Colorimetric detection of melamine based on the size effect of AuNPs

A simple colorimetric detection of melamine was studied using 15 nm (AuNPs-I), 30 nm (AuNPs-II), and 40 nm (AuNPs-III) citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs aggregated in aqueous solution in the presence of melamine, showing a visual color change from red to blue. This color change led to a shift in the absorption peak from 527 nm, 526 nm, and 525 nm to 638 nm, 626 nm, and 680 nm for AuNPs-I, AuNPs-II, and AuNPs-III, respectively. For all the three AuNPs, linearity was observed between the melamine concentration in aqueous solution and the absorbance ratios, A(638/527), A(626/525), and A(680/526), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) for melamine for the AuNPs-II was found to be 2.37 x 10(-8) M (correlation coefficient R-2 = 0.9745), which showed better sensitivity as compared to the LOD of the AuNPs-I and AuNPs-III, which were 3.3 x 10(-8) M and 8.9 x 10(-8) M, respectively. The synthesis of AuNPs-II also involved a lower HAuCl4 concentration compared with the other two types of AuNPs, which may reduce the process cost. The AuNPs-II was selected to analyze melamine in pre-treated milk samples, and the recovery percentage was in the range of 91-106%. Thus, the efficient detection of melamine was possible using AuNPs-II for the on-site detection without the aid of expensive instruments.

Long-term effects of Macroternies termites, herbivores and annual early fire on woody undergrowth community in Sudanian woodland, Burkina Faso

Termites, herbivores and fire are recognized as major guilds that structure woody plant communities in African savanna and woodland ecosystems. An understanding of their interaction is crucial to design appropriate management regimes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impacts of herbivore, fire and termite activities on regeneration of trees. Permanent experimental quadrats were established in 1992 in the Sudanian woodland of Burkina Faso subjected to grazing by livestock and annual early fire and the control. Within the treatment quadrats, an inventory of the woody undergrowth community was conducted on termitaria occupied by Macrotermes subhyalinus, extended termitosphere (within 5 m radius from the mound base) and adjacent area (beyond 5 m from the mound base). Hierarchical analysis was performed to determine significant differences in species richness, abundance and diversity indices among vegetation patches within fire and herbivory treatments. Grazed quadrats had significantly (P < 0.001) more species and stem density of woody undergrowth than non-grazed quadrats but maintained similar level of species richness and stem density of woody undergrowth on termitaria. There were not significant differences (P>0.05) in species richness and stem density between burnt and unburnt quadrats. Termitaria supported a highly diverse woody undergrowth with higher stem density than either the extended termitosphere or rest of quadrats. The density of woody undergrowth was significantly related with mature trees of selected species on termitaria (R-2 = 0.593; P<0.001) than that on the extended termitosphere (R-2 = 0.333; P<0.001) and adjacent area (R-2 = 0.197; P<0.001). It can be concluded that termites facilitate the regeneration of woody species while grazing and annual early fire play a minor role in the regeneration of woody species. The current policy that prohibits grazing should be revised to accommodate the interests of livestock herders. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Estimation of Aboveground Phytomass of Plantations Using Digital Photogrammetry and High Resolution Remote Sensing Data

The study follows an approach to estimate phytomass using recent techniques of remote sensing and digital photogrammetry. It involved tree inventory of forest plantations in Bhakra forest range of Nainital district. Panchromatic stereo dataset of Cartosat-1 was evaluated for mean stand height retrieval. Texture analysis and tree-tops detection analyses were done on Quick-Bird PAN data. The composite texture image of mean, variance and contrast with a 5x5 pixel window was found best to separate tree crowns for assessment of crown areas. Tree tops count obtained by local maxima filtering was found to be 83.4 % efficient with an RMSE+/-13 for 35 sample plots. The predicted phytomass ranged from 27.01 to 35.08 t/ha in the case of Eucalyptus sp. while in the case of Tectona grandis from 26.52 to 156 t/ha. The correlation between observed and predicted phytomass in Eucalyptus sp. was 0.468 with an RMSE of 5.12. However, the phytomass predicted in Tectona grandis was fairly strong with R-2=0.65 and RMSE of 9.89 as there was no undergrowth and the crowns were clearly visible. Results of the study show the potential of Cartosat-1 derived DSM and Quick-Bird texture image for the estimation of stand height, stem diameter, tree count and phytomass of important timber species.

PERCOLATION ON THE INFORMATION-THEORETICALLY SECURE SIGNAL TO INTERFERENCE RATIO GRAPH

We consider a continuum percolation model consisting of two types of nodes, namely legitimate and eavesdropper nodes, distributed according to independent Poisson point processes in R-2 of intensities lambda and lambda(E), respectively. A directed edge from one legitimate node A to another legitimate node B exists provided that the strength of the signal transmitted from node A that is received at node B is higher than that received at any eavesdropper node. The strength of the signal received at a node from a legitimate node depends not only on the distance between these nodes, but also on the location of the other legitimate nodes and an interference suppression parameter gamma. The graph is said to percolate when there exists an infinitely connected component. We show that for any finite intensity lambda(E) of eavesdropper nodes, there exists a critical intensity lambda(c) < infinity such that for all lambda > lambda(c) the graph percolates for sufficiently small values of the interference parameter. Furthermore, for the subcritical regime, we show that there exists a lambda(0) such that for all lambda < lambda(0) <= lambda(c) a suitable graph defined over eavesdropper node connections percolates that precludes percolation in the graphs formed by the legitimate nodes.

Morphological and functional characterisation of the burrow systems of six earthworm species (Lumbricidae)

Earthworm burrow systems are generally described based on postulated behaviours associated with the three ecological types. In this study, we used X-ray tomography to obtain 3D information on the burrowing behaviour of six very common anecic (Aporrectodea nocturna and Lumbricus terrestris) and endogeic (Aporrectodea rosea, Allolobophora chlorotica, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea icterica) earthworm species, introduced into repacked soil cores for 6 weeks. A simple water infiltration test, the Beerkan method, was also used to assess some functional properties of these burrow systems. Endogeic worms make larger burrow systems, which are more highly branched, less continuous and of smaller diameter, than those of anecic worms. Among the anecic species, L. terrestris burrow systems are shorter (9.2 vs 21.2 m) with a higher number (14.5 vs 23.5) of less branched burrows (12.2 vs 20.2 branches m(-1)), which are also wider (7.78 vs 5.16 mm) than those of A. nocturna. In comparison, the burrow systems made by endogeic species appeared similar to each other. However, A. rosea burrows were short and narrow, whereas A. icterica had a longer burrow system (15.7 m), more intense bioturbation intensity (refilled macropores or soil lateral compaction around them) and thus a greater number of burrows. Regarding water infiltration, anecic burrow systems were far more efficient due to open burrows linking the top and bottom of the cores. For endogeic species, we observed a linear relationship between burrow length and the water infiltration rate (R (2) = 0.49, p < 0.01). Overall, the three main characteristics significantly influencing water infiltration were burrow length, burrow number and bioturbation volume. This last characteristic highlighted the effect of burrow refilling by casts.

Investigations of aerosol black carbon from a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region

Long-term (2009-2012) data from ground-based measurements of aerosol black carbon (BC) from a semi-urban site, Pantnagar (29.0 degrees N, 79.5 degrees E, 231 m amsl), in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) near the Himalayan foothills are analyzed to study the regional characterization. Large variations are seen in BC at both diurnal and seasonal scales, associated with the mesoscale and synoptic meteorological processes, and local/regional anthropogenic activities. BC diurnal variations show two peaks (morning and evening) arising from the combined effects of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics and local emissions. The diurnal amplitudes as well as the rates of diurnal evolution are the highest in winter season, followed by autumn, and the lowest in summer-monsoon. BC exhibits nearly an inverse relation with mixing layer depth in all seasons; being strongest in winter (R-2 = 0.89) and weakest (R-2 = 0.33) in monsoon (July-August). Unlike BC, co-located aerosol optical depths (AOD) and aerosol absorption are highest in spring over IGP, probably due to the presence of higher abundances of aerosols (including dust) above the ABL (in the free troposphere). AOD (500 nm) showed annual peak (>0.6) in May-June, dominated by coarse mode, while fine mode aerosols dominated in late autumn and early winter. Aerosols profiles from CALIPSO show highest values close to the surface in winter/autumn, similar to the feature seen in surface BC, whereas at altitudes > 2 km, the extinction is maximum in spring/summer. WRF-Chem model is used to simulate BC temporal variations and then compared with observed BC. The model captures most of the important features of the diurnal and seasonal variations but significantly underestimated the observed BC levels, suggesting improvements in diurnal and seasonal varying BC emissions apart from the boundary layer processes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of potassium present in stratum corneum during non-invasive measurement of potassium in human subjects using reverse iontophoresis

Purpose: Reverse iontophoresis (RI) is one of the potential techniques used to monitor the concentration of various analytes in body fluids non -invasively. Transdermal extraction of potassium is investigated using RI. In the present work, the effect of potassium on stratum corneum (SC) during RI, feasibility of RI for continuous monitoring of potassium, and use of potassium as internal standard in RI, are investigated. Methods: Tape stripping experiment is carried out to find potassium concentration in SC. RI is carried out continuously for 180 min without passive diffusion and after passive diffusion for 60 min. Skin impedance measurements are done at 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Results: Potassium is found to be in the range 300-650 nmol/cm(2) on SC by tape stripping experiment. Correlation coefficient between blood potassium and extracted potassium through RI after passive diffusion (R-2 = 0.5870) is more than without passive diffusion (R-2 = 0.5117). The skin impedance measurement shows that RI has more effect on SC than superficial layer of SC during RI. Conclusion: The present investigations conclude that it is possible to monitor potassium continuously through RI and using potassium as internal standard in RI.

Oscillatory instability of Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convection in two-layer liquid systems

The oscillatory behaviour of the Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convective instability (R-M-B instability) regarding two combinations of two-layer fluid systems has been investigated theoretically and numerically. For the two-layer system of Silicone oil (10cSt) over Fluorinert (FC70), both linear instability analysis and 2D numerical simulation show that the instability of the system depends strongly on the depth ratio Hr = H1/H2 of the two-layer liquid. The oscillatory regime at the onset of R-M-B convection enlarges with reducing Γ = Ra/Ma values. In the two-layer system of Silicone oil (2cSt) over water, it loses its stability and onsets to steady convection at first, then the steady convection bifurcates to oscillatory convection with increasing Rayleigh number Ra. This behaviour was found through numerical simulation above the onset of steady convection in the case of r = 2.9, ε=(Ra-Ruc)/Rac = 1.0, and Hr = 0.5. Our findings are different from the previous study of the Rayleigh-Benard instability and show the strong effects of the thermocapillary force at the interface on the time-dependent oscillations at or after the onset of convection. We propose a secondary oscillatory instability mechanism to explain the experimental observation of Degen et al. [Phys. Rev. E, 57 (1998), 6647-6659].

解不可压缩流体力学问题的降阶法Ⅲ、二阶有限元格式

在本系列文章里,我们提出一种新的求解不可压缩流体力学问题的有限元方法——降阶法。这种算法是通过寻找零散度空间V~h的一组简单的基函数从而对原来的混合有限元问题降阶来实现的。本文对于一人类解Ω(?)R~2上的NavierStokes方程的有限元格式(包括一些二阶格式和[4]中讨论的一阶格式)给出了空间V~h的基函数。最后给出几个算例。

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población de niños obesos en el País Vasco, su relación con la resistencia a la insulina, las adipoquinas y grhelina

274 p. : graf.

Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Otoliths commonly are used to determine the taxon, age, and size of fishes. This information is useful for population management, predator-prey studies, and archaeological research. The relationship between the length of a fish and the length of its otoliths remains unknown for many species of marine fishes in the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the relationships between fish length and fish weight, and between otolith length and fish length, were developed for 63 species of fishes caught in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. We also summarized similar relationships for 46 eastern North Pacific fish species reported in the literature. The relationship between fish length and otolith length was linear, and most of the variability was explained by a simple least-squares regression (r 2 > 0.700 for 45 of 63 species). The relationship between otolith length and fish length was not significantly different between left and right otoliths for all but one fish species. Images of otoliths from 77 taxa are included to assist in the identification of species. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)

Reacciones intramoleculares de Heck y de carbolitiación tipo Parham. Estereoselectividad y aplicación a la síntesis de quinolinas y pirroloisoquinolinas

351 p.

The strategic behavior of rational novices

There is a growing amount of experimental evidence that suggests people often deviate from the predictions of game theory. Some scholars attempt to explain the observations by introducing errors into behavioral models. However, most of these modifications are situation dependent and do not generalize. A new theory, called the rational novice model, is introduced as an attempt to provide a general theory that takes account of erroneous behavior. The rational novice model is based on two central principals. The first is that people systematically make inaccurate guesses when they are evaluating their options in a game-like situation. The second is that people treat their decisions similar to a portfolio problem. As a result, non optimal actions in a game theoretic sense may be included in the rational novice strategy profile with positive weights.

The rational novice model can be divided into two parts: the behavioral model and the equilibrium concept. In a theoretical chapter, the mathematics of the behavioral model and the equilibrium concept are introduced. The existence of the equilibrium is established. In addition, the Nash equilibrium is shown to be a special case of the rational novice equilibrium. In another chapter, the rational novice model is applied to a voluntary contribution game. Numerical methods were used to obtain the solution. The model is estimated with data obtained from the Palfrey and Prisbrey experimental study of the voluntary contribution game. It is found that the rational novice model explains the data better than the Nash model. Although a formal statistical test was not used, pseudo R^2 analysis indicates that the rational novice model is better than a Probit model similar to the one used in the Palfrey and Prisbrey study.

The rational novice model is also applied to a first price sealed bid auction. Again, computing techniques were used to obtain a numerical solution. The data obtained from the Chen and Plott study were used to estimate the model. The rational novice model outperforms the CRRAM, the primary Nash model studied in the Chen and Plott study. However, the rational novice model is not the best amongst all models. A sophisticated rule-of-thumb, called the SOPAM, offers the best explanation of the data.

Avaliação dos métodos para análise da microinfiltração marginal em restaurações de resina composta classe V in vitro

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da microinfiltração marginal obtidos por diferentes meios de aquisição de imagens e métodos de mensuração da penetração de prata em restaurações de resina composta classe V, in vitro. Dezoito pré-molares humanos hígidos, recém extraídos, foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o tipo de instrumento para preparação cavitária utilizado. Grupo 1: ponta diamantada número 3100, em alta rotação. Grupo 2: broca carbide número 330, em alta rotação. Grupo 3: ponta CVDentus código 82137, em aparelho de ultrassom. Foram realizados preparos cavitários padronizados (3x4x2mm) classe V nas faces vestibular e lingual de todos os dentes, com margens oclusais em esmalte e cervicais em dentina/cemento. As cavidades foram restauradas com o sistema adesivo Solobond M (VOCO) e resina composta Grandio (VOCO), a qual foi inserida e fotoativada em três incrementos. Os corpos de prova ficaram imersos em água destilada por 24h a 37oC; receberam acabamento e polimento com discos SofLex (3M) e foram novamente armazenados em água destilada, por sete dias. Posteriormente, as superfícies dentárias foram coberta com duas camadas de esmalte para unhas vermelho, exceto as áreas adjacentes às restaurações. Os espécimes ficaram imersos em solução aquosa de nitrato de prata a 50% por 24h e em solução fotorreveladora por 2h e foram seccionados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual, passando pelo centro das restaurações, com disco diamantado em baixa rotação. As amostras foram polidas em politriz horizontal e analisadas por diferentes métodos. À extensão da microinfiltração foi atribuído escores de 0 a 3 através de análises por meio de estereomicroscópio tradicional e com leds e microscópio ótico. As imagens obtidas na lupa com leds e no microscópio ótico tiveram as áreas infiltradas medidas através do software AxioVision. O teste χ2 de McNemar-Bowker revelou concordância estatística entre estereomicroscópio tradicional e o com leds (p=0,809) durante análises semiquantitativas. Porém, houve diferenças significantes entre microscópio ótico e estereomicroscópios (p<0,001). Houve boa correlação entre análises semiquantitativas e quantitativas de acordo com o teste de Spearmann (p<0,001). O teste de Kruskall-Wallis não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p=0,174) entre os grupos experimentais na análise quantitativa por microscópio ótico, em esmalte. Ao contrário do que se observa com a mesma em lupa (p<0,001). Conclui-se que o método de atribuição de escores comumente aplicado com a lupa nos estudos da microinfiltração marginal é uma opção confiável para análise da microinfiltração.

Adesão dos cimentos Epiphany SE e iRoot SP: Resistência à tração e mapeamento dentinário por microscopia digital

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da microestrutura dentinária na adesão de cimentos endodônticos modernos através: do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para caracterizar microestruturalmente a dentina; da avaliação da resistência de união (através de ensaios de tração) dos cimentos endodônticos Epiphany SE, iRoot SP e AH Plus; da correlação dos dados obtidos da caracterização da microestrutura dentinária e dos ensaios de tração. Trinta terceiros molares inclusos, recém extraídos, foram embutidos em resina epóxi e seccionados 0,5mm abaixo da junção esmalte-dentina. Doze amostras foram eliminadas durante à preparação metalográfica devido à exposição da câmara pulpar. De cada dente, uma área de análise (AA) com 3,25 mm de diâmetro foi mapeada utilizando técnicas de microscopia ótica digital para: captura de ~400 imagens formando um mosaico; análise digital de imagens, obtendo os resultados de quantidade de túbulos (QT) e de fração de área de túbulos (FAT) do mosaico; conversão da imagem do mosaico em um mapa colorido em que as cores estão diretamente relacionadas à densidade de área tubular. As dezoito amostras restantes foram divididas em 3 grupos (N=6), de acordo com o cimento utilizado, para confecção dos corpos de prova para os ensaios de tração. Os valores de da resistência de união (RU) obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente com teste não-pareado t com correção de Welch e pelo teste F para comparar variâncias Os dados de FAT e de QT foram submetidos ao teste de D'Agostino & Pearson revelando-se não normais (P>0,05), o que indica grande variabilidade da amostragem. O cimento Epiphany SE apresentou uma resistência de união significativamente menor que o cimento AH Plus (P <0,05). Os corpos de prova do iRoot SP falharam prematuramente e não foram analisados. A aplicação do teste r de Spearman não demonstrou correlação significativa entre FAT e RU (P>0,05). O MEV de pressão variável foi utilizado para avaliar qualitativamente a superfície de fratura após os ensaios de tração. A análise revelou um padrão de fratura mista para o AH Plus e o Epiphany SE, além de diferenças no tamanho e na forma das partículas desses cimentos, o que pode influenciar no comportamento mecânico. Dentro da amostragem realizada, não se encontrou correlação significativa entre microestrutura dentinária e a resistência de união.