中国东北落叶松属3种植物潜在分布对气候变化的敏感性分析

该文在东北地区多年平均的年均温、年降水分布图,海拔高程图、坡度图、坡向图和植被图的基础上,使用地理信息系统和Logistic回归模型的结合,预测3种落叶松(Larixsp.)的"气候-地形"潜在分布区。预测精度用敏感性、指定度和总正确率进行评价,3个树种的敏感性为61%~88%,指定度为80%~99.8%,总正确率为80%~99.8%。年均温、年降水和海拔是控制3种落叶松分布的主要环境因子。采用5种气温变化方案(+1℃、+2℃、+3℃、+4℃和+5℃)和6种降水变化方案(-30%、-20%、-10%、+10%、+20%和+30%),预测气候变化对各个树种潜在分布的影响,探索不同的树种对气候因子的敏感性。结果表明,气温每上升1℃,兴安落叶松(Larixgmelinii)将减少12%;长白落叶松(Larix olgensisvar.changpaiensis)将增加23%;华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprecntii)将增加500%。降水每增加10%,兴安落叶松将减少12.5%;长白落叶松将增加64%;华北落叶松将减少15%;随气候的"暖干化"(+5℃,-30%),兴安落叶松将向西北方退缩100 km左右;长白落叶松向西北方扩展100 km左右;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展800 km左右。随气候的"暖湿化"(+5℃,+30%),兴安落叶松将向西北退缩400km左右;长白落叶松将向西北方扩展550 km;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展320 km左右。

中国东部森林样带典型生态系统碳收支的季节变化

利用涡度相关技术对中国东部森林样带(NSTEC)上的长白山温带针阔混交林(CBS)、千烟洲亚热带常绿人工针叶林(QYZ)、鼎湖山亚热带常绿针阔混交林(DHS)与西双版纳热带雨林季雨林(XSBN)等4种典型生态系统类型的碳收支特征开展了长期、连续的观测研究．本研究利用ChinaFLUX的连续观测资料,初步分析和评价了4种生态系统2003年碳收支的季节变化及其环境响应特征．在2003年,各生态系统的碳收支对环境因子的变化产生了不同的响应．CBS生态系统的碳收支主要受到了辐射与温度的控制,0℃和10℃是两个重要的临界温度,前者控制了生态系统碳交换的起止时间,后者影响了生态系统碳交换的强度．由于生态系统光合作用(GPP)出现峰值的时间早于呼吸(Re)作用,因此,CBS生态系统的净交换(NEE)在早夏达到最大值．由于夏季降水与温度的不同步性,QYZ生态系统的碳收支受到了干旱的制约,其降低主要来自于生态系统GPP的降低．DHS与XSBN生态系统均表现出在旱季碳吸收强、而雨季吸收弱的特征,特别是XSBN从旱季到雨季的转变过程中出现了由碳汇向碳源的转变．这主要是由于这两个生态系统在雨季的降水量较大,光合有效辐射不足,导致生态系统GPP受到抑制,而尺。随温度升高而增大所致．XSBN的生态系统呼吸温度敏感性参数(Q10)与年呼吸总量最大,CBS与QYZ次之,DHS最小,但CBS生态系统每天的呼吸释放量最高．在2003年,CBS,QYZ,DHS和XSBN的NEE分别为181．5,360．9,536．2和-320．8g·C·m-2·a-1．在CBS,QYZ和DHS三种生态系统之间,随着纬度的降低,温度与降水表现出明显的纬度梯度,生态系统Re占GPP比例逐渐降低,NEE与Re的比例随纬度的降低而逐渐增大．每天的光合吸收量、光能利用率和降水利用效率均表现出了随纬度降低而减少的趋势．但XSBN生态系统往往脱离这一纬度趋势．由于森林生态系统结构和功能具有的高度复杂性,需要更长时间的观测数据和开展更深入的分析,以科学解释不同生态系统对气候环境变化的响应和准确评价生态系统的碳收支能力．

东亚土地覆盖对ENSO事件的响应特征

对1982—1993年气候年际变化的强信号———ENSO进行了确认及再分类。以美国地质调查局EROS中心提供的AVHRR8kmNDVI为数据源,应用地理信息系统技术,计算了1982—1993年每年夏季(5—9月)NDVI平均影像。在此基础上用数据断面分析法对ENSO年东亚地区土地覆盖的空间分布进行了分析,再用主成分分析法对同一时间序列NDVI平均影像进行了运算,发现其第7主成分影像所反映的土地覆盖分布与数据断面分析法所反映的结果是一致的。对此,进一步分析了第7主成分的特征向量与代表ENSO变化特征的南方涛动指数(SOI)之间的关系,进而,对ENSO驱动下的东亚地区土地覆盖年际变化的空间分布特征进行了总结。

Rectangular AgIn(WO4)(2) nanotubes: A promising photoelectric material

Rectangular AgIn(WO4)(2) nanotubes with a diameter range of 80 to 120 nm and length up to 2 mu m have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. These nanotubes exhibit interesting white light emissions when using 320 nm as the excitation wavelength. A photocatalytic reaction for water decomposition to evolve K, was performed under UV irradiation, and the rate of H, evolution is nearly seven times that of the sample prepared by a solid-state reaction, which shows much higher photocatalytic activities compared with their bulk counterparts.

A simple selenium source to synthesize CdSe via the two-phase thermal approach

A novel selenium source was developed to synthesize the size-controlled CdSe nanocrystals with relatively narrow size distribution successfully in a two-phase thermal approach. A highly reactive and aqueous soluble selenium source was provided by the reduction of selenite, and in this route the size of the nanocrystals can be adjusted by the reaction temperature and time. The size, crystalline structure and optical characteristics of these nanocrystals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The influence factors for this approach were also discussed.

Micelle-assisted synthesis of polyaniline/magnetite nanorods by in situ self-assembly process

Polyaniline/magnetite nanocomposites consisting of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods surrounded by magnetite nanoparticles were prepared via an in situ self-assembly process in the presence of PANI nanorods. The synthesis is based on the well-known chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in an acidic environment, with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the oxidant. An organic acid (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, DBSA) was used to replace the conventional strong acidic (1 M HCl) environment. Here, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is used not only as dopant, but also as surfactant in our reaction system.

Synthesis of magnetite core-shell nanoparticles by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide

Fe3O4-polylactide (PLA) core-shell nanoparticles were perpared by surface functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and subsequent surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide. PLA was directly connected onto the magnetic nanoparticles surface through a chemical linkage. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra directly provided evidence of the PLA on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images (TEM) showed that the magnetic nanoparticles were coated by PLA with a 3-nm-thick shell.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite dodecahedron nanostructure by hydrothermal method

Magnetite dodecahedral nanocrystals were fabricated using ethlenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-mediated hydrothermal route. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed that the products were almost dodecahedrons. The length of two different ribs were about 300 and 200 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the products were the cubic inverse spinel structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrum directly provided evidence of the EDTA bound to a specific surface of the precipitated magnetic nanocrystal.

Rare Earth Pyrophosphates: Effective Catalysts for the Production of Acrolein from Vapor-phase Dehydration of Glycerol

Vapor-phase dehydration of glycerol to produce acrolein was investigated at 320 A degrees C over rare earth (including La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) pyrophosphates, which were prepared by precipitation method. The most promising catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, BET and NH3-TPD measurements. The excellent catalytic performance of rare earth pyrophosphate depends on the appropriate surface acidity which can be obtained by the control of pH value in the precipitation and the calcination temperature, e.g. Nd-4(P2O7)(3) precipitated at pH = 6 and calcined at 500 A degrees C in the catalyst preparation.

高韧性异构聚酰亚胺树脂及其复合材料

采用MPMR合成技术得到了低黏度、高韧性、耐高温异构聚酰亚胺树脂,该树脂预浸液常温储存期大于两个月,亚胺化后纯树脂在320℃熔体黏度<300 Pa.s,树脂浇铸体的弯曲强度>100 MPa,弯曲模量>3.0 GPa,抗拉强度可达80 MPa,断裂伸长率可达6%,固化后T5d>500℃,其中PI-4复合材料在300℃的弯曲强度保持率达到76.5%。

Thermoluminescence characteristics of NaSr4(BO3)(3):Ce3+ under beta-ray irradiation

The thermoluminescence (TL) properties of Ce3+ doped NaSr4(BO3)(3) phosphor under the beta-ray irradiation were reported. The polycrystalline sample was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The TL glow curve of NaSr4(BO3)(3):Ce3+ phosphor was composed of only one peak. TL kinetic parameters of NaSr4(BO3)(3):Ce3+ were deduced by the peak shape method, the activation energy (E) was 0.590 eV and the frequency factor was 1.008x10(6) s(-1). TL dose response was linear in the range of measurement. The 3-dimensional (3D) TL emission spectrum was also recorded, the emission spectrum consisted of two bands located at 441 and 479 nm respectively, corresponding to the characteristic 4f(0)5d(1)-> F-2((5/2,7/2)) transitions of the Ce3+ ion. The fading behavior of the NaSr4(BO3)(3):Ce3+ phosphor over a period of 15 d was also studied.

Effect of Zn concentration on the microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-7Y-4Gd-0.4Zr alloys

Microstructures and mechanical properties of the Mg-7Y-4Gd-xZn-0.4Zr (x = 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 wt.%) alloys in the as-cast, as-extruded, and peak-aged conditions have been investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the peak-aged Mg-7Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloys have the highest strength after aging at 220 A degrees C. The highest ultimate tensile strength and yield tensile strength are 418 and 320 MPa, respectively. The addition of 1.5 wt.% Zn to the based alloys results in a greater aging effect and better mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures. The improved mechanical properties are mainly ascribed to both a fine beta' phase and a long periodic stacking-ordered structure, which coexist together in the peak-aged alloys.

Preparation and transport properties of a bulk icosahedral quasicrystalline Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 alloy

A bulk alloy which consists of the single icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (I-phase) in Ti45Zr35Ni17CU3 alloy has been fabricated by mechanical alloying and subsequent pulse discharge sintering technique. Crystallographic structure analyses show that the bulk alloy is an I-phase. The transport properties of the bulk alloy are examined, and the results show that the room-temperature thermal conductivity is 5.347 W K-(1) m(-1), and the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing the temperature from 300 to 450K. The Seebeck coefficient is negative at the temperature range from 300 to 360K, and changes to positive from 370 to 450K. Hall effect measurements indicate the bulk I-phase alloy has a high carrier concentration. The specific heat capacity increases when the temperature increases from 280 to 324 K.