评价湖泊富营养化的一个综合模型(英文)

湖泊富营养化的评价 ,即确定水体的状态属性 ,实际上是一个将定性问题定量化的多变量的综合决策过程 ,因此 ,对湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价应以综合评价为主 .在综述国内外若干综合评价方法的基础上 ,指出营养状态指数 (TSI)法应可作为湖泊富营养化评价的主要方法 ,因其可对湖泊的营养状态进行连续的数值化分级 ,从而为富营养化机理的定量研究提供坚实基础 .采用层次分析 (AHP)法确定综合评价指标中的权重分配 ,构建一综合评价模型 :TSI =W (Chla)×TSI(Chla) +W (Sd)×TSI(Sd

Facets of prior experience and the effectiveness of inclusive design

Research in inclusive design has shown the importance of prior experience for the usability of interactive products. Prior experience, however, is an ill-defined and inconsistently used construct. A number of different definitions and operationalisations of experience exist, but the differing power of these operationalisations to predict the usability of products for older users has rarely been investigated systematically. This study seeks to fill that gap. It is argued that the construct of experience has at least three components. It is proposed that two of these components, exposure and competence, are directly relevant for the current discussion about prior experience in inclusive design and that they can predict to different degrees the usability of a product for older users. In an empirical study, these facets of expertise are each operationalised on three levels of specificity and their impact on usability is assessed. The results show that measures of competence predict usability variables more strongly than measures of exposure and that levels of medium and high specificity are the best predictors. The application of inclusive design principles to a redesigned version of a ticket vending machine-although not resulting in a difference of overall usability-changed the impact of prior experience on usability measures implying an enhanced inclusiveness of the redesign with regard to prior experience. The implications of these findings for the effectiveness of inclusive design for older users are discussed. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effects of cooling time on a closed LWR fuel cycle

In this study, the effects of cooling time prior to reprocessing spent LWR fuel has on the reactor physics characteristics of a PWR fully loaded with homogeneously mixed U-Pu or U-TRU oxide (MOX) fuel is examined. A reactor physics analysis was completed using the CASM04e code. A void reactivity feedback coefficient analysis was also completed for an infinite lattice of fresh fuel assemblies. Some useful conclusions can be made regarding the effect that cooling time prior to reprocessing spent LWR fuel has on a closed homogeneous MOX fuel cycle. The computational analysis shows that it is more neutronically efficient to reprocess cooled spent fuel into homogeneous MOX fuel rods earlier rather than later as the fissile fuel content decreases with time. Also, the number of spent fuel rods needed to fabricate one MOX fuel rod increases as cooling time increases. In the case of TRU MOX fuel, with time, there is an economic tradeoff between fuel handling difficulty and higher throughput of fuel to be reprocessed. The void coefficient analysis shows that the void coefficient becomes progressively more restrictive on fuel Pu content with increasing spent fuel cooling time before reprocessing.

Gate commutated thyristor with voltage independent maximum controllable current

In this letter, we use a novel 3-D model, earlier calibrated with experimental results on standard gate commutated thyristors (GCTs), with the aim to explain the physics behind the high-power technology (HPT) GCT, to investigate what impact this design would have on 24 mm diameter GCTs, and to clarify the mechanisms that limit safe switching at different dc-link voltages. The 3-D simulation results show that the HPT design can increase the maximum controllable current in 24 mm diameter devices beyond the realm of GCT switching, known as the hard-drive limit. It is proposed that the maximum controllable current becomes independent of the dc-link voltage for the complete range of operating voltage. © 1980-2012 IEEE.

Parameters influencing the maximum controllable current in gate commutated thyristors

The model of interconnected numerical device segments can give a prediction on the dynamic performance of large area full wafer devices such as the Gate Commutated Thyristors (GCTs) and can be used as an optimisation tool for designing GCTs. In this study the authors evaluate the relative importance of the shallow p-base thickness, its peak concentration, the depth of the p-base and the buffer peak concentration. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014.

Changes in the structure of a zooplankton community during a Ceratium (dinoflagellate) bloom in a eutrophic fishless pond

The community structure of zooplankton was studied in a eutrophic, fishless Japanese pond. The ecosystem was dominated by a dinoflagellate, Ceratium hirundinella, two filter-feeding cladocerans, Daphnia rosea and Ceriodaphnia reticulata, and an invertebrate predator, the dipteran Chaoborus flavicans. The midsummer zooplankton community showed a large change in species composition (the Daphnia population crashed) when a heavy Ceratium bloom occurred. It is shown that (i) the rapid density decline of D.rosea in mid-May was mainly caused by a shortage of edible phytoplankton, which was facilitated by the rapid increase in C.hirundinella abundance; (ii) the low density of D.rosea in June-July was considered to be mainly caused by the blooming of Ceratium hirundinella (which may inhibit the feeding process of D.rosea), while predation by C.flavicans larvae, the changing temperature, the interspecific competition and the scarcity of edible algae were not judged to be important; (iii) the high summer biomass of the planktonic C.flavicans larvae was maintained by the bloom of C.hirundinella, because >90% of the crop contents of C.flavicans larvae were C.hirundinella during this period. The present study indicates that the large-sized cells or colonies of phytoplankton are not only inedible by most cladocerans, but the selective effect of the blooming of these algae can also influence the composition and dominance of the zooplankton community, especially for the filter-feeding Cladocera, in a similar way as the selective predation by planktivorous fish. The large-sized phytoplankton can also be an important alternative food for ominivorous invertebrate predators such as Chaoborus larvae, and thus may affect the interactions between these predators and their zooplanktonic prey. In this way, such phytoplankton may play a very important role in regulating the dynamics of the aquatic food web, and become a driving force in shaping the community structure of zooplankton.

水肥处理对黄瓜土壤养分、酶及微生物多样性的影响

以津优1号黄瓜为试材,设3个土壤相对含水量水平(50%～60%、70%～80%、90%～100%)和2个肥料追施量(600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5·hm-2,420kgN.hm-2和294kgP2O5·hm-2)处理,研究了不同水肥供应对日光温室黄瓜土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响.结果表明:土壤中NH4+-N含量随施肥量的增加而提高,随土壤相对含水量的增加而降低;水肥供给的增加有利于提高土壤中速效磷含量和蔗糖酶活性;肥料增加使土壤中蛋白酶活性降低,而水分降低使土壤中脲酶活性提高.土壤中微生物多样性与土壤中养分含量无显著相关性,与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关.土壤相对含水量70%～80%、氮肥追施量600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5.hm-2处理的土壤养分含量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性较高,且土壤中微生物多样性和均匀度显著高于其他处理,土壤生产潜力最优.

中国白垩纪蜂窝蛋化石的分类订正

重新系统描述了蜂窝蛋科蜂窝蛋属的模式蛋种宁夏蜂窝蛋(Faveoloolithus ningxiaensis)和杨氏蛋属的模式蛋种夏馆杨氏蛋(Youngoolithus xiaguanensis), 并记述了产自浙江天台的蜂窝蛋科新材料，建立一个新的蛋属——副蜂窝蛋属(Parafaveoloolithus), 及3个新的蛋种——Parafaveoloolithus microporus, P. macroporus和P. tiansicunensis。根据赵资奎1994年提出的恐龙蛋分类中具有鉴定意义的几个特征，重新讨论了现有蜂窝蛋的分类地位，提出杨氏蛋属应当提升为科一级的分类单元，总结了蜂窝蛋科内属级和种级分类单元的主要鉴定特征以及蜂窝蛋类的鉴定方法。

Characterization of Phosphorus Diffused ZnO Bulk Single Crystals

Phosphorus was diffused into CVT grown undoped ZnO bulk single crystals at 550 and 800℃ in a closed quartz tube. The P-diffused ZnO single crystals were characterized by the Hall effect, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, photoluminescence spectroscopy （PL）, and Raman scattering. The P-diffused ZnO single crystals are n-type and have higher free electron concentration than undoped ZnO, especially for the sample diffused at 800℃. The PL measurement reveals defect related visible broad emissions in the range of 420-550nm in the P-diffused ZnO samples. The XPS result suggests that most of the P atoms substitute in the Zn site after they diffuse into the ZnO single crystal at 550℃ ,while the P atom seems to occupy the O site in the ZnO samples diffused at 800℃. A high concentration of shallow donor defect forms in the P-diffused ZnO,resulting in an apparent increase of free electron concentration.

MPS结构中的光生伏特现象

报道了金属/多孔硅/结构(MPS)中光生伏特效应研究的最新结果,给出了该结构的光谱响应曲线,发现该结构在1100-350nm波长范围具有明显的光谱响应.还测量了开路电压随温度、光照波长及光照强度的变化关系,发现开路电压随温度的降低近似线性增加,其温度系数对于金/多孔硅结构约为2.0mV/K,对于铝/多孔硅结构约为2.8mV/K,与单晶硅及非晶硅太阳电池的温度系数相近,但MPS结构的开路电压随光强的增加不满足对数关系.结果表明,在MPS结构中金属/多孔硅肖特基结对光生伏特效应起了主要作用,而多孔硅/单晶硅异质结的作用是与此相反的.

基于MODIS数据的草地生产力估算研究

草地在广大的干旱、半干旱地区是重要的可更新资源，草地生产力是草地质量评价最重要的指标之一，不仅体现草地生态系统的稳定性及生物种群的多样性，而且在畜牧业的发展及生态建设方面都有极其重要的参考价值和指导意义。本文以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象，通过生长季野外生物量调查，结合遥感植被指数建立该区域三类草地系统的经验估产模型；同时利用遥感植被指数建立的植被光合模型（VPM）模拟草甸草地区域总初级生产力（GPP），为区域畜牧业的发展、生态环境评价及生态恢复提供基础数据。主要结论有： （1）对2000—2006年MODIS的8 d合成归一化植被指数（NDVI）资料和逐日气象资料的分析结果显示：季节变化过程中，研究区水汽压与NDVI的相关程度明显大于降水量；积温和累积降水量共同控制着各年草地的返青速度，草地快速生长期（6、7月）的降水量对NDVI年最大值的影响比年总降水量更显著；时滞分析表明，水汽压对之后约12 d的NDVI有持续的显著影响，平均气温的时滞为11~15 d，降水对NDVI影响的累积和时滞双重效应可达36~52 d。 （2）根据野外生物量调查结果和MODIS数据,分别采用归一化植被指数（NDVI）、增强植被指数（EVI）和修正的土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI）对草甸草地、半退化草地以及沙丘草地三种类型的草地分别建立了生物量估算模型，其拟合优度系数分别为：0.704、0.537、0.723，经F检验其相关性均达到显著水平（P<0.01）。 　　（3）由于引入了草地生长阶段光合生理的季节动态，VPM模拟的总初级生产力（GPPVPM）和涡度相关法观测的总初级生产力（GPPobs）结果有很好的一致性，GPPVPM（1506.54C•m-2）略低于GPPobs（1615.38gC•m-2）。表明VPM可用于半干旱草地总初级生产力的模拟，从而实现对通量观测GPP的尺度扩展，为区域或全球生态系统总或净初级生产力的模拟提供高时间、空间分辨率的准确模拟。