Efficient and Selectable Production of Reactive Species Using a Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge in Gas Bubbles in Liquid

<p>A plasma gas bubble-in-liquid method for high production of selectable reactive species using a nanosecond pulse generator has been developed. The gas of choice is fed through a hollow needle in a point-to-plate bubble discharge, enabling improved selection of reactive species. The increased interface reactions, between the gas-plasma and water through bubbles, give higher productivity. H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, "Lucida Grande", Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, "Lucida Grande", Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", sans-serif;">2</sub> was the predominant species produced using Ar plasma, while predominantly  and NO<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, "Lucida Grande", Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", sans-serif;">2</sub> were generated using air plasma, in good agreement with the observed emission spectra. This method has nearly 100% selectivity for H<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, "Lucida Grande", Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", sans-serif;">2</sub>O<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, "Lucida Grande", Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", sans-serif;">2</sub>, with seven times higher production, and 92% selectivity for , with nearly twice the production, compared with a plasma above the water.</p>