997 resultados para Oli de cacauet
Resumo:
Costs of purchasing new piglets and of feeding them until slaughter are the main variable expenditures in pig fattening. They both depend on slaughter intensity, the nature of feeding patterns and the technological constraints of pig fattening, such as genotype. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the effect of production technology and changes in input and output prices on feeding and slaughter decisions. This study examines the problem by using a dynamic programming model that links genetic characteristics of a pig to feeding decisions and the timing of slaughter and takes into account how these jointly affect the quality-adjusted value of a carcass. The model simulates the growth mechanism of a pig under optional feeding and slaughter patterns and then solves the optimal feeding and slaughter decisions recursively. The state of nature and the genotype of a pig are known in the analysis. The main contribution of this study is the dynamic approach that explicitly takes into account carcass quality while simultaneously optimising feeding and slaughter decisions. The method maximises the internal rate of return to the capacity unit. Hence, the results can have vital impact on competitiveness of pig production, which is known to be quite capital-intensive. The results suggest that producer can significantly benefit from improvements in the pig's genotype, because they improve efficiency of pig production. The annual benefits from obtaining pigs of improved genotype can be more than €20 per capacity unit. The annual net benefits of animal breeding to pig farms can also be considerable. Animals of improved genotype can reach optimal slaughter maturity quicker and produce leaner meat than animals of poor genotype. In order to fully utilise the benefits of animal breeding, the producer must adjust feeding and slaughter patterns on the basis of genotype. The results suggest that the producer can benefit from flexible feeding technology. The flexible feeding technology segregates pigs into groups according to their weight, carcass leanness, genotype and sex and thereafter optimises feeding and slaughter decisions separately for these groups. Typically, such a technology provides incentives to feed piglets with protein-rich feed such that the genetic potential to produce leaner meat is fully utilised. When the pig approaches slaughter maturity, the share of protein-rich feed in the diet gradually decreases and the amount of energy-rich feed increases. Generally, the optimal slaughter weight is within the weight range that pays the highest price per kilogram of pig meat. The optimal feeding pattern and the optimal timing of slaughter depend on price ratios. Particularly, an increase in the price of pig meat provides incentives to increase the growth rates up to the pig's biological maximum by increasing the amount of energy in the feed. Price changes and changes in slaughter premium can also have large income effects. Key words: barley, carcass composition, dynamic programming, feeding, genotypes, lean, pig fattening, precision agriculture, productivity, slaughter weight, soybeans
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The purpose of the study was to analyse factors affecting the differences in land prices between regions. The key issue was to find out the policy effects on farmland prices. In addition to comprehensive literature review, a theoretical analysis as well as modern panel and spatial econometric techniques were utilized. The study clearly pointed out the importance of taking into account the possible spatial dependence. The data were exceptionally large, comprising more than 6 000 observations. Thus, it allowed a thorough econometric estimation including the possibility to take into account the spatial nature of the data. This study supports the view that there are many other factors that affect farmland prices besides pure agricultural returns. It was also found that the support clearly affects land prices. However, rather than assuming the discount rates for support and market returns to be similar, the rough analysis refers to the discount rate for support being a little lower. If this were true it would indicate that farmers rely more on support income than market returns. The results support the view presented in literature that land values are more responsive to government payments when these payments are perceived to be permanent. An important result of this study is that the structural differences between regions and the structural change in agriculture seemed to have a considerable role in affecting land prices. Firstly, the present structure affects the competition in the land market: the more dense farms are in the region the more there are potential buyers, and the land price increases. Secondly, the change in farm structure (especially in animal husbandry) connected to the policy changes that increase area-based support affects land prices. The effect comes from two sources. Growing farms need more land for the manure, and the proportion of retiring farmers may be lower. The introduction of the manure density variable proved to be an efficient way to aggregate the otherwise very difficult task of taking into account the environmental pressure caused by structural change in animal husbandry. Finally, infrastructure also has a very important role in determining the price level of agricultural land. If other industries are prospering in the surrounding area, agricultural viability also seems to improve. The non-farm opportunities offered to farm families make continuing and developing farming more tempting.
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Rural income diversification has been found to be rather the norm than the exception in developing countries. Smallholder households tend to diversify their income sources because of the need to manage risks, secure a smooth flow of income, allocate surplus labour, respond to various kinds of market failures, and apply coping strategies. The Agricultural Household Model provides a theoretical rationale for income diversification in that rural households aim at maximising their utility. There are several elements involved, such as agricultural production for their own consumption and markets, leisure activities and income from non-farm sources. The aim of the present study is to enhance understanding of the processes of rural income generation and diversification in eastern Zambia. Specifically, it explores the relationship between household characteristics, asset endowments and income-generation patterns. According to the sustainable- rural-livelihoods framework, the assets a household possesses shape its capacity to seize new economic opportunities. The study is based on two surveys conducted among rural smallholder households in four districts of Eastern Province in Zambia in 1985/86 and 2003. Sixty-seven of the interviewed households were present in both surveys and this panel allows comparison between the two points of time. The initial descriptive analysis is complemented with an econometric analysis of the relationships between household assets and income sources. The results show that, on average, 30 per cent of the households income originated from sources outside their own agriculture. There was a slight increase in the proportion of non-farm income from 1985/86 to 2003, but total income clearly declined mainly on account of diminishing crop income. The land area the household was able to cultivate, which is often dependent on the available labour, was the most significant factor affecting both the household-income level and the diversification patterns. Diversification was, in most cases, a coping strategy rather than a voluntary choice. Measured as income/capita/day, all households were below the poverty line in 2003. The agricultural reforms in Zambia, combined with other trends such as changes in rainfall pattern, the worsening livestock situation and the incidence of human disease, had a negative impact on agricultural productivity and income between 1985/86 and 2003. Sources of non-farm income were closely linked to agriculture either upstream or downstream and the income they generated was not enough to compensate for the decline of agricultural income. Household assets and characteristics had a smaller impact on diversification patterns than expected, which could reflect the lack of opportunities in the remote rural environment.
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Farms and rural areas have many specific valuable resources that can be used to create non-agricultural products and services. Most of the research regarding on-farm diversification has hitherto concentrated on business start-up or farm survival strategies. Resource allocation and also financial success have not been the primary focus of investigations as yet. In this study these specific topics were investigated i.e. resource allocation and also the financial success of diversified farms from a farm management perspective. The key question addressed in this dissertation, is how tangible and intangible resources of the diversified farm affect the financial success. This study’s theoretical background deals with resource-based theory, and also certain themes of the theory of learning organisation and other decision-making theories. Two datasets were utilised in this study. First, data were collected by postal survey in 2001 (n = 663). Second, data were collected in a follow-up survey in 2006 (n = 439). Data were analysed using multivariate data analyses and path analyses. The study results reveal that, diversified farms performed differently. Success and resources were linked. Professional and management skills affected other resources, and hence directly or indirectly influenced success per se. In the light of empirical analyses of this study, tangible and intangible resources owned by the diversified farm impacted on its financial success. The findings of this study underline the importance of skills and networks for entrepreneur(s). Practically speaking all respondents of this study used either agricultural resources for non-farm businesses or non-farm resources for agricultural enterprises. To share resources in this way was seen as a pragmatic opportunity recognised by farmers. One of the downsides of diversification might be the phenomenon of over-diversification, which can be defined as the situation in which a farm diversifies beyond its optimal limit. The empirical findings of this study reveal that capital and labour resource constrains did have adverse effects on financial success. The evidence indicates that farms that were capital and labour resource constrained in 2001 were still less profitable than their ‘no problems’ counterparts five years later.
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Taking the appropriation of objects as a theoretical starting point, this study makes a distinction between a conceptual and practical level of adopting new objects and products in everyday life. The study applies the concept of appropriation in social food research and examines consumers appropriation of functional foods, i.e., foods developed to improve health and well-being or reduce the risk of disease beyond the usual nutritional effects of foods. The study uses the concept of appropriation to understand the adoption and the process of making functional foods our own . First, the study focuses on the conceptual appropriation by analysing consumers interpretations and opinions on functional foods. Second, it analyses the use of functional foods and examines the role of sociodemographic and food- and health-related background factors in the use of functional foods. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used in the study. Altogether 1210 Finns representative of the population took part in a survey carried out in 2002 as computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). The survey examined the acceptability and use of functional foods in Finland. In 2004, eight focus group discussions were organised for 45 users and non-users of cholesterol-lowering spreads. The qualitative study focused on consumers interpretative perspectives on healthy eating and functional foods. The findings are reported in four original articles and a summary article. The results show that the appropriation of functional foods is a multifaceted phenomenon. The conceptual appropriation is related to consumers interpretations of functional foods in the context of healthy foods and healthy eating; their trust in the products, their manufacturers, research and control; and the relationship of functional foods and the ideal of natural foods. The analysis of the practical appropriation of four different types of foods marketed as functional showed that there are sociodemographic differences between users and non-users of the products, but more importantly, the differences are related to consumers food- and health-related views and practices. Consumers ways of appropriating functional foods in the conceptual and practical sense take shape in a complex web of ideas and everyday practices concerning food, health and eating as a whole. The results also indicate that the conceptual and practical appropriation are not necessarily uniform or coherent processes. Consumers interpret healthy eating and functional foods from a variety of perspectives and there is a multiplicity of rationales of using functional foods. Appropriation embraces many opposing dimensions simultaneously: good experiences and doubts, approval and criticism, expectations and things taken for granted.
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A View into the World of Kitchen: Development and retention of a leading position in the market of kitchen interiors - a case study of 20 years. This study focuses on the development of a kitchen interiors company, presently called Novart Inc., into the leading company of the industry from 1980´s to the present. The objective of the study is to describe the effects of strategic choices, the decisions of the management and the owner´s direction and control to the build up and the retaining of the leading position in the market. From theory point of view, strategic choices refer to com-pany purchases as corporate-level strategies, and business and marketing strategies. The empirical research was carried out in two phases and it is based on various company documents and records, and on the intensive interviews of seven key executives in the company. An abductive research design was utilized. The company gained the leading position in the kitchen market in Finland by company purchases, and the company has been able to retain the position. Firstly the goal was to expand to retail market and, secondly, the company has maintained the balance of supply and demand by closing the purchased production units when needed. The simultaneous use of these two strategic goals is a kind of a new observation, and the strategy may be suitable only for market leaders. During the latter part of the research period the strategy of com-pany purchases has been abandoned and the leading position in the market has been main-tained by developing systematically business and marketing capability. In the business and marketing strategies the distribution channels and the brands have been emphasized. During the research period the company has almost totally abandoned the long distribution channels and started to use its own channels built and named after the main brands. These are A la Carte, Parma and Petra. At the moment, in the beginning of the 21st century, a new distribution channel, the concept of the Kitchen World, is being built in addition to the channels mentioned above. The management´s decision making and the implementation the decisions have been well-considered. The executives emphasized the valuing of the importance of the decisions dif-ferently except the two decisions named the most important ones, i.e., the decisions to start own production of the raw material and to concentrate the business only to one company. The executive staff has also succeeded in managing crisis and threats of bankruptcy, and the company has been managed profitable. During all the four terms of ownership: Puolimatka Corporation, the Hankkija/Novera Corporation, the ownership period of the "bank", and the Nobia Corporate the ownership direction and control has been somewhat different. All the owners have paid attention to economic issues. The direction of cash flows and investments was at its strongest during the Hankkija/Novera term. For the last owner Nobia the production and marketing of the kitchen interiors has been the core business, which thus has strengthened the business and marketing capabilities of the target company of this research. A common denominator during all the four terms of ownership has been owners' trust gained by the professional skills of the management of the target company. This has lead to greater independence of the management of the company and less owners´ direction. Keywords: leading position, marketing strategy, management decisions, acquisition, corporate governance
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The aim of the thesis was to analyze the use of barley as an input for bioethanol production and the impacts the use has on the Finnish barley markets. Two main research questions were formulated. First, privately and socially optimal bioethanol production levels were examined. In the social optimum, the climate benefits of bioethanol production were considered. It was calculated that the production and use of bioethanol created smaller CO2 -emissions when compared with the production and use of gasoline. Second, the impacts of bioethanol production on farmland allocation and agricultural production were analyzed. In more detail, the second aim was to analyze the farmland allocation between wheat and barley cultivation and green set aside in the private and social optimum. An analytical model was produced to analyze the barley markets in Finland. To provide an empirical counterpart to this model, existing research data on bioethanol production and barley cultivation was used. The aim of the model was to analyze the supply and the demand as well as market equilibrium of barley. Furthermore, the model provided a framework for analyzing the differences between the private optimum and social optimum of bioethanol production in Finland. The demand for barley consists of animal feed demand and bioethanol demand. On the supply side, a heterogeneous model of farmland quality was used. With this framework, it is possible to analyze farmland allocation between barley and wheat cultivation and green set aside and how the climate benefits of bioethanol production affects the allocation. Moreover, the relative changes in barley price between the private and social optimum were analyzed. Based on the empirical analysis, the private optimum for barley based bioethanol production is 58 691 metric tons. However, the social optimum for barley based bioethanol production is 72 736 metric tons. The portion of farmland that is allocated to barley cultivation is increased if the climate benefits of bioethanol production are considered. In the private optimum, 1/19 of the total farmland is allocated to barley cultivation whereas in social optimum the share increases to 7/19. Furthermore, the increase in barley price between private and social optimum is rather modest. Total increase in price is only about 1,8 percent.
Resumo:
Ennen Suomen EU-jäsenyyttä kansallisen maatalouspolitiikan yksi päätavoitteista oli elintarvikeomavaraisuus. Tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi Suomessa oli maatalouspolitiikan osalta käytössä hintatukijärjestelmä, jossa yksi pääasiallisista tuotannon ohjauskeinoista oli tavoitehinnat, joilla valtiovalta pyrki vaikuttamaan tuottajahintoihin. Tavoitehintojen avulla tuottajat pystyivät ennakoimaan tulevan hintatason ja näin siirtämään tuotantoaan taloudellisesti kannattavimpaan suuntaan. Tästä oli kuitenkin seurauksena kotimaisen elintarvikeomavaraisuuden ylittyminen varsinkin eläinkunnan tuotteiden osalta. Vuonna 1994 lihatuotteiden yhteenlaskettu omavaisuus oli 110 prosenttia. Sianlihan osalta omavaisuus oli hieman tätä suurempi, 114 prosenttia. Suomen liityttyä EU:n jäsenmaaksi vuonna 1995 tavoitehinnoista luovuttiin ja samalla tuottajahinnat putosivat. Korvaukseksi tuottajahintojen pudotuksesta tuottajille alettiin maksaa suoria tulotukia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää mitkä tekijät vaikuttivat sianlihan tuotantopäätöksiin maatalouden muuttuneessa toimintaympäristössä ja miten yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan uudistukset vaikuttivat sianlihan tarjontaan. Tutkimuksen tarkasteluaikavälinä olivat vuodet 1995 2006. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli myös tuotantoon vaikuttavien tekijöiden pohjalta ennustaa sianlihan tuotantoa vuoteen 2013. Tuotantopäätöksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä tarkasteltiin regressio-analyysin avulla, jotta saataisiin selville sianlihan tuotantoa parhaiten selittävät tekijät. Tutkimuksen aikasarja-aineisto poimittiin maa- ja metsätalousministeriön tietopalvelukeskuksen (Tike:n) ja tilastokeskuksen julkaisemista ja ylläpitämistä tilastoista. Sianlihan tuotantoon vaikuttavien tekijöiden ennusteisiin tutkimuksessa käytettiin sekä kansainvälisten että kotimaisten taloustutkimuslaitosten ja organisaatioiden ennusteita. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys muodostui yrityksen teoriasta, tarjontateoriasta ja aikavälin merkityksestä tarjontaan. Tuotantomallin estimoinnin tuloksena sianlihan tuotantoon vaikuttivat vuosien 1996 2006 aikana sianlihan tuotannon tuottavuuden kasvua kuvaava teknologiamuuttuja, neljällä neljänneksellä viivästetty sianlihan tuottajahinta ja tuotantotuet yhteenlaskettuna, kolmella neljänneksellä viivästetty vehnän tuottajahinta, kahdeksalla neljänneksellä viivästetty sianlihan tuotanto, kahdella neljänneksellä viivästetty porsaan välityshinta ja kuudella neljänneksellä viivästetty investointituet. Sianlihan tuotantomallin selitysasteeksi saatiin 0,91. Estimoidulla tuotantomallilla ennustettiin sianlihan tuotannon kehitystä vuosina 2007 2013. Perusskenaariossa tuotannon ennustettiin muuttuvan vuodesta 2007 eteenpäin samalla tavalla kuin vuosina 1995 2006 keskimäärin. Perusskenaarion lisäksi tuotantomallilla simuloitiin tuotantotukien ja investointitukien dekoplauksen vaikutusta sianlihan tuotantoon. Tuotantotukien dekoplauksen myötä sianlihan tuotanto laskisi 177 milj. kiloon vuonna 2009, mutta nousisi 193 milj. kiloon vuonna 2013. Investointitukien dekoplauksen myötä tuotanto laskisi 176 milj. kiloon vuonna 2009 ja nousisi vuoteen 2013 mennessä 191 milj. kiloon. Suurimman pudotuksen aiheutti kuitenkin vehnän tuottajahinnan nousu vuosien 2006 ja 2007 aikana, jonka seurauksena sianlihan tuotanto laskisi jo vuonna 2008 180 milj. kiloon.
Resumo:
Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia kuluttajien hintakäsityksiä funktionaalisista elintarvikkeista sekä euron käyttöönoton vaikutuksia niihin. Teoriaosassa tarkasteltiin funktionaalisen elintarvikkeen käsitettä ja sen hintaan liittyviä kysymyksiä erikoistuotteen näkökulmasta sekä kuluttajan hintakäsityksen muodostumisessa tärkeää osaa näyttelevää referenssihintaa ja sen vaikutuksia sekä teoreettista taustaa, erityisesti adaptaatiotasoteoriaa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin euron mahdollisia vaikutuksia referenssihintaan sekä referenssihinnan roolia kuluttajan hintakäsityksen muodostumisessa. Työn empiirinen osa koostui kahdesta kyselytutkimuksesta, jotka suoritettiin ennen euron käyttöönottoa joulukuussa 2001 ja sen jälkeen huhtikuussa 2002. Ensimmäiseen kyselyyn vastasi 182 ja toiseen 135 vastaajaa. Vastaajat olivat pääkaupunki- sekä Hämeenlinnan seudulta. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevat tuotteet olivat Gefilus®-piimä ja -mehut, ja kohderyhmänä niiden käyttäjät. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa selvitettiin funktionaalisten elintarvikkeiden käyttö- ja ostotottumuksia sekä mielipidettä niiden hintatasosta suhteessa terveysvaikutuksiin ja tavallisiin elintarvikkeisiin. Referenssihintoja tutkimuksen kohteena oleville tuotteille tutkittiin sopivana, korkeimpana ja alhaisimpana hyväksyttävänä hintana.Euron vaikutuksia hintakäsityksiin tutkittiin vastausten eroissa kyselyjen välillä. Euron käyttöönoton aiheuttamia referenssihintojen muutoksia tarkasteltiin hintaherkkyysmittari avulla. Lisäksi tutkittiin euron käyttöönoton aiheuttamia muutoksia ostokäyttäytymisessä. Faktori- ja ryhmittelyanalyyseja käytettiin vastaajien ryhmittelyyn. Funktionaalisia elintarvikkeita pidettiin vastaajien joukossa kalliina suhteessa niiden terveysvaikutuksiin tai tavallisten, ei-funktionaalisten, tuotteiden hintaan. Tutkimuksen kohteena olleiden tuotteiden, Gefilus®-piimän ja -mehujen, hintatasoa pidettiin myös kalliina. Gefilus®-mehujen hintaa pidettiin yleisesti liian kalliina. Euron käyttöönotto aiheutti muutoksia vastaajien referenssihinnoissa. Euron käyttöönoton voitiin havaita vaikuttaneen kuluttajien hintakäsityksiin siten, että hinnat vaikuttivat aikaisempaa halvemmilta. Lisäksi euron käyttöönotto oli vaikeuttanut hintojen arviointia. Lähes kaikki vastaajat olivat sitä mieltä, että euron käyttöönoton jälkeen hinnat olivat nouseet. Euron käyttöönotto oli myös lisännyt pankkikortin käyttöä maksuvälineenä käteisen sijaan. Avainsanat: funktionaalinen elintarvike, terveysvaikutteinen elintarvike, hintakäsitys, referenssihinta, euro
Resumo:
Climate change is the single biggest environmental problem in the world at the moment. Although the effects are still not fully understood and there is considerable amount of uncertainty, many na-tions have decided to mitigate the change. On the societal level, a planner who tries to find an eco-nomically optimal solution to an environmental pollution problem seeks to reduce pollution from the sources where reductions are most cost-effective. This study aims to find out how effective the instruments of the agricultural policy are in the case of climate change mitigation in Finland. The theoretical base of this study is the neoclassical economic theory that is based on the assumption of a rational economic agent who maximizes his own utility. This theoretical base has been widened towards the direction clearly essential to the matter: the theory of environmental eco-nomics. Deeply relevant to this problem and central in the theory of environmental economics are the concepts of externalities and public goods. What are also relevant are the problems of global pollution and non-point-source pollution. Econometric modelling was the method that was applied to this study. The Finnish part of the AGMEMOD-model, covering the whole EU, was used for the estimation of the development of pollution. This model is a seemingly recursive, partially dynamic partial-equilibrium model that was constructed to predict the development of Finnish agricultural production of the most important products. For the study, I personally updated the model and also widened its scope in some relevant matters. Also, I devised a table that can calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases according to the rules set by the IPCC. With the model I investigated five alternative scenarios in comparison to the base-line scenario of Agenda 2000 agricultural policy. The alternative scenarios were: 1) the CAP reform of 2003, 2) free trade on agricultural commodities, 3) technological change, 4) banning the cultivation of organic soils and 5) the combination of the last three scenarios as the maximal achievement in reduction. The maximal achievement in the alternative scenario 5 was 1/3 of the level achieved on the base-line scenario. CAP reform caused only a minor reduction when com-pared to the base-line scenario. Instead, the free trade scenario and the scenario of technological change alone caused a significant reduction. The biggest single reduction was achieved by banning the cultivation of organic land. However, this was also the most questionable scenario to be real-ized, the reasons for this are further elaborated in the paper. The maximal reduction that can be achieved in the Finnish agricultural sector is about 11 % of the emission reduction that is needed to comply with the Kyoto protocol.
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Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kansainvälisen kaupan teorian lähtökohdista Euroopan unionin maataloustuotteiden tuontia Mercosur-maista. Tarkastelun kohteeksi valittiin seitsemän maataloustuotetta: naudanliha, kaakao, kahvi, appelsiinimehu, siipikarjanliha, soija ja vehnä. Tutkimusongelmana oli tuonti- ja vientikysyntöjen estimointi näille tuotteille. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin myös simulaatioita, joilla pyrittiin kuvaamaan kaupan vapautumisen vaikutuksia. Lisäksi pyrittiin vastaamaan kysymykseen: millä tavoin kaupan vapautuminen olisi vaikuttanut EU:n maataloustuotteiden kokonaistuontiin ja tuontiin Mercosur-maista? Tutkimuksen tutkimusmenetelmänä oli ekonometrinen estimointi. Ensin estimoitiin EU:n tuotteen tuontikysyntä eli kokonaistuonti, josta johdettiin kysyntä EU:n tuonnille eri Mercosur-maista eli vientikysynnät. Tuotteiden tuontikysynnöille estimoitiin tulo- ja hintajoustot ja vientikysynnöille joustot kokonaistuonnin ja hinnan suhteen. EU:n tuontikysyntää selittäviksi tekijöiksi valittiin EU:n tulotaso ja tuotteen reaalihinta. Muutamiin tuontikysyntä -malleihin lisättiin vielä niin sanottu dummy-muuttuja kuvaamaan suuria tuonnin vaihteluita. Kaikille seitsemälle tuotteelle estimoitiin myös vientikysyntämallit eli estimoitiin EU:n tietyn tuotteen tuontia yhdestä Mercosur-maasta kerrallaan. Vientikysyntää selittäviksi tekijöiksi valittiin EU:n kyseisen tuotteen kokonaistuonti ja kyseisen tuotteen suhteellinen hinta. Log-lineaariset mallit estimoitiin pienimmän neliösumman menetelmällä ja malleissa, joissa esiintyi autokorrelaatiota hyödynnettiin Cochrane-Orcutt -tekniikkaa. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin tuonti- ja vientikysyntöjen regressiokertoimien estimaateilla historiallisia (ex post) simulaatioita vuosille 1988-2006. Simulaatioiden avulla pyrittiin saamaan selville, mitä vaikutuksia kaupanvapautumisella ja EU:n ja Mercosurin välisellä vapaakauppaliitolla olisi ollut EU:n tuonti- ja vientikysyntöihin kyseisten tuotteiden kohdalla ceteris paribus. Estimoitujen EU:n tuontikysyntä -mallien hintajoustot vaihtelivat -0,69 ja 1,97 välillä, mistä voidaan päätellä, että kaupan vapauttaminen tai lähinnä tariffien poistaminen ei vaikuttaisi kovin merkittävästi EU:n kokonaistuonnin määrään. Tuontikysyntämallien tulojoustot vaihtelivat 0,77 ja 5,98 välillä. Tuontikysynnät olivat tulojen suhteen aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin verrattuna huomattavasti joustavampia. Tutkimuksessa estimoitujen EU:n vientikysyntä -mallien joustot kokonaistuonnin suhteen vaihtelivat -6,31 ja 4,69 välillä ja hintajoustot vaihtelivat -14,51 ja 0,87 välillä. Vientikysynnät kokonaistuonnin että hinnan suhteen olivat joustavampia aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin verrattuna. Tuontikysyntöjen simulaatiot osoittivat, että aikavälillä 1988-2006 EU:n ja Mercosurin välisen vapaakauppaliiton tapauksessa EU:n tuonti olisi ollut suurempaa kuin perusskenaariossa ja vapaankaupan tapauksessa tuonti olisi ollut vieläkin suurempaa alhaisemmasta hinnasta johtuen. Vientikysynnöissä perusskenaarion ja vapaakauppa-skenaarion välille ei syntynyt useiden tuotteiden kohdalla kovinkaan suurta eroa tuonnin määrään, mutta EU:n ja Mercosurin välinen vapaakauppaliitto olisi tämän tutkimuksen mukaan lisännyt EU:n maataloustuotteiden tuontia Mercosur-maista aikavälillä 1988-2006. Avainsanat: tuontikysyntä, vientikysyntä, kansainvälisen kaupan teoria, ekonometrinen estimointi
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This research discusses decoupling CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) support and impacts which may occur on grain cultivation area and supply of beef and pork in Finland. The study presents the definitions and studies on decoupled agricultural subsidies, the development of supply of grain, beef and pork in Finland and changes in leading factors affecting supply between 1970 and 2005. Decoupling agricultural subsidies means that the linkage between subsidies and production levels is disconnected; subsidies do not affect the amount produced. The hypothesis is that decoupling will decrease the amounts produced in agriculture substantially. In the supply research, the econometric models which represent supply of agricultural products are estimated based on the data of prices and amounts produced. With estimated supply models, the impacts of changes in prices and public policies, can be forecasted according to supply of agricultural products. In this study, three regression models describing combined cultivation areas of rye, wheat, oats and barley, and the supply of beef and pork are estimated. Grain cultivation area and supply of beef are estimated based on data from 1970 to 2005 and supply of pork on data from 1995 to 2005. The dependencies in the model are postulated to be linear. The explanatory variables in the grain model were average return per hectare, agricultural subsidies, grain cultivation area in the previous year and the cost of fertilization. The explanatory variables in the beef model were the total return from markets and subsidies and the amount of beef production in the previous year. In the pork model the explanatory variables were the total return, the price of piglet, investment subsidies, trend of increasing productivity and the dummy variable of the last quarter of the year. The R-squared of model of grain cultivation area was 0,81, the model of beef supply 0,77 and the model of pork supply 0,82. Development of grain cultivation area and supply of beef and pork was estimated for 2006 - 2013 with this regression model. In the basic scenario, development of explanatory variables in 2006 - 2013 was postulated to be the same as they used to be in average in 1995 - 2005. After the basic scenario the impacts of decoupling CAP subsidies and domestic subsidies on cultivation area and supply were simulated. According to the results of the decoupling CAP subsidies scenario, grain cultivation area decreases from 1,12 million hectares in 2005 to 1,0 million hectares in 2013 and supply of beef from 88,8 million kilos in 2005 to 67,7 million kilos in 2013. Decoupling domestic and investment subsidies will decrease the supply of pork from 194 million kilos in 2005 to 187 million kilos in 2006. By 2013 the supply of pork grows into 203 million kilos.
Resumo:
Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan liikuntaharrastusten luonnonvarojen kulutusta MIPS (material input per service unit, suom. materiaalipanos palvelusuoritetta kohden) -menetelmällä. MIPS-menetelmä perustuu ekotehokkuusajatteluun ja sen tavoitteena on suhteuttaa tuotteen tai palvelun elinkaaren aikainen luonnonvarojen kulutus siitä saatavaan palveluun. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan liikuntaharrastusten materiaalivirtoja erilaisissa liikuntapaikoissa yhden henkilön harrastetuntia kohden. Tarkasteltavia liikuntapaikkoja ovat kevyen liikenteen väylä, kuntorata, liikuntasali ja -halli, jäähalli, uimahalli, kuntokeskus sekä lämmitetty ja lämmittämätön tekonurmikenttä. Tutkielman laskelmat perustuvat pääosin tapaustutkimuksiin suomalaisista liikuntapaikoista. Laskelmissa on huomioitu liikuntapaikalle matkustaminen, liikuntapaikan rakentaminen sekä sen ylläpito ja käyttö. Tarkasteltujen liikuntaharrastusten abioottisten luonnonvarojen kulutus vaihteli 1,7 28 kg:n välillä yhden henkilön harrastetuntia kohden. Abioottisten luonnonvarojen kulutukseen vaikutti eniten liikuntapaikalle matkustaminen. Tarkastelluista liikuntaharrastuksista eniten abioottisia luonnonvaroja ja ilmaa kulutti uimahallissa uiminen. Kuntoradoilla ja kevyen liikenteen väylillä harrastettavien ulkoilulajien MIPS-luvut olivat alhaisimmat. Liikuntaharrastukset erosivat toisistaan eniten veden kulutuksessa, jonka MIPS-luvut vaihtelivat 40 ja 1400 kg:n välillä. Korkein veden MIPS-luku oli jäähallissa tapahtuvalla liikunnalla. Ilman kulutus liikuntaharrastuksissa oli 0,1 6,2 kg harrastetuntia kohden. Tulosten perusteella liikuntaharrastusten luonnonvarojen kulutusta voitaisiin tehokkaimmin vähentää kulkemalla liikuntapaikalle henkilöauton sijaan julkisilla kulkuneuvoilla ja hyödyntämällä lähiympäristön tarjoamia liikuntapaikkoja. Myös liikuntapaikkojen kävijämäärien maksimoiminen on tärkeää harrastetunnille kohdistuvien materiaalivirtojen pienentämiseksi. Tutkielma on toteutettu osana FIN-MIPS Kotitalous tutkimushanketta.
Resumo:
Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää pienten elintarvikeyritysten innovatiivisuutta ja sen yhteyttä yrityksen strategisiin toimintoihin. Yritysten erilainen suhtautuminen innovaatioihin ja uusia tuotteita kohtaan pyrittiin esittämään yrityksen eri taustatekijöiden kuten toimialan, resurssien, tuotestrategian ja uusien elintarvikkeiden laatukäsityksen kautta. Teoriaosassa käytiin läpi innovaatioteorioita ja innovaation käsitettä elintarvikealalla. Kirjallisuuden avulla tuotiin esiin yrityksen innovatiivisuuden mittaamiseen käytettyjä menetelmiä. Innovaatioteorian rinnalle nostettiin uusien elintarvikkeiden laatukäsitys ja tuotteen laatu, joiden avulla, kirjallisuuteen pohjautuen, tarkasteltiin elintarviketta tuoteinnovaationa. Empiirinen osa tutkimuksessa kerättiin yrityksille lähetettynä postikyselynä syksyllä 2005. Vastanneita yrityksiä oli 59, jotka olivat suomalaisia elintarvikkeita jalostavia yrityksiä. Kysely muodostui osioista esitiedot, uuden elintarvikkeen ominaisuudet, innovatiivisuus ja tuotestrategia. Yritysten ulkopuoliselle kuluttajaryhmälle (n=97) tehtiin myös kysely liittyen elintarvikkeen laatuun. Yritykset jaettiin kahteen eri ryhmään innovatiivisuuden perusteella ja ryhmien sisältöä tarkasteltiin yritysten elintarviketoimialan, tuotestrategian ja laatukäsityksen näkökulmasta. Ryhmiksi muodostuivat kasvuhaluiset innovoijat (n=24) ja perinteiset kehittäjät (n=25). Uuden elintarvikkeen 22 laatuominaisuudesta kehitettiin uuden elintarvikkeen laatumittaristo hyödyntämällä faktori- ja reliabiliteettianalyysiä. Laatumittaristo muodostui kuudesta eri ulottuvuudesta: ulkonäkö, tunne, käytettävyys, terveydellisyys, hygienia-aistittava laatu ja prosessilaatu. Laatumittarin avulla verrattiin kasvuhaluisten innovoijien ja perinteisten kehittäjien laatukäsitystä. Merkitsevä ero muodostui laadun terveydellisyys-ulottuvuuden arvostuksessa. Tutkimustulosten perusteella elintarvikealan pienyritysten toimialakentällä on strategisesti erilaisia yrityksiä. Kasvuhaluiset innovoijat olivat tuoteorientoituneita, joiden tuotestrategia tähtäsi kasvuun ja tuotteet olivat uutuusasteeltaan korkeita erikoistuotteita. Yritysryhmien innovatiivisuuteen vaikuttavana tekijänä oli yrityksen koko. Kooltaan kasvuhaluiset innovoijat olivat suurimmaksi osaksi mikroyrityksiä (2 - 9 hlöä). Innovatiivisuuden voi katsoa liittyvän yrityksen tiettyyn kasvuhaluiseen vaiheeseen, jolloin myös yritys ajattelee markkinasuuntautuneisemmin. Tuotteiden uudet mahdollisuudet luoda kasvua koetaan tärkeämmiksi kuin kasvuvaiheen ohittaneissa yrityksissä. Tutkimus tukee käsitystä, että innovatiiviset yritykset käyttävät enemmän ulkoista markkinainformaatiota hyväkseen.
Resumo:
Water-ethanol mixtures are commonly used in industry and house holds. However, quite surprisingly their molecular-level structure is still not completely understood. In particular, there is evidence that the local intermolecular geometries depend significantly on the concentration. The aim of this study was to gain information on the molecular-level structures of water-ethanol mixtures by two computational methods. The methods are classical molecular dynamics (MD), where the movement of molecules can be studied, and x-ray Compton scattering, in which the scattering cross section is sensitive to the electron momentum density. Firstly, the water-ethanol mixtures were studied with MD simulations, with the mixture concentration ranging from 0 to 100%. For the simulations well-established force fields were used for the water and ethanol molecules (TIP4P and OPLS-AA, respectively). Moreover, two models were used for ethanol, rigid and non-rigid. In the rigid model the intramolecular bond lengths are fixed, whereas in the non-rigid model the lengths are determined by harmonic potentials. Secondly, mixtures with three different concentrations employing both ethanol models were studied by calculating the experimentally observable x-ray quantity, the Compton profile. In the MD simulations a slight underestimation in the density was observed as compared to experiment. Furthermore, a positive excess of hydrogen bonding with water molecules and a negative one with ethanol was quantified. Also, the mixture was found more structured when the ethanol concentration was higher. Negligible differences in the results were found between the two ethanol models. In contrast, in the Compton scattering results a notable difference between the ethanol models was observed. For the rigid model the Compton profiles were similar for all the concentrations, but for the non-rigid model they were distinct. This leads to two possibilities of how the mixing occurs. Either the mixing is similar in all concentrations (as suggested by the rigid model) or the mixing changes for different concentrations (as suggested by the non-rigid model). Either way, this study shows that the choice of the force field is essential in the microscopic structure formation in the MD simulations. When the sources of uncertainty in the calculated Compton profiles were analyzed, it was found that more statistics needs to be collected to reduce the statistical uncertainty in the final results. The obtained Compton scattering results can be considered somewhat preliminary, but clearly indicative of the behaviour of the water-ethanol mixtures when the force field is modified. The next step is to collect more statistics and compare the results with experimental data to decide which ethanol model describes the mixture better. This way, valuable information on the microscopic structure of water-ethanol mixtures can be found. In addition, information on the force fields in the MD simulations and on the ability of the MD simulations to reproduce the microscopic structure of binary liquids is obtained.