaining fruit quality.

Solubility of Ethene in Water and in a Medium for the Cultivation of a Bacterial Strain

The solubility of ethene in water and in the fermentation medium of Xanthobacter Py(2) was determined with a Ben-Naim-Baer type apparatus. The solubility measurements were carried out in the temperature range of (293.15 to 323.15) K and at atmospheric pressure with a precision of about +/- 0.3 %. The Ostwald coefficients, the mole fractions of the dissolved ethene, at the gas partial pressure of 101.325 kPa, and the Henry coefficients, at the water vapor pressure, were calculated using accurate thermodynamic relations. A comparison between the solubility of ethene in water and in the cultivation medium has shown that this gas is about 2.4 % more soluble in pure water. On the other hand, from the solubility temperature dependence, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes for the process of transferring the solute from the gaseous phase to the liquid solutions were also determined. Moreover, the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory equation of state (PC-SAFT EOS) model was used for the prediction of the solubility of ethene in water. New parameters, k(ij), are proposed for this system, and it was found that using a ky temperature-dependent PC-SAFT EOS describes more accurately the behavior solubilities of ethene in water at 101.325 kPa, improving the deviations to 1 %.

Capacidade antioxidante de cervejas comerciais

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Produção de bioetanol a partir de um resíduo orgânico proveniente da central de compostagem da LIPOR

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Diagnóstico ambiental de uma queijaria e proposta de melhorias

O presente trabalho tem como objectivo o diagnóstico ambiental da empresa Lacticinios do Paiva, S.A, a avaliação da água do processo e da ETARI e o estudo da fermentação do soro de queijo com o intuito de produção de bioetanol. No diagnóstico ambiental da empresa, observou-se que 18.227.731 litros de leite usados anualmente geram 5.031 ton/ano de queijo, 7.204 ton/ano de soro de queijo, 74.201 m3/ano de efluente liquido, 14 ton/ano de plástico e 20 ton/ano de cartão. Os principais problemas com necessidade de optimização são a recuperação de água das lavagens, avaliação da produção de biogás no digestor anaeróbio, recuperação do volume de leite que é desperdiçado na produção de queijo fresco de longa duração, avaliação da eficiência energética da empresa, valorização das natas e do soro de queijo. Decidiu-se neste trabalho avaliar a possibilidade de reciclagem das águas de lavagem, avaliar o funcionamento da ETARI face à legislação existente e estudar a possibilidade de valorização do soro de queijo. Na avaliação das águas de processo das lavagens para posterior reciclagem, verifica-se que relativamente ao pH e aos sólidos suspensos não existe problema, podendo encarar-se a hipótese de reciclagem directa. No entanto, no que respeita à carga orgânica das águas de lavagem do sistema de ultrafiltração do queijo fresco de longa duração, constata-se que esta não poderia ser utilizada novamente, uma vez que apresenta valores elevados de CQO. Para a sua reutilização, será necessário remover a CQO, hipótese que se estudou com resultados positivos. Verificou-se que, um tratamento por adsorção em carvão activado precedido de microfiltração, reduz a CQO de forma significativa permitindo admitir a hipótese de reciclagem da água, nomeadamente para as 1ª e 3ª águas de lavagem. As outras águas teriam necessidade de mais tempo de contacto com o carvão activado. No sentido de avaliar o funcionamento da ETARI, foram analisadas várias correntes da mesma, em particular a do efluente final, no que respeita a parâmetros como: pH, Sólidos Suspensos Totais, Carência Química de Oxigénio, Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio, Turvação, Nitratos, Fósforo Total, Azoto Kjeldalh, Azoto Amoniacal e Cloretos. Observou-se que os valores para o efluente final da ETARI são os seguintes: pH compreendido entre [7,21 – 8,69], SST entre [65,3 – 3110] mg/L, CQO entre [92,5 – 711,5] mg/L, CBO5 entre [58 – 161] mg/L, NO3- entre [10,8 – 106,7] mg/L, fósforo total entre [8,3 – 64,3] mg/L, turvação entre [67,7 – 733,3] FTU e cloretos entre [459,9 – 619,81] mg/L; pode-se dizer que os parâmetros analisados se encontram quase sempre dentro da gama de valores impostos pela Câmara Municipal de Lamego pelo que o efluente pode ser lançado no Colector Municipal de Cambres. Relativamente à fermentação alcoólica do soro de queijo, verifica-se que a levedura Kluyveromyces Marxianus consegue degradar praticamente todo o açúcar presente no permeado produzindo assim uma quantidade razoável de etanol. Quando se utilizou a levedura Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, a produção de etanol foi muito reduzida, como esperado, dado que esta levedura apresenta dificuldades na metabolização da lactose. Constatou-se assim que a melhor levedura para a fermentação do permeado do soro de queijo é a Kluyveromyces Marxianus, estimando-se em 150 mg a produção de etanol por L de soro.

Otimização de estruturas de destilação azeotrópica com recurso a planeamento experimental

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Determination of 24 pesticide residues in fortified wines by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

The present work describes a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography_tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method to quantify 24 pesticides in fortified white wine and fortified red wine. In this study “fortified wine” refers to a wine in which fermentation is arrested before completion by alcohol distillate addition, allowing sugar and alcoholic contents to be higher (around 80-100 g/L total sugars and 19-22% alcohol strength (v/v)). The analytical method showed good linearity, presenting correlation coefficients (R2) ≥ 0.989 for all compounds. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) in the ranges of 0.05-72.35 and 0.16-219.23 μg/L, respectively, were obtained. LOQs are below the maximum residue levels (MRL) set by European Regulation for grapes. The proposed method was applied to 17 commercial fortified wines. The analyzed pesticides were not detected in the wines tested.

Production, purification and characterisation of polysaccharides from pleurotus ostreatus with antitumor activity

Background: Mushroom polysaccharides play an important role in functional foods because they exhibit biological modulator properties such as antitumour, antiviral and antibacterial activities. The present study involved the production, purification and characterisation of intracellular and extracellular free and protein-bound polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus and the investigation of their growth-inhibitory effect on human carcinoma cell lines. Results: Several fermentation parameters were obtained: batch polysaccharide productivities of 0.013 +/- 8.12 x 10-5 and 0.037 +/- 0.0005 g L-1 day-1 for intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides respectively, a maximum biomass concentration of 9.35 +/- 0.18 g L-1, Pmax = 0.935 +/- 0.018 g L-1 day-1, µmax = 0.218 +/- 0.02 day-1, YEP/X = 0.040 +/- 0.0015 g g-1 and YIP/X = 0.014 +/- 0.0003 g g-1. Some polysaccharides exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of 50-200 units. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the polysaccharides revealed absorption bands characteristic of such biological macromolecules. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides exhibited antitumour activity towards several tested human carcinoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion - The polysaccharides of P. ostreatus exhibited high SOD-like activity, which strongly supports their biological effect on tumour cell lines. The extracellular polysaccharides presented the highest antitumour activity towards the RL95 carcinoma cell line and should be further investigated as an antitumour agent.

Production, purification and characterization of laccase from pleurottus ostreatus grown on tomato pomace

A strain of Pleurotus ostreatus was grown in tomato pomace as sole carbon source for production of laccase. The culture of P. ostreatus revealed a peak of laccase activity (147 U/L of fermentation broth) on the 4th day of culture with a specific activity of 2.8 U/mg protein. Differential chromatographic behaviour of laccase was investigated on affinity chromatographic matrices containing either urea, acetamide, ethanolamine or IDA as affinity ligands. Laccase exhibited retention on such affinity matrices and it was purified on a Sepharose 6B-BDGE-urea column with final enzyme recoveries of about 60%, specific activity of 6.0 and 18.0 U/mg protein and purification factors in the range of 14-46. It was also possible to demonstrate that metal-free laccase did not adsorb to Sepharose 6B-BDGE-urea column which suggests that adsorption of native laccase on this affinity matrix was apparently due to the specific interaction of carbonyl groups available on the matrix with the active site Cu (II) ions of laccase. The kinetic parameters (V (max), K (m) , K (cat), and K (cat)/K (m) ) of the purified enzyme for several substrates were determined as well as laccase stability and optimum pH and temperature of enzyme activity. This is the first report describing the production of laccase from P. ostreatus grown on tomato pomace and purification of this enzyme based on affinity matrix containing urea as affinity ligand.

Protein-Polysaccharides of trametes versocolor: production and biological activities

Extracellular-(E-PPS) and intracellular-protein-polysaccharides (I-PPS) complexes were produced by Trametes versicolor in submerged cultures with different carbon sources. The highest extracellular-(EPS) and intracellular-polysaccharide (IPS) concentration in the complexes was obtained with tomato pomace culture. DPPH radical scavenging for E-PPS and I-PPS produced by liter of culture was equivallent to 2.115 +/- A 0.227 and 1.374 +/- A 0.364 g of ascorbic acid, respectively. These complexes showed a protector effect in the oxidation of erythrocyte membranes and had ability to inhibit the hemolysis and methemoglobin synthesis in stressed erythrocytes. These results suggest that extracellular- and intracellular- polysaccharides produced are important bioactive compounds with medicinal potential.

Controlo da fermentação do mosto e das condições ambientais de uma sala de lagares

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Formate metabolism in sulfate reducing bacteria

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biochemistry

Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, collected from a natural nursery in the Cocó river estuary, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Oysters are edible organisms that are often ingested partially cooked or even raw, presenting therefore a very high risk to the consumers' health, especially in tropical regions. The presence of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters sampled at an estuary in the Brazilian northeastern region was studied, with 300 oysters tested through an 8-months period. The salinity of the water at the sampling point varied between 3% and 27‰. V. cholerae was the most frequently detected species (33.3% of the samples), and of the 22 V. cholerae isolates, 20 were identified as non-O1/non-O139, with two of the colonies presenting a rough surface and most of remaining ones belonging to the Heiberg II fermentation group. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from just one of the samples. Other bacteria such as Providencia spp., Klebsiella spp. and Morganella morganii were also isolated.