Sobre ������������� de S��focles

En este art��culo se estudia una obra atribuida a S��focles titulada ������������� (Los cretenses), una tragedia s��lo conocida por dos dudosos testimonios de Hesiquio y Ateneo de N��ucratis. A finales del siglo xviii una nueva lectura de ambos los adscrib��a a otra tragedia, con lo que se negaba la existencia de �������������. A pesar de esto, este t��tulo se sigue manteniendo en las ediciones de la obra sofoclea, ahora relacionado con nuevos hallazgos de fragmentos papir��ceos del autor. Nuestro objetivo es el de analizar los testimonios en profundidad para concluir si la obra pudo o no haberse escrito.

La exploraci��n del litoral atl��ntico norteafricano seg��n el periplo de Hann��n de Cartago

El periplo de Hann��n, frente a las propuestas que lo interpretan como una obra literaria, creemos que recoge un periplo aut��ntico, que s��lo alcanz�� cabo Juby y algunas de las Islas Canarias. Las refundaciones cartaginesas fueron todas en la Mauretania f��rtil, en los 7 primeros d��as de la expedici��n. Desde el islote de K��rne, en la expedici��n prim�� una primera exploraci��n de evaluaci��n, indicativo de que se trataba de apenas 2 o 3 barcos, con una tripulaci��n limitada, que evitaban enfrentamientos con la poblaci��n local. Los int��rpretes Lix��tai parecen conocer todos los puntos explorados, el r��o Chr��tes, los et��opes del Alto Atlas costero, el gran golfo caluroso que finalizaba en el Hesp��rou K��ras, el volc��n The��n ��chema, o las gentes salvajes que denominaban Gor��llai. Probablemente la mayor sorpresa fuese encontrar un volc��n activo, emitiendo lava, que pudo ser la raz��n ��ltima para redactar este periplo. La falta de agua, alimentos y caza como raz��n para finalizar la expedici��n exploratoria s��lo es comprensible en un trayecto corto que alcanz�� hasta el inicio del desierto del Sahara. Otro tanto sucede con la ausencia de r��os importantes al Sur del r��o Chr��tes, una clara prueba de que no se alcanzaron latitudes ecuatoriales y que los barcos se fueron alejando de la costa norteafricana.

Non-thermal Plasma Exposure Rapidly Attenuates Bacterial AHL-Dependent Quorum Sensing and Virulence.

The antimicrobial activity of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma has been exhaustively characterised, however elucidation of the interactions between biomolecules produced and utilised by bacteria and short plasma exposures are required for optimisation and clinical translation of cold plasma technology. This study characterizes the effects of non-thermal plasma exposure on acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent quorum sensing (QS). Plasma exposure of AHLs reduced the ability of such molecules to elicit a QS response in bacterial reporter strains in a dose-dependent manner. Short exposures (30-60���s) produce of a series of secondary compounds capable of eliciting a QS response, followed by the complete loss of AHL-dependent signalling following longer exposures. UPLC-MS analysis confirmed the time-dependent degradation of AHL molecules and their conversion into a series of by-products. FT-IR analysis of plasma-exposed AHLs highlighted the appearance of an OH group. In vivo assessment of the exposure of AHLs to plasma was examined using a standard in vivo model. Lettuce leaves injected with the rhlI/lasI mutant PAO-MW1 alongside plasma treated N-butyryl-homoserine lactone and n-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-homoserine lactone, exhibited marked attenuation of virulence. This study highlights the capacity of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma to modify and degrade AHL autoinducers thereby attenuating QS-dependent virulence in P. aeruginosa.

Eradication and phenotypic tolerance of Burkholderia cenocepacia biofilms exposed to atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma.

Chronic lung infection with bacteria from the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), and in particular B.���cenocepacia, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). B.���cenocepacia can spread from person to person and exhibits intrinsic broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. Recently, atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasmas (APNTPs) have gained increasing attention as a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of a variety of hospital-acquired infections. In this study, we evaluated an in-house-designed kHz-driven plasma source for the treatment of biofilms of a number of clinical CF B.���cenocepacia isolates. The results demonstrated that APNTP is an effective and efficient tool for the eradication of B.���cenocepacia biofilms but that efficacy is highly variable across different isolates. Determination of phenotypic differences between isolates in an attempt to understand variability in plasma tolerance revealed that isolates which are highly tolerant to APNTP typically produce biofilms of greater biomass than their more sensitive counterparts. This indicates a potential role for biofilm matrix components in biofilm tolerance to APNTP exposure. Furthermore, significant isolate-dependent differences in catalase activity in planktonic bacteria positively correlated with phenotypic resistance to APNTP by isolates grown in biofilms.

Generation of an epigenetic signature by chronic hypoxia in prostate cells

<p>Increasing levels of tissue hypoxia have been reported as a natural feature of the aging prostate gland and may be a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer. In this study, we have used PwR-1E benign prostate epithelial cells and an equivalently aged hypoxia-adapted PwR-1E sub-line to identify phenotypic and epigenetic consequences of chronic hypoxia in prostate cells. We have identified a significantly altered cellular phenotype in response to chronic hypoxia as characterized by increased receptor-mediated apoptotic resistance, the induction of cellular senescence, increased invasion and the increased secretion of IL-1 beta, IL6, IL8 and TNFalpha cytokines. In association with these phenotypic changes and the absence of HIF-1 alpha protein expression, we have demonstrated significant increases in global levels of DNA methylation and H3K9 histone acetylation in these cells, concomitant with the increased expression of DNA methyltransferase DMNT3b and gene-specific changes in DNA methylation at key imprinting loci. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a genome-wide adjustment of DNA methylation and histone acetylation under chronic hypoxic conditions in the prostate. These epigenetic signatures may represent an additional mechanism to promote and maintain a hypoxic-adapted cellular phenotype with a potential role in tumour development.</p>

Thomson scattering on non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jets

<p>To characterize non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas experimentally, a large variety of methods and techniques is available, each having its own specific possibilities and limitations. A rewarding method to investigate these plasma sources is laser Thomson scattering. However, that is challenging. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (gas temperatures close to room temperature and electron temperatures of a few eV) have usually small dimensions (below 1 mm) and a low degree of ionization (below 10^-4). Here an overview is presented of how Thomson scattering can be applied to such plasmas and used to measure directly spatially and temporally resolved the electron density and energy distribution. A general description of the scattering of photons and the guidelines for an experimental setup of this active diagnostic are provided. Special attention is given to the design concepts required to achieve the maximum signal photon flux with a minimum of unwanted signals. Recent results from the literature are also presented and discussed.</p>

Efficient and Selectable Production of Reactive Species Using a Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge in Gas Bubbles in Liquid

<p>A plasma gas bubble-in-liquid method for high production of selectable reactive species using a nanosecond pulse generator has been developed. The gas of choice is fed through a hollow needle in a point-to-plate bubble discharge, enabling improved selection of reactive species. The increased interface reactions, between the gas-plasma and water through bubbles, give higher productivity. H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>��was the predominant species produced using Ar plasma, while predominantly����and NO<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>��were generated using air plasma, in good agreement with the observed emission spectra. This method has nearly 100% selectivity for H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, sans-serif;">2</sub>, with seven times higher production, and 92% selectivity for��, with nearly twice the production, compared with a plasma above the water.</p>

Unexpected Levels of Biological Activity during the Polar Night Offer New Perspectives on a Warming Arctic

The current understanding of Arctic ecosystems is deeply rooted in the classical view of a bottom-up controlled system with strong physical forcing and seasonality in primary-production regimes. Consequently, the Arctic polar night is commonly disregarded as a time of year when biological activities are reduced to a minimum due to a reduced food supply. Here, based upon a multidisciplinary ecosystem-scale study from the polar night at 79 degrees N, we present an entirely different view. Instead of an ecosystem that has entered a resting state, we document a system with high activity levels and biological interactions across most trophic levels. In some habitats, biological diversity and presence of juvenile stages were elevated in winter months compared to the more productive and sunlit periods. Ultimately, our results suggest a different perspective regarding ecosystem function that will be of importance for future environmental management and decision making, especially at a time when Arctic regions are experiencing accelerated environmental change [1].

Experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) aims to provide a framework for evaluating, understanding, and improving the ocean and sea-ice components of global climate and earth system models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses these aims in two complementary manners: (A) by providing an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing, (B) by providing a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) offering details for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows that of the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II have become the standard method to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP (Scenario MIP), as well as the ocean-sea ice OMIP simulations. The bulk of this paper offers scientific rationale for saving these diagnostics.