Customer Knowledge Transfer in MNCs

The purpose of this Master’s thesis was to study customer knowledge transfer processes in multinational corporations (MNCs). The main objective was to examine how customer knowledge is transferred in MNCs and what kind of factors enhance or inhibit the knowledge transfer process, and to create a framework on the basis of the existing literature and the empirical findings. In this thesis the factors were organized according to whether they are properties of the unit involved in knowledge management, properties of relationships between the units or properties of the knowledge itself. There are various properties that influence knowledge transfer but in this thesis the focus was on examining the relevant findings from the customer knowledge viewpoint. Empirical results show that internal fragmentation in the MNC seems to be inherent in this type of organization, and may cause many problems in customer knowledge transfer and utilization. These knowledge transfer inhibitors rise from the organization’s properties: it’s absorptive capacity, motivation, organizational culture, and the two dimensions of knowledge. However, in spite of the inherent forces causing internal fragmentation and inhibiting knowledge transfer, moderate customer knowledge and expertise codification, cooperative working practices among the experts, and socialization mechanisms posed by the headquarters seem to help maintain customer knowledge transfer, and value creation in the long-term relationship. This value creation can be seen to be based on accessing and integrating a wide variety of knowledge resources in order to create a coherent product and service offering.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh. The Roles of Infrastructural Facilities

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow has been a key concern for Bangladesh to obtain additional support for the economic development. The Government of Bangladesh continuously competing with other South Asian countries and putting more effort to increase the number of FDI inflows in the country. From the country’s perspective, the constant increasing rate of economic growth shows a positive outcome of FDI inflow. However, the country still not performing up to the mark to pull enough FDI inflows to its potential. Thus, this study discusses about the major determinants and factors affecting FDI inflows in Bangladesh. Among those determinants and factors, infrastructural facility is considered as the most important to affect FDI inflows. FDI inflow is fundamentally depending upon infrastructural facilities to achieve its desire success. Foreign investors take this issue very seriously because based on this they can measure their ease of doing business in the host country. Despite of providing a large market size, due to having weak and lack of infrastructural facilities, Bangladesh is facing trouble in drawing attention of the foreign investors. In order to make the infrastructural facilities happen, it is highly required to organize each of the systems under of it. The body of this study discussed about the weak infrastructures in Bangladesh such as transport and communication, power and energy, education system, and governance services. Improvement in one of these systems cannot provide valuable positive changes on FDI inflows. It requires improvement in all the weak systems to grasp multinational companies and attract foreign investors. On the basis of this research problem, research questions are established. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to answer the research questions. Furthermore, several theories have been applied to justify possible scenarios from the research problem. In addition, the history in between Bangladesh, trade liberalization, and FDI inflows is presented briefly.

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh. The Roles of Infrastructural Facilities

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow has been a key concern for Bangladesh to obtain additional support for the economic development. The Government of Bangladesh continuously competing with other South Asian countries and putting more effort to increase the number of FDI inflows in the country. From the country’s perspective, the constant increasing rate of economic growth shows a positive outcome of FDI inflow. However, the country still not performing up to the mark to pull enough FDI inflows to its potential. Thus, this study discusses about the major determinants and factors affecting FDI inflows in Bangladesh. Among those determinants and factors, infrastructural facility is considered as the most important to affect FDI inflows. FDI inflow is fundamentally depending upon infrastructural facilities to achieve its desire success. Foreign investors take this issue very seriously because based on this they can measure their ease of doing business in the host country. Despite of providing a large market size, due to having weak and lack of infrastructural facilities, Bangladesh is facing trouble in drawing attention of the foreign investors. In order to make the infrastructural facilities happen, it is highly required to organize each of the systems under of it. The body of this study discussed about the weak infrastructures in Bangladesh such as transport and communication, power and energy, education system, and governance services. Improvement in one of these systems cannot provide valuable positive changes on FDI inflows. It requires improvement in all the weak systems to grasp multinational companies and attract foreign investors. On the basis of this research problem, research questions are established. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to answer the research questions. Furthermore, several theories have been applied to justify possible scenarios from the research problem. In addition, the history in between Bangladesh, trade liberalization, and FDI inflows is presented briefly

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

Foreign Divestment Decisions in Banking − Case Nordea in Poland

In the 21st century, the realignment of multinational companies’ business scope has become a major issue globally. A very prominent part of the global realignment process, alongside with mergers, acquisitions and alliances, are foreign divestments. Foreign divestments have become an integral aspect of international business since they are now widely practiced by MNCs from a growing and diverse range of home countries and host economies. The objective of this thesis is to identify the factors that contribute to foreign divestment decisions in the banking sector. This thesis is a qualitative research with a single case study approach. The chosen case of this thesis is the divestment made by the internationally operating Nordic financial service group, Nordea, in Poland in 2013. The empirical findings were obtained by interviewing experts from the case company and the interviews were conducted as theme interviews using the four themes that according to the theoretical framework of this thesis are the contributing factors in foreign divestment decisions: (1) environmental stability, (2) attractiveness of current operations, (3) strategic fit, and (4) governance issues. The empirical findings of this thesis suggest that there were four dominant contributors to the foreign divestment decision of the case company: (1) host government regulations, (2) strategic considerations, (3) economic outlook, and (4) interested buyer. The empirical findings mostly support the accuracy of the selected framework as the first three theme groups were found to be major contributors also in the case company’s foreign divestment. However, the importance of the fourth theme group, ‘governance issues’, is not supported by the findings of this thesis. Furthermore the findings suggest that in addition to the groups presented in the framework, also timing can be an import factor in divestment decisions. Three managerial recommendations can be drawn from the findings of this thesis: (1) If a foreign divestment decision is the best course of action due to strategic reasons, it should not be avoided; (2) The pre-investment due diligence processes should not be ignored since it can help to avoid unwanted divestments; and (3) Companies should concentrate on building good relationships with the host government since it can facilitate business activities in the host country.

Opportunity Analysis and Category Management as a Base for Effective Indirect Sourcing

Hankintojen johtamisen kirjallisuus korostaa tehokkaan hankinnan olevan käypä keino tehostaa organisaation tulosta kokonaisvaltaisesti. Myös kasvava tietoisuus erityisesti epäsuorista hankintamenetelmistä ja työkaluista toimivat kannustimina tälle tutkimukselle. Tämän Pro Gradu -tutkimuksen päätarkoituksena on rakentaa kokonaisvaltainen ymmärrys epäsuorasta hankinnasta sekä löytää keinoja sen tehostamiseksi. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten globaali, monikansal- linen organisaatio voi parantaa kannattavuuttaan epäsuorissa hankinnoissa, sekä mitkä tekijät hankintastrategiassa vaikuttavat siihen. Tutkimus toteutettiin yksittäisenä tapaustutkimuksena suuren globaalin, monikan- sallisen yrityksen työntekijän näkökulmasta, Pääosa datasta pohjautuu vuonna 2015 toteutettuun Opportunity -analyysi projektiin, joka toteutettiin yhteistyössä ulkoisen konsulttifirman kanssa. Osa datasta pohjautuu puolistrukturoituihin haas- tatteluihin organisaation hankintajohtajan kanssa. Datan keruussa hyödynnettiin lisäksi henkilökohtaista havainnointia ja sekundääristä aineistoa organisaatiosta. Tämä Pro Gradu tutkimus on toteutettu kvalitatiivisella otteella, sisältäen joitakin kvantitatiivisia metodin piirteitä.

Crawling up the value chain: domestic institutions and non-traditional foreign direct investment in Brazil, 1990-2010

Brazil attracted relatively little innovation-intensive and export-oriented foreign investment during the liberalization period of 1990 to 2010, especially compared with competitors such as China and India. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, I argue that multinational firm investment profiles can be partly explained by the characteristics of investment promotion policies and bureaucracies charged with their implementation. Brazil's FDI policies were passive and non-discriminating in the second half of the 1990s, but became more selective under Lula. Investment promotion efforts have often been undercut by weakly coordinated and inconsistent institutions. The paper highlights the need for active, discriminating investment promotion policies if benefits from non-traditional FDI are to be realized.

Developing Global Sourcing

Global Sourcing has gained popularity among Multinational Corporations as a method to achieve competitive advantage in increasingly competitive international environment. However, the companies pursuing coordinated global sourcing strategies in many cases tend to overlook many potential synergies from global sourcing. The objective of this research is to identify development areas in which the case company can further improve its conduct regarding global sourcing. This thesis was done as a case study for a MNC with business units across the world. The data used to analyse the case company is based on personal observations of the researcher, company’s material regarding its global sourcing, and on themed interviews and discussions with the company’s purchasing personnel. The analyses of this research are qualitative in nature, relying on subjective observations of the researcher. The research revealed that the case company has room for improvement in many of the identified success factors of global sourcing. One main recommendation of the thesis is to introduce portfolio-tool to identify synergy areas from global sourcing in a more systematic manner. In addition, the thesis proposes that information-processing framework can help the case company design more effective integration mechanisms that are required to process complex information emerging when sourcing globally.

International Entrepreneurship in Bottom of the Pyramid Markets – Overcoming institutional constraints

Bottom of the pyramid (BoP) markets are an underserved market of approximately four billion people living on under $5 a day in four regional areas: Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America. According to estimations, the BoP market forms a $5 trillion global consumer market. Despite the potential of BoP markets, companies have traditionally focused on serving the markets of developed countries and ignored the large customer group at the bottom of the pyramid. The BoP approach as first developed by Prahalad and Hart in 2002 has focused on multinational corporations (MNCs), which were thought of as the ones who should take responsibility in serving the customers at the bottom of the pyramid. This study challenges this proposition and gives evidence that also smaller international new ventures – entrepreneurial firms that are international from their birth, can be successful in BoP markets. BoP markets are characterized by a number of deficiencies in the institutional environment such as strong reliance on informal sector, lack of infrastructure and lack of skilled labor. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of international entrepreneurship in BoP markets by analyzing how international new ventures overcome institutional constraints in BoP markets and how institutional uncertainty can be exploited by solving institutional problems. The main objective is divided into four sub objectives. • To describe the opportunities and challenges BoP markets present • To analyze the internationalization of INVs to BoP markets • To examine what kinds of strategies international entrepreneurs use to overcome institutional constraints • To explore the opportunities institutional uncertainty offers for INVs Qualitative approach was used to conduct this study and multiple-case study was chosen as a research strategy in order to allow cross-case analysis. The empirical data was collected through four interviews with the companies Fuzu, Mifuko, Palmroth Consulting and Sibesonke. The results indicated that understanding of the wider institutional environment improves the survival prospects of INVs in BoP markets and that it is indeed possible to exploit institutional uncertainty by solving institutional problems. The main findings were that first-hand experience of the markets and grassroots levels of information are the best assets in internationalization to BoP markets. This study highlights that international entrepreneurs with limited resources can improve the lives of people at the BoP with their business operations and act as small-scale institutional entrepreneurs contributing to the development of the institutional environment of BoP markets.

A Business Incubator, Accelerator, or Coworking Space? Case Health Innovation Village at GE

Health Innovation Village at GE is one of the new communities targeted for startup and growth-oriented companies. It has been established at the premises of a multinational conglomerate that will promote networking and growth of startup companies. The concept combines features from traditional business incubators, accelerators, and coworking spaces. This research compares Health Innovation Village to these concepts regarding its goals, target clients, source of income, organization, facilities, management, and success factors. In addition, a new incubator classification model is introduced. On the other hand, Health Innovation Village is examined from its tenants’ perspective and improvements are suggested. The work was implemented as a qualitative case study by interviewing GE staff with connections to Health Innovation Village as well as startup entrepreneurs and employees’ working there. The most evident features of Health Innovation Village correspond to those of business incubators although it is atypical as a non-profit corporate business incubator. Strong network orientation and connections to venture capitalists are common characteristics of these new types of accelerators. The design of the premises conforms to the principles of coworking spaces, but the services provided to the startup companies are considerably more versatile than the services offered by coworking spaces. The advantages of Health Innovation Village are that there are first-class premises and exceptionally good networking possibilities that other types of incubators or accelerators are not able to offer. A conglomerate can also provide multifaceted special knowledge for young firms. In addition, both GE and the startups gained considerable publicity through their cooperation, indeed a characteristic that benefits both parties. Most of the expectations of the entrepreneurs were exceeded. However, communication and the scope of cooperation remain challenges. Micro companies spend their time developing and marketing their products and acquiring financing. Therefore, communication should be as clear as possible and accessible everywhere. The startups would prefer to cooperate significantly more, but few have the time available to assume the responsibility of leadership. The entrepreneurs also expected to have more possibilities for cooperation with GE. Wider collaboration might be accomplished by curation in the same way as it is used in the well-functioning coworking spaces where curators take care of practicalities and promote cooperation. Communication issues could be alleviated if the community had its own Intranet pages where all information could be concentrated. In particular, a common calendar and a room reservation system could be useful. In addition, it could be beneficial to have a section of the Intranet open for both the GE staff and the startups so that those willing to share their knowledge and those having project offers could use it for advertising.

Developing cost of poor quality calculations with emphasis on business impact

The main aim of this research was to develop cost of poor quality calculation model which will better reflect business impacts of lost productivity caused by IT incidents for the case company. This objective was pursued by reviewing literature and conducting a study in a Finnish multinational manufacturing company. Broad analysis of the scientific literature allowed to identify main theories and models of Cost of Poor Quality and provided better base for development of measurements of business impacts of lost productivity. Empirical data was gathered with semi-structured interviews and internet based survey. In total, twelve interviews with experts and 39 survey results from business stakeholders were gathered. Main results of empirical study helped to develop the measurement model of cost of poor quality and it was tied to incident priority matrix. Nevertheless, the model was created based on available data. Main conclusions of the thesis were that cost of poor quality measurements could be even further improved if additional data points could be used. New model takes into consideration different cost regions and utilizes on this notion.

Managing Finnish-Russian Business Relationships and Networks During Conflicts

This thesis examines management of business relationships during conflicts. The context of this study is the international political conflict which started in 2013 and is still affecting international trade relations in 2016. More specifically, this study researches the effects of the conflict in Finnish-Russian trade. The research aim is to identify the implications of a political conflict in the Finnish-Russian business relationships and networks. Furthermore, the study will explore how does a company adapt or overcome the challenges and barriers posed by the international business environment. This research combines relevant theories in management of business relationships and networks in order to review the research data through a critical research frame. The theoretical frameworks are different structures of business relationship development processes, various stages of interaction, and characteristics and functions of business relationships. Moreover, this study will examine the effect of interdependency, commitment and trust in trade relations. Also, what are the important exchange processes and how do these processes affect business relationship and overall performance of joint business operations. Qualitative single case study method was used in this research. Case company was a Finnish multinational company. To understand the changes, the data was collected and analysed through process research approach by pattern-matching and drawing temporal bracketing over two different periods of time, first period in years 2011-2013 and second period in years 2014-2016. Empirical data was collected through a semi-structured interview and additional data was collected from internal and external secondary data sources. The findings of the study confirmed the relationship between trade and conflict. However, the effects are not significant for a company in grocery retail industry which has had earlier experience in Russia and has managed its business relationships and operations effectively. Macroeconomic factors affect companies operating in foreign dynamic markets and in order to sustain changes and to adapt, companies should invest in their business relationships. Trust-based relationships and a higher level of commitment allow companies to have more efficient and beneficial outcomes before and during uncertainty. Furthermore, well-maintained and coordinated business relationships provide the ability to adapt and overcome challenges during uncertainty. Such relationships have information, financial and social exchange processes which allow the partnering firms to have successful business relationship management in dynamic market environments.

Improving purchasing process for small purchases at a manufacturing company in chemical industry

This thesis was conducted on assignment by a multinational chemical corporation as a case study. The purpose of this study is to find ways to improve the purchasing process for small purchases at the case company. The improvements looked after are mainly cost and time savings. Purchasing process is the process that starts from the requisition of goods or services and ends when the invoice is paid. In this thesis the purchases with value less than 1000€ are considered to be small. The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of general theoretical view of costs and performance of the purchasing process, different types of purchasing processes and a model for improving purchasing processes. The categorization to small and large purchases is the most important followed by the division between direct and indirect purchases. Also models that provide more strategic perspective for categorization were found to be useful. Auditing and managerial control are important parts of the purchasing process. When considering the transaction costs of purchasing from the costs–benefits perspective large and small purchases should not have the same processes. Purchasing cards, e-procurement and vendor managed inventory are seen as an alternative to the traditional purchasing process. The empirical data collection was done by interviewing the company employees that take part of the purchasing process in their daily work. The interviews had open-ended questions and the answers were coded and analyzed. The results consist of process description and assessment as well as suggestions for potential improvements. At the case company the basic purchasing process was similar to the traditional purchasing process that is entirely done with computers and online. For some categories there was already more sophisticated e-procurement solutions in use. To improve the current e-procurement based solutions elimination of authorization workflow and better information exchange can be seen as potential improvements for most of the case purchases. Purchasing cards and a lightweight form of vendor managed inventory can be seen as potential improvements for some categories. Implementing the changes incurs at least some cost and the benefits might be hard to measure. This thesis has revealed that the small purchases have potential for significant cost and time savings at the case company.

Recueil de pièces concernant les affaires d'État, en Allemagne, Pologne, Suède, Danemarck.

Contient : 1 « Traicté sur le dessein du feu roy Henry quatriesme pour l'entreprise de l'Empire, et advis de Rome sur cela, et les 3 harangues qui lui furent faictes par ses plus confidens conseillers » ; 2 Extraict du livre intitulé : « Respublica et status regni Hungariae, imprimé à Leyden, l'an 1634 » ; 3 « Discours de la capitulation faicte avec le comte Jean Philippes du Rhin, le vingt sixiesme jour d'aoust 1568 » ; 4 « Memoire envoié par le roy au Sr Schomberg, envoié de la part de Sa Majesté vers les princes de la Germanie, pour faire entendre ausdictz princes la mort de l'admiral Chastillon, arrivée à Paris, le vingt cinquiesme aoust 1572 » ; 5 « Instruction de monsieur de Schomberg, pour son voiage d'Allemagne, en 1616. Ladicle instruction porte que ledict Sr de Schomberg dissipera toutes les intelligences qu'il pourra apprendre estre faictes contre la France » ; 6 « Exemples des mariages des roys de France avec des filles d'Espagne » ; 7 « Pensions. Denombrement de ceux qui ont touché argent du roy » ; 8 « Declaration de HENRY, esleu roy de Pologne, sur certains articles concernant ledict royaume » ; 9 « Diverses Instructions aux ambassadeurs de Sa Majesté Tres Chrestienne envoiez en Allemagne en 1598, 1599 » ; 10 « Instruction à Mr de Boisdauphin, ambassadeur vers l'Empereur en Allemagne, en 1610 » ; 11 « Instruction au sieur de Monglas, allant en Allemagne, sur le subject du duc de Bouillon, en l'an 1606 » ; 12 « Instruction au sieur de Saincte Catherine, allant en Allemagne, 1609 » ; 13 « Instruction au sieur de Bongars, allant en Allemagne, en l'année 1609 » ; 14 « Autre Instruction au dict sieur de Bongars, allant en Allemagne, 1609 » ; 15 « Instruction au sieur de Widemar, allant à Cleves et Juilliers, en Allemagne, en 1609 » ; 16 « Instruction au sieur de La Boderie, allant en Allemagne, 1609 » ; 17 « Instruction au sieur de Baugy, s'en allant à la cour de l'Empereur » ; 18 « Instruction au Sr d'Arambures, allant en Allemagne, en l'année 1610 » ; 19 « Instruction et pouvoir au Sr de Boissise, pour traicter avec les princes et Estatz d'Allemagne, touchant les dioceses de Juilliers et de Cleves, en 1610 » ; 20 « Instruction aux sieurs de La Vieuville et president de Selve, allans en la ville d'Aix la Chapelle, en Allemagne, en 1611 » ; 21 « Instruction au duc de Bouillon, allant conduire à Heydelbergh l'electeur palatin, en octobre 1610 » ; 22 « Instruction au mareschal de La Chastre, conducteur de l'armée du roy au païs de Juilliers, au mois de juin 1610 » ; 23 « Instruction au duc des Deux Pons, s'en retournant en Allemagne, en juillet 1610 » ; 24 « Instruction de monsieur de Monglaz, s'en allant en Allemagne. A Paris, le 1er febvrier 1606 » ; 25 « Instruction au Sr de La Boissise, s'en allant en Allemagne pour le service du roy. A Paris, le 29e de decembre 1609 » ; 26 « Teneur d'une lettre portée par ledict sieur de Boissise aux electeurs de l'Empereur, de la part du roy » ; 27 « Instruction baillée au Sr de Rambures, s'en allant à Liege pour le faict du roy. A Paris, le 27 apvril 1610 » ; 28 « Instruction au sieur de Lussan, maistre d'hostel du roy, envoié par Sa Majesté en Allemagne vers Mr le duc de Virtemberg. 15 mars 1560 » ; 29 Bref du pape GREGOIRE XV à l'électeur de Trèves, Lothaire de Metternich. 8 janvier 1622 ; 30 « Manifeste de l'empereur FERDINAND II, envoié aux princes de la chrestienté, touchant la guerre de Boheme » ; 31 « Articles faicts par le comte palatin [FREDERIC V] sur les presentes affaires d'Allemagne » ; 32 « Declaration de l'empereur FERDINAND II, par laquelle l'electeur palatin est sommé de poser les armes, quitter et abandonner le royaume de Boheme et les provinces incorporées, 30 apvril 1620 » ; 33 « Lettre de monsieur le duc de Baviere [MAXIMILIEN Ier], escrite au prince electeur de Mayence [Jean Suicard], sur la deffaicte de l'armée du prince palatin et prise de Prague, du 9 novembre 1620 » ; 34 « Le Serment que Bethleem Gabor, prince de la Transilvanie, a faict au Turc, en la ville de Cassovie, 24 aoust 1620 » ; 35 « Serment de l'empereur des Turcs, faict en la ville de Constantinople à Bethleem Gabor » ; 36 « Conclusion de la paix arrestée entre le roy de Pologne et le Turc, 2 octobre 1621 » ; 37 « Traicté de paix entre l'empereur Ferdinand II et Christian IV, roy de Dannemark, conclud et arresté à Lubek, en l'année 1629. Ensemble le traicté de Ratisbonne, 1630 » ; 38 « Traicté de confederation à Hailbron, le 23 d'apvril 1633, entre la roine et couronne de Suede, d'une part, et les princes et autres estatz evangeliques des provinces electorales du Rhin, de Franconie, de Sueve et de la haute province du Rhin, contre l'Empereur et la Ligue catholique » ; 39 « Resolution de l'assemblée d'Halberstat, 17 febvrier 1634 » ; 40 « Assemblées de Francfort, 1639 » ; 41 « Lettre envoiée à Sa Majesté imperiale, contenant les remonstrances de l'assemblée de Leipsich, 18 mars 1631 » ; 42 « Mandement imperial contre les electeurs, princes et estatz protestans qui se sont trouvez à la dicte assemblée de Leipsich, ou ont approuvé les resolutions qui y ont esté prises » ; 43 « Prise de plusieurs places appartenantes aux electeurs de Mayence, Cologne, etc., par le roy de Suede » ; 44 « Capitulation conclue et accordée entre le roy de Suede, d'une part, et le gouverneur de la forteresse d'Oppenheim, de l'autre, sur la reddition dudict lieu, le 17 de decembre 1631 » ; 45 « Declaration de l'archevesque de Treves [Philippe Christophe de Sotern], par laquelle il accepte l'assistance royale de Louis XIII contre les perturbateurs de ses Estats » ; 46 « Pouvoir donné par l'Empereur au duc de Fridlant, comte de Valstein, comme à son general d'armée, 1632 » ; 47 « Resolution des estatz generaux du royaume de Suede, deliberée, conclue et publiée du consentement unanime des conseillers et estatz du royaume, en l'assemblée de Stokolme, le 14 mars 1633 » ; 48 « Extraict de la plaincte et remonstrance faicte avec zele et ferveur par Sa royale Majesté de Suede à ses gens de guerre et aux chefz qui leur commandoient soubz luy » ; 49 « De la Bataille de Leipsich, où mourut le roy de Suede vainqueur » ; 50 « Abbregé du discours du roy de Suede, faict aux princes, seigneurs et colonelz qui sont en sa cour, apres que son cheval eust esté tué soubz luy, par un coup de canon, dont un autre emporta la teste au marquis de Durlach » ; 51 « Traicté de Louis XIII, roy de France, avec Philippes Christophle, archevesque de Treves, electeur et evesque de Spire, par lequel le roy s'oblige d'assister le dict electeur contre ceux qui le voudront opprimer et, de plus, de faire sortir desdictz archevesché et evesché les gens de guerre du roy de Suede. A Erhmestein, le 9 apvril, l'an 1632 » ; 52 « Assemblée de Hailbron, 1633 » ; 53 « Copia litterarum ad imperatorem Ferdinandum II a CHRISTIANO IV°, Daniae rege, transmissarum. Copenhagae, 10 decembris 1633 » ; 54 « Traicté entre le roy Louis XIII et les princes et estatz protestans des cercles et provinces electorales de Franconie, Suave et du Rhin. A Francfort, 15 de septembre 1633 » ; 55 « Traicté de confederation de Louis XIII, roy de France, avec le duc de Virtemberg et autres princes d'Allemagne. A Paris, l'an 1634, le 1 novembre » ; 56 « Traicté de Louis XIII, roy de France, avec la ville imperiale de Colmar, qu'il prend en sa protection. Ruelle, 1 aoust 1635 » ; 57 « Traicté de confederation entre Louis XIII, roy de France, et Guillaume, landgrave de Hessen. A Wezel, le 21 octobre 1636 » ; 58 « Accord entre le roy de Pologne et le duc de Prusse sur l'imposition nouvellement establie audict duché de Prusse, 1638 » ; 59 « Traicté de confederation entre le roy Louis XIII et la landgrave de Hessen. A Dorsten, le 22e jour d'aoust 1639 » ; 60 « Declaration de la part de la landgrave de Hessen sur le traicté precedent de l'an 1639, le 22e aoust, faicte à Sainct Germain en Laye, le 22e mars 1640 » ; 61 « Autre Declaration de la part de ladicte landgrave de Hesse, sur ledict traicté de l'année 1639. A Sainct Germain en Laye, le 22e de mars 1640 » ; 62 « Pour la Souveraineté et jurisdiction du roy ez villes de Metz, Toul et Verdun » ; 63 « Les Circonstances de la mort du vice roy d'Irlande, sa harangue sur l'eschaffaut et la relation de plusieurs affaires d'importance traictées au parlement d'Angleterre » ; 64 « Regni Sueciae statuum decreta, condita in comitiis Stokholmiensibus, die 24 decembris 1627 » ; 65 « Regni Sueciae ordinum decreta, condita et conclusa in comitiis Stockholmensibus, die decima quarta martii anno 1633 » ; 66 « Origo Suecorum et Gothorum » ; 67 « Comitia in regno Sueciae, habita in urbe Nordkopiana, 22 martii anno.MDCIV » ; 68 « Danici cujusdam ministri fidelis ad regem suum super hodierno publicarum rerum statu relatio et consultatio, MDCXLV » ; 69 « Capita 9, 10, 11 et 12 libri octo Paraenesis ad sectarios Joannis Barclaii, quae desunt in omnibus editionibus » ; 70 « Epistola ad illustrissimum et reverendissimum cardinalem Lotharingum, 5° idus aug. 1572. NICOLAUS SANDERUS » ; 71 « Epistola ad illustri[ssi]mum et reverendissimum cardinalem Lotharingicum, XXa octob. 1572 » ; 72 « Troubles d'Ecosse et d'Angleterre, 1638 » ; 73 « Lettre escripte d'Edimbourg en Escosse par un des principaux autheurs de la rebellion »