Apuntes sobre el exilio antiperonista en Montevideo entre 1943 y 1945

Resumen: Entre fines de agosto de 1943 y septiembre de 1945, numerosos opositores al régimen militar vigente en la Argentina se exiliaron en Montevideo. Ellos pertenecían a diversos partidos políticos unidos por un fuerte rechazo y condena al régimen político autoritario. Desarrollaron una prolífica actividad política e intelectual a través de dos organizaciones, Patria Libre y Asociación de Mayo, desde las cuales publicaban respectivamente Pueblo Argentino y Voz Argentina. Si bien los principales opositores al régimen militar que se exiliaron desarrollaron diversas actividades políticas y periodísticas, aún no se han producido estudios detallados sobre las mismas. Teniendo en cuenta la ausencia de conocimiento al respecto, en este artículo presentamos un análisis preliminar sobre el exilio de estos políticos en el Uruguay en el período 1943-1955. En particular, nuestro objetivo específico consiste en analizar todos los artículos que Luciano Molinas, Nicolás Repetto, Santiago Nudelman y José Aguirre Cámara publicaron en Voz Argentina para reflexionar sobre cómo estos actores se percibían a sí mismos frente al gobierno militar argentino y cómo conceptualizaban los fenómenos políticos que ocurrían en su país

Objetividad y racionalidad en la interpretación jurídica : consideraciones a partir de las ideas de Owen Fiss

Resumen: El presente artículo estudia uno de los temas centrales del debate iusfilosófico contemporáneo, a saber, el lugar que ocupa la razón en la interpretación jurídica. En este sentido, enfoca el tema de la objetividad y la racionalidad en la interpretación jurídica a partir del pensamiento del profesor de Yale, Owen Fiss, con una presentación de sus ideas en torno a la adjudicación y a las notas de la interpretación. Se consideran luego cuatro grandes cuestiones que constituyen el núcleo de la propuesta de Fiss: la racionalidad de la interpretación, su carácter objetivo, sus criterios de corrección y el papel de las valoraciones morales en la interpretación. Se finaliza con balance conclusivo de los aspectos fuertes y débiles de las ideas de Fiss.

Sarmiento y su visión militar

Resumen: Las grandes naciones se construyen a partir de la visión alentadora de un grupo de hombres, que en la comprensión cabal de la realidad son capaces de encontrar las soluciones necesarias. Para el estadista ningún asunto puede reconocerse sin su relación con el otro y todos adquieren importancia en tanto puedan contribuir al desarrollo nacional y el bienestar ciudadano. En Sarmiento, la educación habría de ser el origen, y su realización, el instrumento inapelable en la construcción de un estado moderno. En este esquema las instituciones aparecen como los pilares sobre los que se apoya la verdadera esencia del espíritu nacional, y el único sostén legítimo del Estado; de allí la preocupación por su consolidación. A la organización de la política, de la justicia y de la administración en general, Sarmiento sumó un interés medular en torno al fortalecimiento del Ejército y la Armada, que tuvo como punto de partida las guerras civiles argentinas, continuidad con la experiencia adquirida en los Estados Unidos y su afirmación tras las consecuencias de la guerra con el Paraguay. Esta investigación aborda los aspectos más profundos de su pensamiento castrense, materializado en obra a partir de un agudo trabajo de organización desarrollado a lo largo de sus servicios militares, y en la presidencia de la Nación con la adquisición de modernos armamentos y la creación de las primeras escuelas para oficiales.

Carne e bits : reflexões sobre a indiscernibilidade das fronteiras entre mentes e máquinas e os sistemas cognitivos híbridos

Faz reflexões sobre as várias formas de relação entre sujeitos e objetos-técnicos, com ênfase para a utilização dos computadores digitais e, particularmente, os softwares chamados agentes inteligentes. Analisa o espaço e suas mudanças qualitativas na atualidade, a partir do conceito do espaço como produção humana, analisando como as transformações em curso no ambiente afetam nossas subjetividades e, reciprocamente, como afetamos nossos ambientes. Discutidas as possibilidades de sobrevivência do homem nu nesses novos espaços, sem que esteja devidamente atualizado com as últimas novidades tecnológicas - próteses sensoriais e motoras. Perpassa a discussão sobre o pensamento que se utiliza do espaço como elemento constituinte do próprio pensamento e reflete sobre o espaço abstrato por excelência, os mundos virtuais. Discute o padrão de apropriação de artefatos pelo homem e seus efeitos na subjetividade, a manutenção do padrão de apropriação dos objetos-técnicos materiais em relação às formas de apropriação dos objetos-técnicos intangíveis (softwares). Traz reflexões sobre a possibilidade de autonomização completa dos agentes inteligentes e a sua instituição, ipso facto, como agentes - a chamada Inteligência Artificial.

A ação política dos intelectuais no Brasil (1930-1945)

Getúlio Vargas governou o Brasil por duas vezes: de 1930 a 1945, e de 1951 a 1954, ano de sua morte. Norteada por uma concepção centralizadora, a Era Vargas caracterizou-se pelo desenvolvimento econômico, o nacionalismo, o controle sobre os trabalhadores e sobre os sindicatos, o planejamento estatal, a legislação social, os investimentos públicos e, sobretudo, pelo papel atribuído ao Estado como agente econômico. Do ponto de vista político, foi marcada pela precariedade das liberdades públicas, pela fraqueza da participação, por entraves à organização e à institucionalização política. Apropriando-se, à sua maneira, de intervenções políticas que se operavam no plano internacional, a Era Vargas imprimiu ao Brasil conotações autoritárias, populistas e populares, e produziu um modelo econômico e institucional cuja durabilidade foi surpreendente. Neste trabalho procuramos tratar a trajetória da relação entre a ação política e o pensamento intelectual, utilizando-se do elemento histórico para alertar sobre a fraqueza da hipótese que supõe uma bipolarização entre o intelectual isolado e aquele integrado ao contexto político. Destacamos que a “simbiose necessária” entre políticos e intelectuais é resultado da demanda de certo momento histórico no qual os últimos assumem seu papel político e se transformam nos “intérpretes dos anseios da sociedade”.

La pena de muerte en la Corona de Castilla en la Edad Media

[ES]A lo largo de este artículo se pasan revista a cinco cuentiones que muestran la evolución de la pena de muerte en la Corona de Castilla a lo largo de la Edad Media. En primer lugar, se presta atención al paso de la ejecución privada de la justicia a la pública y en qué casos se mantuvo la venganza, aunque con la autorización judicial. En segundo lugar, se pasa revista a las formas de aplicar la pena de muerte, privilegiando los siguientes tipos: el ahorcamiento por los pies, el asaeteamiento, el empozamiento y el encubamiento. En tercer lugar, se expone el ritual de ejecución de las penas capitales desde que el reo sale de la cárcel y es conducido al cadalso, hasta que el cuerpo es sepultado o queda expuesto a perpetuidad. En cuarto lugar, se reflexiona sobre la incidencia de la rebeldía o contumacia del acusado ante los requerimientos de la justicia en la imposición de la pena de muerte. En quinto y último lugar, se analizan las circunstancias que llevaron a la Corona de Castilla, a partir del último tercio del siglo XV, a relegar la pena de muerte entre el elenco punitivo y preferir castigos que tuvieran utilidad pública.

Sobre la "religio" de los pueblos del NW durante el alto imperio: algunas observaciones

Presentado en: Acta Palaeohispanica, IX. Actas del IX Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Palaeohispánicas. Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004

La aventura de investigar. Una experiencia de investigación-acción participativa

[ES]El objetivo de este estudio consiste en desvelar las sensaciones, sentimientos y pensamientos que la aventura de implicarse en una investigación-acción participativa genera sobre los distintos grupos de personas implicadas en una experiencia de Deporte Escolar (DE)(docentes, escolares,coordinadores de DE, familias, monitores, equipos directivos,...). Al comienzo del trabajo se expone el marco teórico en el que se sustenta la investigación, que imbrica la perspectiva metodológica cualitativa y la orientación de pensamiento socio-crítica aplicada en el contexto del DE. A continuación, se describe el diseño de este estudio, que se desarrolló desde el curso escolar 2002/03 hasta el 2006/07, presentando a los participantes, los contextos de acción-formativa construidos, las técnicas de generación de datos utilizadas y, el procedimiento de análisis e interpretación de datos. Después, se pone especial interés en las voces de los participantes para ponerlas en discusión con lo que investigadores del campo han puesto de manifiesto con anterioridad sobre el poder formativo que ejerce la investigación-acción y, finalmente, se recogen las conclusiones principales obtenidas de este estudio.

Hydroacoustic surveys: a non-destructive approach to monitoring fish distributions at National Marine Sanctuaries

The science of fisheries acoustics and its applicability to resource management have evolved over the past several decades. This document provides a basic description of fisheries acoustics and recommendations on using this technology for research and monitoring of fish distributions and habitats within sanctuaries. It also describes recent efforts aimed at applying fisheries acoustics to Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) (Figure 1). Historically, methods to assess the underwater environment have included net trawls, diver censuses, hook and line, video, sonar and other techniques deployed in a variety of ways. Fisheries acoustics, using active sonar, relies on the physics of sound traveling through water to quantify the distribution of biota in the water column. By sending a signal of a given frequency through the water column and recording the time of travel and the strength of the reflected signal, it is possible to determine the size and location of fish and estimate biomass from the acoustic backscatter. As a fisheries assessment tool, active hydroacoustics technology is an efficient, non-intrusive method of mapping the water column at a very fine spatial and temporal resolution. It provides a practical alternative to bottom and mid-water trawls, which are not allowed at GRNMS. Passive acoustics, which uses underwater hydrophones to record man-made and natural sounds such as fish spawning calls and sounds produced by marine mammals for communication and echolocation, can provide a useful, complementary survey tool. This report primarily deals with active acoustics, although the integration of active and passive acoustics is addressed as well. (PDF contains 32 pages)

Networks for Knowledge: Social Media enthuses students of Early Years Education

Networks for Knowledge (n4k Ltd) are a Work Based Learning organisation which specialises in Early Years Education. Training and Development Manager, Elaine Wareing has developed the use of Facebook and Twitter to promote peer learning and interaction beyond the classroom. It also allows trainers to discuss ideas and challengers with a wider group of learners. This has allowed practitioners across a wide geographical area to share their thoughts and ideas together on some of the subjects relating to early years practice.

Charles M. Breder, Jr.: Hypothetical considerations, 1931-1937

Charles M. Breder Jr. “hypothesis” diary is a deviation from the field diaries that form part of the Breder collection housed at the Arthur Vining Davis Library, Mote Marine Laboratory. There are no notes or observations from specific scientific expeditions in the document. Instead, the contents provide an insight into the early meticulous scientific thoughts of this biologist, and how he examines and develops these ideas. It is apparent that among Dr. Breder’s passions was his continual search for knowledge about questions that still besieged many scientists. Topics discussed include symmetry, origin of the atmosphere, origin of life, mechanical analogies of organisms, aquaria as an organism, astrobiology, entropy, evolution of species, and other topics. The diary was transcribed as part of the Coastal Estuarine Data/Document Rescue and Archeology effort for South Florida. (PDF contains 33 pages)

Charles M. Breder, Jr.: Dry Tortugas, 1929

During the summer of 1929, Dr. Charles M. Breder, Jr., employed at that time by the New York Aquarium and American Museum of Natural History, visited the Carnegie Laboratory in the Dry Tortugas to study the development and habits of flying fishes and their allies. The diary of the trip was donated to the Mote Marine Laboratory Library by his family. Dr. Breder's meticulous handwritten account gives us the opportunity to see the simple yet great details of his observations and field experiments. His notes reveal the findings and thoughts of one of the world's greatest ichthyologists. The diary was transcribed as part of the Coastal Estuarine Data/Document Rescue and Archeology effort for South Florida. (PDF contains 75 pages)

Juncal Ballestín: una creadora de "objetos con memoria" durante los años 80

[ES] La artista alavesa Juncal Ballestín desarrolla una obra caracterizada principalmente por sus referencias al arte objetual, el surrealismo y el arte povera. A partir de aquí, recaba su interés en la búsqueda de diversos objetos con una marcada memoria, es decir, objetos ya utilizados y que han recogido diferentes experiencias, pensamientos y vivencias de sus antiguos dueños, lo que proporciona a su producción escultórica una sólida base significativa, social y vivencial.

Eliciting and using stakeholder input to guide Puget Sound nearshore restoration decisionmaking

The goal of the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP) is to improve system-wide functionality of nearshorei ecosystem processes. To achieve that goal, PSNERP plans to strategically restore nearshore sites throughout Puget Sound. PSNERP scientists are assessing changes to the nearshore, and will recommend an environmentally strategic restoration portfolio. Yet, PSNERP also needs stakeholder input to design a socially strategic portfolio. This research investigates the values and preferences of stakeholders in the Whidbey Sub-Basin of Puget Sound to help PSNERP be both socially and environmentally strategic. This investigation may be repeated in the six other Puget Sound Sub-Basins. The results will guide restoration portfolio design and future stakeholder involvement activities. This study examines four areas of stakeholder values and preferences: 1) beliefs about the causes, solutions, and severity of nearshore problems; 2) priorities for nearshore features, shoreforms, developments, and restoration objectives; 3) thoughts about ecosystem servicesiii and trade-offs among them; and 4) visions of a future, restored Puget Sound nearshore and the role of science in attaining this vision. The study is framed by two hypotheses from the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), which suggests that groups of policy advocates form around shared “policy core beliefs” which can transcend traditional categories of stakeholders.(PDF contains 3 pages)

Geological evolution of two crustal scale shear zones. Part I. The Rand thrust complex, northwestern Mojave Desert, California. Part II. The Magdalena metamorphic core complex, north central Sonora, Mexico

The geology and structure of two crustal scale shear zones were studied to understand the partitioning of strain within intracontinental orogenic belts. Movement histories and regional tectonic implications are deduced from observational data. The two widely separated study areas bear the imprint of intense Late Mesozoic through Middle Cenozoic tectonic activity. A regional transition from Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary plutonism, metamorphism, and shortening strain to Middle Tertiary extension and magmatism is preserved in each area, with contrasting environments and mechanisms. Compressional phases of this tectonic history are better displayed in the Rand Mountains, whereas younger extensional structures dominate rock fabrics in the Magdalena area.

In the northwestern Mojave desert, the Rand Thrust Complex reveals a stack of four distinctive tectonic plates offset along the Garlock Fault. The lowermost plate, Rand Schist, is composed of greenschist facies metagraywacke, metachert, and metabasalt. Rand Schist is structurally overlain by Johannesburg Gneiss (= garnet-amphibolite grade orthogneisses, marbles and quartzites), which in turn is overlain by a Late Cretaceous hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Biotite granite forms the fourth and highest plate. Initial assembly of the tectonic stack involved a Late Cretaceous? south or southwest vergent overthrusting event in which Johannesburg Gneiss was imbricated and attenuated between Rand Schist and hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Thrusting postdated metamorphism and deformation of the lower two plates in separate environments. A post-kinematic stock, the Late Cretaceous Randsburg Granodiorite, intrudes deep levels of the complex and contains xenoliths of both Rand Schist and mylonitized Johannesburg? gneiss. Minimum shortening implied by the map patterns is 20 kilometers.

Some low angle faults of the Rand Thrust Complex formed or were reactivated between Late Cretaceous and Early Miocene time. South-southwest directed mylonites derived from Johannesburg Gneiss are commonly overprinted by less penetrative north-northeast vergent structures. Available kinematic information at shallower structural levels indicates that late disturbance(s) culminated in northward transport of the uppermost plate. Persistence of brittle fabrics along certain structural horizons suggests a possible association of late movement(s) with regionally known detachment faults. The four plates were juxtaposed and significant intraplate movements had ceased prior to Early Miocene emplacement of rhyolite porphyry dikes.

In the Magdalena region of north central Sonora, components of a pre-Middle Cretaceous stratigraphy are used as strain markers in tracking the evolution of a long lived orogenic belt. Important elements of the tectonic history include: (1) Compression during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, accompanied by plutonism, metamorphism, and ductile strain at depth, and thrust driven? syntectonic sedimentation at the surface. (2) Middle Tertiary transition to crustal extension, initially recorded by intrusion of leucogranites, inflation of the previously shortened middle and upper crustal section, and surface volcanism. (3) Gravity induced development of a normal sense ductile shear zone at mid crustal levels, with eventual detachment and southwestward displacement of the upper crustal stratigraphy by Early Miocene time.

Elucidation of the metamorphic core complex evolution just described was facilitated by fortuitous preservation of a unique assemblage of rocks and structures. The "type" stratigraphy utilized for regional correlation and strain analysis includes a Jurassic volcanic arc assemblage overlain by an Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous quartz pebble conglomerate, in turn overlain by marine strata with fossiliferous Aptian-Albian limestones. The Jurassic strata, comprised of (a) rhyolite porphyries interstratified with quartz arenites, (b) rhyolite cobble conglomerate, and (c) intrusive granite porphyries, are known to rest on Precambrian basement north and east of the study area. The quartz pebble conglomerate is correlated with the Glance Conglomerate of southeastern Arizona and northeastern Sonora. The marine sequence represents part of an isolated arm? of the Bisbee Basin.

Crosscutting structural relationships between the pre-Middle Cretaceous supracrustal section, younger plutons, and deformational fabrics allow the tectonic sequence to be determined. Earliest phases of a Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary orogeny are marked by emplacement of the 78 ± 3 Ma Guacomea Granodiorite (U/Pb zircon, Anderson et al., 1980) as a sill into deep levels of the layered Jurassic series. Subsequent regional metamorphism and ductile strain is recorded by a penetrative schistosity and lineation, and east-west trending folds. These fabrics are intruded by post-kinematic Early Tertiary? two mica granites. At shallower crustal levels, the orogeny is represented by north directed thrust faulting, formation of a large intermontane basin, and development of a pronounced unconformity. A second important phase of ductile strain followed Middle Tertiary? emplacement of leucogranites as sills and northwest trending dikes into intermediate levels of the deformed section (surficial volcanism was also active during this transitional period to regional extension). Gravitational instabilities resulting from crustal swelling via intrusion and thermal expansion led to development of a ductile shear zone within the stratigraphic horizon occupied by a laterally extensive leucogranite sill. With continued extension, upper crustal brittle normal faults (detachment faults) enhanced the uplift and tectonic denudation of this mylonite zone, ultimately resulting in southwestward displacement of the upper crustal stratigraphy.

Strains associated with the two ductile deformation events have been successfully partitioned through a multifaceted analysis. R_f/Ø measurements on various markers from the "type" stratigraphy allow a gradient representing cumulative strain since Middle Cretaceous time to be determined. From this gradient, noncoaxial strains accrued since emplacement of the leucogranites may be removed. Irrotational components of the postleucogranite strain are measured from quartz grain shapes in deformed granites; rotational components (shear strains) are determined from S-C fabrics and from restoration of rotated dike and vein networks. Structural observations and strain data are compatable with a deformation path of: (1) coaxial strain (pure shear?), followed by (2) injection of leucogranites as dikes (perpendicular to the minimum principle stress) and sills (parallel to the minimum principle stress), then (3) southwest directed simple shear. Modeling the late strain gradient as a simple shear zone permits a minimum displacement of 10 kilometers on the Magdalena mylonite zone/detachment fault system. Removal of the Middle Tertiary noncoaxial strains yields a residual (or pre-existing) strain gradient representative of the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary deformation. Several partially destrained cross sections, restored to the time of leucogranite emplacement, illustrate the idea that the upper plate of the core complex bas been detached from a region of significant topographic relief. 50% to 100% bulk extension across a 50 kilometer wide corridor is demonstrated.

Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Magdalena region are dominated by Basin and Range style faulting. Northeast and north-northwest trending high angle normal faults have interacted to extend the crust in an east-west direction. Net extension for this period is minor (10% to 15%) in comparison to the Middle Tertiary detachment related extensional episode.