The biology and ecology of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and the future of its fishery in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo

Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo had a similar native fish fauna of high species diversity. stocks of most of the native species declined rapidly and some completely disappeared after Nile perch was introduced and became well established. Although, overexploitation of the fish stocks, competition between introduced and native tilapiines and environmental degradation contributed to the reduction in fish stocks, predation by the Nile perch has contributed much to the recent drastic reductions in fish stock and could even drive the stocks to a total collapse. Nile perch is also currently the most important commercial species in Lakes victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo and the stability of its stocks is important in the overall sustainability of the fisheries of these lakes. The question that was to be examined in this paper was whether the fisheries of Lakes Victoria, Kyogaand Nabugabo would stabilize and sustain production in the presence of high predation pressure by the Nile perch or whether the Nile perch would drive the fish stocks including itself to a collapse. I t was assumed that Nile perch driven changes in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo would be driven to a level beyond which they would not change further. This would be followed by recovery and stability or the changes would continue to a point of collapse. It was assumed that Lake Albert represented the ideal stable state. The changes in the new habitats expected to be driven through a major change due to Nile perch predation to a stage where there would be no further changes. After this, a feedback mechanism would move the driven variable towards recovery. The variables would then stabilize and oscillate will an amplitude which approximates to what would be recorded in Lake Albert. Alternatively, the changes would proceed to a stage where the fishery would collapse. The specific hypothesis was that fish species composition and diversity, prey selection by the Nile perch and life history characteristics of the Nile perch in the new habitats would change and stabilize

Trolling for Nile perch (Lates niloticus) in Lake Kyoga

Nile perch were introduced into Lake Kyoga in the mid·1950s from Lake Albert. Murchison Falls on the River Nile, between the two lakes, prevented Nile Perch and other elements of the typical nilotic fish population from naturally reaching Lake Kyoga. The introduction has been successful and considerable stocks of Nile Perch now exist in Lake Kyoga. In 1967, 13,000 tons of Nile Perch were estimated to have been landed by the commercial fishermen, fish of 200 lb. being now caught and specimens of 100 lb. being fairly common. Large Nile perch are caught commercially on long lines baited with live Protopterus' spp. or Clarias spp. Large mesh gillnets uccasionally take Nile Perch of up to 30 lb., but the high cost of the nets does not, at the moment, appear to justify this method of fishing; a 10 in. net, stretched 100 yards long (unmounted). 15 meshes deep and 60-ply nylon. costs approximately U. Shs. 300. The long·lines used are extremely simple and cheap to make, but considerable labour is needed to catch bait. Small Protopterus are normally caught by turning over floating rafts of grasses and papyrus, and extracting the fish from the root mass; this is hard and dirty work. Other small fish, more readily available, do not, according to fishermen, work as well, possibly because they are not as durable as the Protopterus or Clarias. Dead bait is never used.

Notes on growth and feeding of Crocodilus niloticus

The Uganda Fisheries Department had for some time, kept Nile crocodiles in captivity, and had thus collected a considerable amount of data on growth and feeding rates. It had also devised marking and handling techniques, and a system of pens and enclosures to deal with crocodiles up to 3 m. long. The following account describes these techniques and results, which followed a study of a proposed commercial crocodile farm.

Report on Lake Wamala fisheries catch assessment survey 2012

Lake Wamala is one of the small lakes in Uganda, and lies between latitudes 0o 15; and 0o 25' N 31o 45' to longitude 32o 00' E, longitude and at an altitude of 1000m above sea level. Following ths 1961 heavy rains the lake expanded from about 100 to 118 sq. km and the swamps covered almost 60 sq km (Okaranon 1993). This lake was first stocked with Oreohromis niloticus eduardianus populary known as Oreohromis niloticus then Oreochromis leucostictus and then Tilapia zillii then after that it was officially opened for commercial fishing in 1960. Despite of the commercial fishery there used to be subsistance fishing that was mainly by the use of wires and hooks and targeted the Clarias and Protopterus species. The lake fishery used to be highly profitable after the opening in 1960; though in 1970s the fishers started complaining of the declining state of the fishery. At that time the O. niloticus had gone down to less than 1 kg per net per night by 1975 (Okaranon 1993). Due to it led to scientists undertake fisheries surveys in 1975/78 and later 1988/92 then later on there subsquent survey in 2003. Since that time there has been no work done until March 2012 that both catch assessment and frame surveys undertaken to ensure that management issues are addressed concerning this riparian water body. The main objectives of the survey were:- To assess fish production levels in the commercial fisheries of Lake Wamala (Catch Assessment). To assess the fishing effort and facilities available at the fish landings that supports the fisher folks.

Evaluation of external anchor tags for estimation of growth and survival in tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus chilwae Trewavas)

The effects of tagging with Roy FD-68B T-bar anchor tags on estimates of growth in Tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus chilwae) were investigated in a pond and in a field experiment. In the pond experiment, mean length increments of tagged and marked fish were compared. In the field experiment growth of tagged and "untouched" individual wild fish were compared by measuring scale circuli spacing (Circ.), which is correlated to instantaneous growth rate. Length increments of tagged and untagged/marked fish were not significantly different in either experiment. In the pond experiment, the total mortality rate in the small tagged fish was significantly higher than in the marked fish. The recoveries of tagged fish in the pond experiment increased with fish size. Recoveries exceeded 80% at lengths over 13 cm TL. The ratios of tagged to marked recoveries were 1.02 and 0.74 for large and small fish respectively. The study shows that tagging of Tilapia with Roy anchor tags does not in general alter the growth rates of the fish.

A note on recent advances in the genetic characterization of tilapia stocks in Lake Victoria region

Oreochromis esculenta, the original "ngege" is virtually extinct in Lake Victoria, and is limited to satellite lakes and reservoirs in the greater Lake Victoria region. Oreochromis variabilis can still be found in Lake Victoria and some satellite lakes in the Kyoga System, but in small numbers and only at a few localities (WANDERA and KAUFMAN, unpub. data). Little is known about the influence that species translocations have had on the genetic structure of these crucial fishery species, and even the source of the parent stocks for the introductions remain obscure. Genetic variability was examined within and among allopatric populations of three species in the tilapiine genus Oreochromis: O. esculentus (endemic to Lakes Victoria and Kyoga), and two exotic species introduced to Lake Victoria in the late 1950's to supplement the failing fisheries for native tilapiines, O. niloticus and O. leucostictus.

Helminth fauna of Oreochromis leucostictus (Pisces: Cichlidae) from a tropical lake, Lake Naivasha, Kenya

The helminth fauna of Oreochromis leucosticus (Trewavas) from Lake Naivasha is described. The study was carried out on 1,050 gillnetted fish caught over a period of 24 months at different sites within the lake. Oreochromis leucosticus which is a commercially important fish was observed to be a host of four helminth parasites. These were an acanthocephalan polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis (Schmidt and Canaris), a nematode contracaecum sp.. a trematode clinostomum sp. and a dilepidid cestode Amirthalingamia sp. Seasonal variation in prevalence, intensity of infection, organs infected and the variation in infection with the size, sex and body condition of the host are described. There was no seasonal variation in prevalence but intensity of infection was observed to increase with the age of the fish. Although male fish were observed to be more heavily infected, the parasites did not seem to have any significant effect on the body condition of the fish.

Population parameters of Oreochromis leucostictus from Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Length-frequency data collected from fish landings on Lake Naivasha were used to estimate the growth parameters: total mortality (Z), growth performance index (Ø’), exploitation rate and recruitment pattern in Oreochromis leucostictus. The asymptotic length (L∞) was 38 cm and K 0.48 yr -1 Z was estimated as 3.5 yr -1, M was 0.19 yr -1, F was 2.6 yr -1 and E of 0.74. Recruitment occurs throughout the year, with a peak in January to March, while entry into the fishery occurs at a mean length of 15.9 cm. Existing restriction on the maximum number of gill nets allowed per fishing licence (10 per boat) and a minimum mesh size (10 cm) in the lake are not adhered to. Poaching using illegal mesh size nets as small as 5 cm and use of more than 10 nets per boat are common in the lake.

Growth rates of juvenile Nile perch, Lates niloticus L. in lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo

The growth rates of Nile perch, Lates niloticus L. of 20 cm to 40 cm total length were estimated in lakes Victoria and Kyoga in 1991 and 1992 and Nabugabo in 1992 and 1993 by tagging. Fish grew faster in Lake Kyoga (mean growth rate 28.7 ± 1.3 cm S.E. per year, N = 49) than in Lake Victoria (18.9 ± 1.4 cm per year, N = 20) and Lake Nabugabo (19.0 ± 0.7 cm per year, N = 43). There were significant differences in growth rates between the lakes (F2 109 = 24.037, P < 0.001). Growth rates in Lake Kyoga were significantly higher than those of lak'es Victoria and Nabugabo (p < 0.001) but those of lakes Victoria and Nabugabo were not significantly different from each other (p = > 0.05). The faster growth rates in Lake Kyoga were attributed to improvement in food supply due to increases in stocks of haplochromine prey. Growth rates in Lake Kyoga were significantly higher, but those of lakes Victoria and Nabugabo were within the ranges of those reported in several native habitats of Nile perch.

Detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from O'ahu, Hawai'i

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been detected for the first time at a range from 231.58 to 685.61 ng g(-1) lipid weight in the muscles of tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) collected from O'ahu, an island of the geographically isolated Hawaiian archipelago.

Ciclo hormonal reprodutor, clonagem e expressão da enzima P450 aromatase na tilápia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Tese dout., Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 2006

Efeito do cloro no desenvolvimento e na tiróide da Tilápia Moçambicana (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Dissertação mest., Biotecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative gene expression in the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha (Aquacultura), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Chemical communication in the Mozambique tilapia: a role for amino acids

The Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is a maternal mouthbrooding cichlid from the southern Africa. The olfactory sensitivity of the species to 20 amino acids was assessed using the electro-olfactogram (EOG). We estimated whether the olfactory potency of the polar fraction of male urine can be explained by the presence of identified amino acids. In addition, filtrate and amino acid mixture of the urine of Nile tilapia were used to estimate their olfactory potency for O.mossambicus. Finally, concentrations of the main amino acids were measured in the urine of males of different social status and the correlations between amino acid concentration and hierarchical status were explored. L-cysteine, L-glutamine and L-threonine were the most potent stimuli at M while L-proline and L-aspartate were the least potent. Four groups of amino acids were identified according to their thresholds of detection and three groups – according to the similarity of their ɣ-factors. The estimated threshold of detection for O.mossambicus mixture was higher than that for the filtrate. On the contrary, the threshold of detection for the mixture of Nile tilapia was lower than that for the filtrate The concentration of L-arginine in the urine was positively correlated with fish dominance index. Both L-arginine and L-glutamic acid concentrations had much greater variability in dominant males (DI˃0.5) than in subordinate males (DI˂0.5). The urinary concentrations of L-phenylalanine had similar variability in dominant and subordinate groups. The Mozambique tilapia has olfactory sensitivity to all twenty amino acids tested. The fish showed more acute sensitivity to conspecific urine filtrate than to the heterospecific. Olfactory potency of O.mossambicus filtrate can be largely but not fully explained by the presence of L-arginine, L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine. Larginine and L-glutamic acid may indicate the dominance status of the fish and, possibly, individual identity.

Neuroendocrinologia do comportamento social no ciclídeo africano Oreochromis mossambicus: mecanismos reguladores e modulação social da reprodução

A reprodução em teleósteos é controlada pelo eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-gónada (HPG) que modula a gametogénese, o desenvolvimento dos caracteres secundários e a expressão do comportamento reprodutor. A informação sobre fatores endógenos e exógenos é integrada no cérebro e a atividade do eixo HPG é regulada, fazendo com que traços comportamentais sejam expressos no momento e no contexto certos. Fatores exógenos relacionados com condições físicas do ambiente (e.g. temperatura e fotoperíodo) têm o papel principal no controlo da reprodução. No entanto, o estatuto social e o contexto social têm sido menos estudados. Mecanismos hormonais e neuroendócrinos são muito conservados ao longo dos vertebrados, fazendo dos peixes um bom modelo para o estudo da endocrinologia do comportamento. Os objetivos gerais deste trabalho consistem em determinar de que forma o contexto social interfere na expressão do comportamento e o papel de mecanismos hormonais e neuroendócrinos nesse processo, sendo abordados dois mecanismos, os androgénios e os neuropéptidos arginina vasotocina (AVT) e Isotocina (IT), dando-se especial relevância à AVT. A tilápia moçambicana (Oreochromis mossambicus) foi o modelo usado. A a sua biologia é bem conhecida, é muito adaptável a condições artificiais, e que tem uma importância económica crescente. Esta espécie possui um sistema social elaborado, com machos a organizarem-se em arenas reprodutoras, onde escavam depressões no substrato, para as quais atraem as fêmeas para a reprodução. Todos os trabalhos apresentados nesta dissertação tiveram como como sujeito focal o macho. Esta tese está organizada quatro capítulos. No capítulo I- Introdução geral, é apresentada uma revisão da literatura relevante para enquadrar o presente trabalho. Os capítulos II e III englobam os 4 artigos científicos que foram redigidos, denominados de artigo 1 a 4, consoante a ordem em que são apresentados na tese. O capítulo II, intitulado “Modulação social da reprodução”, é apresentado um estudo (artigo 1) que aborda o efeito do ambiente social no comportamento e no estado fisiológico da tilápia moçambicana. Com este trabalho pretendia-se perceber qual o efeito do contexto de instabilidade social nos níveis plasmáticos hormonais e a influência destes contextos na criação de padrões de comportamento. Gerou-se com sucesso um cenário de instabilidade social, através da substituição de machos dominantes entre replicados, por oposição ao contexto social estável em que os animais foram retirados e reintroduzidos no mesmo aquário. Em contexto social instável verificou-se tal como esperado, um aumento do comportamento agonístico. Apesar da agressividade não ter sido acompanhada pelo aumento dos níveis hormonais, os resultados sugerem que os androgénios funcionam como fator de reforço da integração na criação de padrões comportamento em contexto social instável, mostrando assim uma otimização do comportamento em períodos de instabilidade social. No capítulo III, intitulado “Mecanismos reguladores do comportamento social”, são apresentados três artigos e foi dividido em duas secções. Na primeira é abordado o papel dos androgénios (artigo 2) e na segunda o papel da AVT e IT (artigo 3 e 4) na regulação do comportamento social. Em relação ao estudo do papel dos androgénios (artigo 2), pretendeu-se estudar o efeito da falta de androgénios em circulação na exibição do comportamento agonístico e reprodutor. Para tal, procedeu-se à castração de machos de tilápia. A remoção integral das gónadas baixou os níveis de androgénios em cerca de 90% para a testosterona e quase 100% para 11KT e provocou uma completa abolição do comportamento reprodutor (construção do ninho, coloração nupcial e corte), no entanto o comportamento agonístico não foi afetado. Revelou-se desta forma que o mecanismo de regulação do comportamento reprodutor e agonístico é diferente, com os androgénios como agentes mediadores do comportamento reprodutor e moduladores do comportamento agonístico, uma vez que a literatura existente relaciona os androgénios com o comportamento agonístico nesta espécie. O estudo da regulação da AVT e IT em função do estatuto social foi efetuado com duas abordagens diferentes, resultando em dois artigos científicos (artigo 3 e 4). A primeira tinha como objetivo perceber se a AVT e IT estava distribuída por todo o cérebro em quantidades mensuráveis ou apenas em alguma área específica, além de perceber qual a diferença dos níveis cerebrais e glândula pituitária entre machos dominantes e subordinados. Procedeu-se ao doseamento da AVT e IT no cérebro através de cromatografia de fase líquida (high performance liquid cromatography, HPLC) em machos dominantes e subordinados (com o estatuto estabilizado há pelo menos 5 semanas). O cérebro foi dividido em 7 áreas [bolbos olfativos, telencéfalo, teto ótico, diencéfalo, cerebelo, rombencéfalo e pituitária (considerada como área cerebral para efeitos comparativos)]. Verificou-se que a área que apresentou uma maior concentração de neuro péptidos (AVT e IT) foi a pituitária, seguida dos bolbos olfactivos e finalmente as restantes áreas. A existência destes neuropéptidos no bolbo olfactivo sugere que a AVT e IT estão implicadas no mecanismo de reconhecimento social. Esta relação tem particular importância para esta espécie uma vez que a Tilápia usa o mecanismo do olfacto, por exemplo para o reconhecimento do estado reprodutivo das fêmeas. Machos subordinados apresentaram concentrações de AVT superiores na pituitária, o que sugere a influência da AVT num processo fisiológico específico relacionado com a subordinação. Uma vez que machos subordinados armazenam menos urina do que machos dominantes (machos dominantes armazenam grandes quantidades de urina que libertação de forma pulsátil, de forma dependente do contexto, aumentando o número de pulsos na presença de machos rivais ou fêmeas pré-ovuladas). A AVT pode estar a exercer um efeito antidiurético nos machos subordinados diminuindo assim a produção de urina. Machos dominantes apresentaram valores superiores de IT no rombemcéfalo, sugerindo que a isotocina pode estar relacionada com o comportamento social em dominantes. Para avaliar o efeito do estatuto na organização dos grupos neuronais produtores de AVT (situados na área pré-ótica) foram criadas condições semelhantes à situação anterior, neste caso foram contabilizados os neurónios imunorreativos à AVT na área pré-ótica e medida a área dos corpos celulares em machos dominantes, subordinados e fêmeas. Os grupos neuronais da área pré-ótica são constituídos por células parvocelulares (pPOA), magnocelulares (mPOA) e gigantocelulares (gPOA). A literatura relaciona uma maior expressão de células pPOA em machos subordinados e gPOA em dominantes, no entanto os resultados do artigo 4 mostraram que machos subordinados aumentaram a área dos corpos celulares de todos os grupos neurais, e todos os grupos apresentam projeções para pituitária (apesar de projetarem para outra áreas) sugerindo que este aumento generalizado do tamanho das células implica um aumento da produção de AVT direcionada para a pituitária. As células (principalmente a área dos corpos celulares) correlacionaram-se negativamente com o comportamento agressivo e positivamente com o comportamento de fuga, sugerindo uma inibição geral do comportamento reprodutor e agonístico em machos subordinados. O tamanho das células mPOA está inversamente associado ao peso do rim o que sugere um efeito deste grupo neural no rim provavelmente implicado no mecanismo antidiurético em machos subordinados.