Desenvolvimento de novos m��todos anal��ticos para controle da qualidade de alimentos - an��lise de micotoxinas

Disserta����o apresentada para obten����o do grau de Mestre em Bioorg��nica

Jos�� Ferreira Borges ��� Pol��tica e Economia

Cultura Moderna e Contempor��nea, n.2

(8) ANAIS - Educa����o e Desenvolvimento

Este oitavo volume dos Anais contem as principais publica����es dos diversos programas e linhas de investiga����o da Unidade de Investiga����o de Educa����o e Desenvolvimento (UIED) referentes ao ano de 2007. Inicia-se com um conjunto de textos resultantes da mesa-redonda de homenagem �� Prof. Doutora Teresa Arnbr��sio, fundadora do nosso Centro de Investiga����o. Esta sess��o em Lisboa encerrou o 2I..rvICol��quio da AFIRSE em 17 de Fevereiro de 2007 e foi coordenada pela Prof. Doutora Id��lia S��-Chaves. Interligando sisternicamente a vida e a ci��ncia - parafraseando a feliz express��o do Prof. Doutor Herm��nio Duarte-Ramos -, os textos escritos por colegas e estudantes que com ela conviveram de perto testemunham a sua profunda influ��ncia nas formas de entender a Educa����o e nos respectivos percursos de vida. A publica����o, espelha-se o trabalho das tr��s linhas de investiga����o da Unidade de Investiga����o centradas n��o s�� na ��rea da Educa����o e Sociedade, problematizando o conceito de desenvolvimento no mundo actual -com as suas vertentes no ��mbito das politicas educativas, da forma����o ao longo da vida, da rela����o entre a educa����o e o desenvolvimento pessoal - mas tamb��m na educa����o em ci��ncia, e na rela����o da educa����o e as novas tecnologias. Uma informa����o complementar actualizada sobre a organiza����o da UIED, bem como dos trabalhos de Teses de Doutoramento e de Mestrado realizados no Departamento de Ci��ncias SociaisAplicadas da Faculdade de Ci��ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa com o apoio de projectos de investiga����o desenvolvidos na Unidade, �� inserida neste volume, tal como ocorreu em volumes anteriores.

Etnografias portuguesas (1870-1970). Cultura popular e identidade nacional

274 p��g.

Otomycosis in S��o Paulo

In view of the lack of researches on otomycoses in Brazil, we have tried to study their incidence, their clinical characteristics and the predisponent factors During one year, 22 suspected cases were seen, 20 of them corresponded to otomycosis infections. The most frequent species were Aspergillus niger (35%) and Candida albicans (20%). The genus Aspergillus represented 75% of the isolates. Itching and hyperaemia (70%), otalgia (65%), hipoacusia (50%) were the commonest signs. Lack of cerumen (70%) chronic otitis (30%) previous antibiotic therapy and eczema (25%) were the most outstanding predisponent factors.

Hepatic parasympathetic nerve dysfunction involved in the deregulation of postprandial whole-body insulin sensitivity:a road to diabetes and associated pathologies

FCM: UC Fisiologia - Teses de Doutoramento

Slaughterhouses fungal burden assessment: a contribution for the pursuit of a better assessment strategy

In slaughterhouses, the biological risk is present not only from the direct or indirect contact with animal matter, but also from the exposure to bioaerosols. Fungal contamination was already reported from the floors and walls of slaughterhouses. This study intends to assess fungal contamination by cultural and molecular methods in poultry, swine/bovine and large animal slaughterhouses. Air samples were collected through an impaction method, while surface samples were collected by the swabbing method and subjected to further macro- and micro-scopic observations. In addition, we collected air samples using the impinger method in order to perform real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of genes from specific fungal species, namely A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. ochraceus complexes. Poultry and swine/bovine slaughterhouses presented each two sampling sites that surpass the guideline of 150 CFU/m3. Scopulariopsis candida was the most frequently isolated (59.5%) in poultry slaughterhouse air; Cladosporium sp. (45.7%) in the swine/bovine slaughterhouse; and Penicillium sp. (80.8%) in the large animal slaughterhouse. Molecular tools successfully amplified DNA from the A. fumigatus complex in six sampling sites where the presence of this fungal species was not identified by conventional methods. This study besides suggesting the indicators that are representative of harmful fungal contamination, also indicates a strategy as a protocol to ensure a proper characterization of fungal occupational exposure.

Aspergillosis in immunocompromised children acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow aplasia.: Report of two cases

Two cases of Aspergillosis in immunocompromised children are reported. Both were caused by Aspergillns flavus. Early diagnosis and treatment led to the remission of the process. One patient had acute myeloid leukemia; the fungus was isolated from the blood. The other patient with bone marrow aplasia, presented an invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses with dissemination of fungal infection; the diagnosis was obtained by histology and culture of biopsied tissue from a palatal ulceration.

Desindustrializa����o. Reindustrializa����o. Terciariza����o

pp. 75-88

Exposi����o a fungos dos trabalhadores dos gin��sios com piscina

RESUMO - Os trabalhadores dos gin��sios com piscinas apresentam maior preval��ncia de les��es f��ngicas, como a Tinea pedis e a onicomicose, devido ��s caracter��sticas intr��nsecas da sua actividade profissional, pois apresentam mais horas por dia de exposi����o �� contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies. Esta situa����o verifica-se n��o s�� por serem os que mais frequentam os locais poss��veis de estarem contaminados, como �� o caso de balne��rios, vesti��rios e zona envolvente ��s piscinas, mas tamb��m porque algumas das actividades desenvolvidas s��o realizadas com os p��s descal��os. Al��m disso, a utiliza����o de roupa sint��tica e de cal��ado ocluso, que ret��m a suda����o excessiva, favorece o desenvolvimento f��ngico. Constituiu objectivo deste trabalho conhecer o risco de infec����o e/ou les��o (Tinea pedis e onicomicose) nos trabalhadores dos gin��sios com piscina e a sua eventual rela����o com a exposi����o �� contamina����o f��ngica (ar e superf��cies) dos locais de trabalho. Foram descritas as vari��veis ambientais e biol��gicas que influenciam a infec����o e/ou les��o f��ngica em ambiente profissional e exploradas eventuais associa����es entre essas mesmas vari��veis. Foram tamb��m conhecidas as diferen��as da contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies entre as duas principais esta����es do ano (Ver��o e Inverno) e entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o. O estudo realizado possui uma componente transversal, em que se pretendeu descrever os fen��menos ambientais e biol��gicos da contamina����o f��ngica em ambiente profissional e explorar eventuais associa����es entre vari��veis; uma componente longitudinal, em que foram conhecidas as diferen��as sazonais da contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies; e, ainda, uma componente quase experimental, em que foi analisada a distribui����o f��ngica nas superf��cies antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o. Na vertente transversal foi considerada uma amostra de 10 gin��sios com piscina e outra amostra de, pelo menos, 10 profissionais de cada estabelecimento, perfazendo um total de 124 trabalhadores (75 Homens - 60,48% e 49 Mulheres - 39,52%). Foram realizadas 258 colheitas biol��gicas aos p��s dos trabalhadores, efectuada a avalia����o ambiental da contamina����o f��ngica dos estabelecimentos atrav��s de 50 colheitas de amostras de ar e 120 colheitas de amostras de superf��cies (60 antes e 60 depois da lavagem e desinfec����o) e efectuados os respectivos processamento laboratorial e identifica����o f��ngica. Foram tamb��m avaliadas as vari��veis ambientais temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar, preenchidas 10 grelhas de observa����o, com o objectivo de efectuar o registo de informa����o sobre as vari��veis que xx influenciam a exposi����o ocupacional ��s esp��cies f��ngicas e, ainda, completadas 124 grelhas de observa����o inerentes �� colheita de material biol��gico, de modo a realizar o registo dos profissionais com les��o e outras informa����es pertinentes para a an��lise laboratorial. Todos os 124 trabalhadores responderam a um question��rio, em simult��neo �� realiza����o das colheitas biol��gicas, de modo a conhecer algumas das vari��veis individuais e profissionais com pertin��ncia para o presente estudo. Num dos estabelecimentos, foram tamb��m estudadas as diferen��as da contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o e, ainda, entre as duas esta����es do ano (Ver��o e Inverno). Nesse estabelecimento, foram realizadas 36 colheitas de superf��cies antes e 36 colheitas depois da lavagem e desinfec����o, em 6 dias diferentes da semana, durante 6 semanas sequenciais em cada esta����o do ano, completando um total de 72 colheitas de superf��cies. Foi ainda criado e aplicado um m��todo para estabelecer um padr��o de exposi����o profissional a fungos nas superf��cies, de modo a permitir definir n��veis semi-quantitativos de estima����o do risco de infec����o f��ngica dos trabalhadores dos gin��sios com piscinas. Para o crit��rio da Gravidade, considerou-se que a gravidade da contamina����o e, consequentemente, da poss��vel les��o, est�� intimamente relacionada com a esp��cie f��ngica envolvida. Foram calculadas as m��dias da contamina����o f��ngica por cada estabelecimento antes da lavagem e desinfec����o, de modo a estabelecer os n��veis de Frequ��ncia e, em rela����o �� Exposi����o, foram estabelecidos intervalos para agrupar as horas semanais de trabalho. Dos 124 trabalhadores que participaram no estudo, 58 (46,8%) possu��am les��es vis��veis. Nesses 58, as Leveduras foram as mais isoladas (41,4%), seguidas dos Dermat��fitos (24,1%) e de Fungos Filamentosos N��o Dermat��fitos (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis e Rhodotorula sp. foram as Leveduras mais frequentemente isoladas (20,2%); no caso dos Dermat��fitos, Trichophyton rubrum foi a esp��cie mais frequente (55,5%) e, relativamente aos Fungos Filamentosos N��o Dermat��fitos, Penicillium sp. foi o mais isolado (15,6%), seguido do g��nero Fusarium (12,5%). No que concerne �� contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies, 37 fungos filamentosos foram isolados. Fusarium foi o g��nero mais frequente, antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o (19,1% - 17,2%). Em rela����o aos fungos leveduriformes, 12 leveduras diferentes foram identificadas, tendo sido os g��neros Cryptococcus (40,6%) e Candida (49,3%) os mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o, respectivamente. Em rela����o �� contamina����o f��ngica do ar, foram identificados 25 fungos filamentosos diferentes, em que os 3 g��neros mais frequentemente isolados foram Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) e Aspergillus (10,2%). Relativamente ��s leveduras, foi identificado o g��nero xxi Rhodotorula (87,5%) e as esp��cies Trichosporon mucoides e Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Verificou-se associa����o, ao n��vel de signific��ncia de 5%, entre les��o vis��vel e horas semanais e entre les��o vis��vel e tempo de profiss��o, comprovando a influ��ncia da dura����o da exposi����o ao factor de risco (contamina����o f��ngica do ambiente profissional), para a presen��a de les��o vis��vel nos trabalhadores expostos (Tinea pedis e onicomicose), ficando demonstrada a rela����o entre a exposi����o ao factor de risco em estudo ��� exposi����o profissional a fungos ��� com os efeitos para a sa��de. As vari��veis ambientais avaliadas (temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar) n��o influenciaram a contamina����o f��ngica do ar e das superf��cies, n��o tendo sido evidenciada nenhuma rela����o estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Contudo, verificou-se influ��ncia do n��mero de ocupantes que frequentaram cada um dos estabelecimentos nas m��dias das unidades formadoras de col��nias por metro quadrado nas superf��cies antes da lavagem e desinfec����o. N��o se verificou correla����o entre os resultados quantitativos da contamina����o f��ngica do ar e a das superf��cies dos 10 estabelecimentos monitorizados. No entanto, verificaram-se diferen��as significativas, ao n��vel de signific��ncia de 10%, entre a contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies e a contamina����o f��ngica do ar (p<0,1), tendo-se constatado que apesar de 50% dos valores mais baixos terem sido superiores na contamina����o f��ngica do ar, a contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies apresentou-se com maior variabilidade quantitativa. Em rela����o ��s diferen��as significativas na contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies nos 10 estabelecimentos entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o, apenas se verificou redu����o significativa (p<0,05) da contamina����o f��ngica depois da lavagem e desinfec����o nos balne��rios e vesti��rios masculinos em rela����o aos fungos leveduriformes. No estabelecimento seleccionado, verificou-se que a rela����o entre a contamina����o f��ngica e a temperatura e humidade relativa n��o foi significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as esta����es do ano e tamb��m n��o se constatou influ��ncia dos ocupantes nos valores m��dios das unidades formadoras de col��nias por metro quadrado das superf��cies antes da lavagem e desinfec����o em ambas as esta����es de ano. Em quase todas as situa����es em que se verificaram diferen��as significativas entre as duas esta����es do ano, verificou-se um aumento das unidades formadoras de col��nias por metro quadrado no Inverno, com excep����o do total das unidades formadoras de col��nias por metro quadrado antes da lavagem e desinfec����o nos balne��rios e vesti��rios masculinos em que se verificou aumento no Ver��o. Constatou-se tamb��m que apenas ocorreu redu����o da xxii contamina����o f��ngica depois da lavagem e desinfec����o nas escadas de acesso no Inverno e nos balne��rios e vesti��rios masculinos no Ver��o. Com a aplica����o do m��todo para estabelecer um padr��o de exposi����o profissional a fungos nas superf��cies obteve-se, nos 10 estabelecimentos, com N��vel de Risco M��nimo 65 locais (54,2%), com N��vel de Risco M��dio 23 locais (19,2%) e com N��vel de Risco Elevado 32 locais (26,6%). Pr��ximo do jacuzzi e junto ao tanque foram os locais com mais classifica����es de N��vel de Risco Elevado. No estabelecimento seleccionado verificou-se que, no Ver��o, depois da lavagem e desinfec����o, ocorreu um maior n��mero de locais classificados no N��vel de Risco Elevado e, no Inverno, constatou-se a situa����o inversa, tendo sido observado maior n��mero de locais com N��vel de Risco Elevado antes da lavagem e desinfec����o. Junto ao tanque e nas escadas de acesso �� zona envolvente ao jacuzzi e tanque foram os locais com mais classifica����es de N��vel de Risco Elevado, no Ver��o e no Inverno. Foram isolados nas superf��cies fungos comuns aos isolados nos trabalhadores. Antes da lavagem e desinfec����o, 30,3% dos fungos foram isolados nas superf��cies e nos trabalhadores e depois desses procedimentos 45,5% dos fungos foram tamb��m isolados comummente. As Leveduras foram as mais isoladas comummente e as que se verificaram mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfec����o da superf��cies e, tamb��m, nos resultados das colheitas biol��gicas realizadas aos trabalhadores, foram o g��nero Rhodotorula e a esp��cie Candida parapsilosis, permitindo confirmar que a infec����o f��ngica dos trabalhadores est�� relacionada com a contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies. Concluiu-se que �� necess��ria a interven����o em Sa��de Ocupacional no ��mbito da vigil��ncia ambiental e da vigil��ncia da sa��de, com o intuito de diminuir a preval��ncia das infec����es f��ngicas. Para a prossecu����o desse objectivo, sugere-se a implementa����o de medidas preventivas, nomeadamente: o controlo da contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies mediante procedimentos de lavagem e desinfec����o eficazes, de modo a minimizar a contamina����o f��ngica das superf��cies; a identifica����o precoce da infec����o atrav��s da realiza����o de colheitas biol��gicas peri��dicas aos trabalhadores, inseridas num protocolo de vigil��ncia da sa��de; e, ainda, a sensibiliza����o para a aplica����o de medidas de higiene pessoal e o tratamento das patologias. A aplica����o do m��todo criado para estabelecer um padr��o de exposi����o profissional a fungos nas superf��cies servir�� n��o s�� para a estima����o do risco de infec����o f��ngica dos trabalhadores de gin��sios com piscinas, mas tamb��m para facilitar o estabelecimento de valores f��ngicos de refer��ncia, a implementa����o de medidas correctivas adequadas e imediatas e, ainda, a preven����o de infec����es f��ngicas, n��o s�� nos gin��sios com piscina, mas tamb��m noutros contextos profissionais. ------------ SUMMARY - Gyms with swimming pools workers have higher prevalence of fungal injuries, such as Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. This is due to their work intrinsic characteristics, since they have more hours per day of exposure to surfaces fungal contamination. This occurs not only because they attend sites most likely to be contaminated, such as showers, changing rooms and pool surrounding area, but also because some of the activities are done barefoot. Furthermore, synthetic clothing and occluded footwear use, which retain the excessive sweating, promotes fungal development. The aim of this study was to know gymnasiums with swimming pool workers infection and/or injury (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis) risk, and its possible relationship with exposure to workplace fungal contamination (air and surfaces). This study describes environmental and biological variables that influence infection and/or fungal injury in a professional setting and explored possible associations between these variables. Differences in surfaces fungal contamination between the two main seasons (summer and winter), as well between before and after cleaning and disinfection were known. It was developed a study with an cross-sectional perspective, that aimed to describe the biological and environmental phenomena of fungal contamination in a professional environment and explore possible associations between variables; an longitudinal perspective in which were known surfaces fungal contamination seasonal differences; and also with an almost experimental perspective that analyzed surfaces fungal distribution before and after cleaning and disinfection. The cross-sectional perspective comprised 10 gyms with swimming pool sample, and another sample of, at least, 10 professionals in each establishment totalling 124 workers (75 men ��� 60,48%, and 49 women ��� 39,52%). Were performed 258 biological samples at workers feet, environmental fungal contamination evaluation from the establishments through 50 air samples and 120 surfaces samples (60 before and 60 after cleaning and disinfection) and conducted their laboratory processing and fungal identification. Were also evaluated environmental variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity completed 10 observation grids, in order to obtain data about variables that affect occupational exposure to fungal species, and also completed 124 observation grids inherent to biological material collection, in order to know the professionals with injury and other relevant information for laboratory analysis. All 124 workers answered to a questionnaire at the same time that occur biological samples collection, in order to xxv obtain information about some of the individual and professional variables with relevance to this study. In one of the establishments were also studied differences concerning surfaces fungal contamination between before and after cleaning and disinfection, and also between two main seasons (summer and winter). In this setting, there were performed 36 surfaces samples before and 36 surfaces samples after cleaning and disinfection on 6 different week days for 6 sequential weeks in each season, totalling 72 surfaces samples. It was also created and implemented a method to establish a pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, in order to help define semi-quantitative levels estimation to fungal infection risk in gyms with swimming pools workers. For Gravity criterion it was considered that contamination severity and, thus, the possible injury are closely related to implicate fungal species. Was calculated fungal contamination average by each establishment prior cleaning and disinfection, in order to establish Frequency levels. Regarding Exposure, were established weekly hours group intervals spent in professional activity. From the 124 professionals tested, 58 (46,8%) had visible injuries. In the 58 workers, Yeasts were the most isolated (41,4%), followed by Dermatophytes (24,1%) and Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were the most frequently isolated Yeasts (20,2% for each), from Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (55,5%) and from Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. was the most frequent (15,6%), followed by Fusarium genera (12,5%). Regarding surfaces fungal contamination, 37 filamentous fungi were isolated. Fusarium genera was the most frequent, before and after cleaning and disinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Considering yeasts, 12 different yeasts were identified, being Cryptococcus (40,6%) and Candida (49,3%) genera the more frequent before and after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. In relation to air fungal contamination, 25 different filamentous fungi were identified and the 3 most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) and Aspergillus (10,2%). For yeasts, were identified Rhodotorula genera (87,5%), and also the species Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Was found association with 5% significance level, between visible injury and weekly hours and between visible injury and occupation time, confirming exposure duration influence to risk factor (work environment fungal contamination) for the visible injury presence in exposed workers (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis), being confirmed the relation between the study exposure risk - occupational exposure to fungi - with health effects. xxvi Environmental variables evaluated (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) did not affect air and surfaces fungal contamination and wasn���t found no statistically significant relation (p>0,05). However, there was evidence that occupant���s number influence surfaces colony forming units mean per square meter before cleaning and disinfection. There was no correlation between quantitative data from air fungal contamination and surfaces fungal contamination from the 10 establishments monitored. However, there were significant differences with 10% significance level, between surfaces and air fungal contamination (p<0,1), and despite 50% of the lowest rates were higher in air fungal contamination, it was found that surfaces fungal contamination had more quantitative variability. Regarding differences from the 10 establishments surfaces fungal contamination, between before and after cleaning and disinfection, there was only a significant reduction (p<0,05) in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms for yeasts. In the selected establishment, it was found that relation between fungal contamination and temperature and relative humidity was not significant (p>0,05) in both seasons, and also there wasn���t no influence observed from occupants in surfaces colony forming units mean per square meters before cleaning and disinfection in both seasons. In almost all situations where significant differences between the two seasons were shown, there was a colony-forming units per square meter increase in winter. There was an exception in total colony forming units per square meter before cleaning and disinfection in male changing room���s exception, where there was an increase in summer. Furthermore, was found that only occur a reduction in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection, on access stairs in winter, as well as in male changing rooms in summer. With application from the method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, it was obtained, in the 10 establishments, 65 sites with Low Risk Level (54,2%), 23 sites with Average Risk Level (19,2%) and 32 sites with High Risk Level (26,6%). Near swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications. In the selected establishment, was found that in the summer, after cleaning and disinfection, there were a greater number of sites classified as High Risk Level, and in winter it was found the opposite situation, being noted more places with High Risk Level before cleaning and disinfection. Next to swimming pool and access stairs to swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications in Summer and Winter. Were isolated common fungi in surfaces and in workers. Prior to cleaning and disinfection 30,3% of fungi were isolated on surfaces and workers, and after 45,5% of fungi were also xxvii commonly isolated. The Yeasts were the most commonly isolated and the most frequent before and after surfaces cleaning and disinfection, and also in workers biological samples, were Rhodotorula genera and Candida parapsilosis, allowing confirming that workers fungal infection is related with surfaces fungal contamination. It was concluded that Occupational Health intervention it is necessary, in environmental monitoring and health surveillance perspective, in order to reduce fungal infections prevalence. To achieve this objective, preventive measures implementation it���s recommended, including: surfaces fungal contamination control, through effective cleaning and disinfecting in order to minimize surfaces fungal contamination; early infection identification by performing periodic biological sampling from workers, included in a health surveillance protocol; and also personal hygiene and diseases treatment awareness. Application of the created method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, will be useful not only for estimating workers from gymnasiums with swimming pools fungal infection risk, but also to facilitate fungal reference values stipulation, effective and corrective measures implementation, and also, fungal infections prevention, not only in gymnasiums with swimming pool, but also in other professional settings.----------------- R��SUM�� - Les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines pr��sentent souvent des infections fongiques, telles que Tinea pedis et aussi des onychomycoses, dues �� leur activit�� professionnel, parce qu���ils restent plus longtemps tout pr��s des surfaces avec une certaine contamination fongique. Toute cette situation est due non seulement parce qu���ils sont ceux qui fr��quentent plus souvent les places plus contamin��es: des baln��aires, des vestiaires et des zones autour des piscines, mais aussi ils r��alisent des activit��s aux pieds nus ou avec des chaussures tr��s ferm��s et encore quelques fois avec des v��tements synth��tiques. Tout cela emm��ne �� une grande sudation ce qui aidera au d��veloppement fongique. Un objective de ce travaille a ��t�� conna��tre le risque d���infection et/ou pr��sence de l��sion (Tinea pedis et des onychomycoses) dans les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines et leur ��ventuel rapport avec l���exposition �� la contamination fongique (de l���air et des surfaces) dans leurs locaux de travaille. On a d��crit aussi des variables d���environnement et biologiques qui ont une certaine influence dans les infections fongiques dans tout l���environnement professionnel et aussi approfondir des ��ventuels associations entre ces m��me variables. On a encore reconnu des diff��rences de la contamination fongique avant et apr��s des lavages et d��sinfection de ces surfaces. Aussi on a trouv�� des diff��rences de contamination en ��t�� et en Hiver. Cet ��tude a un composante transversale, en visant la description des ph��nom��nes de contamination fongique biologique et de l'environnement dans un environnement professionnel et l�����tude des associations possibles entre les variables; une composante longitudinale dans laquelle ils ��taient connus comme des variations saisonni��res de la contamination fongique des surfaces, et m��me; un quasi-composante exp��rimentale, o�� elle a examin�� la r��partition des champignons surfaces avant et apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection. Dans la composante transversale on ��t�� consid��r��s 1 ��chantillons de 10 gymnases avec des piscines et un autre ��chantillon de au moins 10 professionnels de chaque ��tablissement dans un total 124 travailleurs (75 hommes - 60,48% et 49 femmes - 39,52%). On a r��alis�� 258 pr��l��vements aux pieds des travailleurs et on a effectu�� en simultan�� la validation par contamination fongique de l���environnement par 50 pr��l��vements de l���air et par 120 pr��l��vements de surfaces (60 avant et 60 apr��s des lavages et des d��sinfections) et on a effectu�� leur traitement en laboratoire et l���identification fongique. On a fait aussi l�����valuation des variables de l���environnement, la temp��rature, l���humidit�� relative et la vitesse de l���air. On a remplie 10 tableaux xxix d���observation, avec l���objective d���obtenir des informations sur les variables qu���influenceront l���exposition occupationnel aux souches fongiques, et encore 124 tableaux d���observation li��e au pr��l��vement du mat��riel biologique, pour r��aliser le registre des professionnels avec des l��sions et des autres informations pertinentes pour une analyse laboratoire. Tous ces 124 travailleurs ont rempli un questionnaire au m��me temps que les pr��l��vements biologiques, afin de conna��tre quelques variables individuels et professionnels importants pour cet ��tude. Dans un des ��tablissements on a aussi ��tudi�� les diff��rences fongiques des surfaces parmi avant et apr��s les lavages et de la d��sinfection et encore parmi l�����t�� et l���Hiver. Dans ce m��me ��tablissement on a r��alis�� 36 pr��l��vements des surfaces avant et 36 apr��s des lavages et de la d��sinfection, pendant 6 jours diff��rents de la semaine, pendant 6 semaines en chaque saison de l���ann��e, dans un total de 72 pr��l��vements des surfaces. On a encore cri�� et appliqu�� une m��thode pour ��tablir un standard d���exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, afin de permettre la d��finition des niveaux semi quantitative d���estimation des risques d���infection fongique des travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines. Pour le crit��re de Gravit��, il a ��t�� consid��r�� que la gravit�� de la contamination, et donc les possibles dommages, est ��troitement li��e aux esp��ces fongiques impliqu��es. Nous avons calcul�� la moyenne de la contamination fongique par chaque ��tablissement avant le lavage et la d��sinfection afin d'��tablir les niveaux de Fr��quence et, par rapport �� l'Exposition, ont ��t�� cr��es pour regrouper les intervalles d'heures hebdomadaires consacr��es �� l'activit�� professionnelle en question. Sur les 124 travailleurs qui ont particip�� �� l'��tude, 58 (46,8%) avaient des l��sions visibles. Parmi ces 58, les Levures ont ��t�� les plus isol��es (41,4%), suivis par des Dermatophytes (24,1%) et des Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. ont ��t�� les Levures les plus fr��quemment isol��es (20,2%); dans le cas des Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum est le plus fr��quent (55,5%) et pour les Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. a ��t�� le plus isol�� (15,6%), suivi par Fusarium sp. (12,5%). En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique des surfaces, 37 champignons filamenteux ont ��t�� isol��s. Le genre Fusarium est le plus fr��quent avant et apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Pour la levure, 12 levures diff��rentes ont ��t�� identifi��es, ayant ��t�� Cryptococcus sp. (40,6%) et Candida sp. (49,3%) les plus fr��quents avant et apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection, respectivement. En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique de l'air, on a identifi�� 25 diff��rents champignons filamenteux, o�� les 3 genres les plus fr��quemment isol��s ��taient Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) et Aspergillus (10,2%). Pour les levures, il a ��t�� identifi�� le genre xxx Rhodotorula (87,5%) et les esp��ces Trichosporon mucoides et Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). On a v��rifi�� une association, au niveau de signification de 5%, entre les l��sions visibles et les heures hebdomadaires et entre les l��sions visibles et la dur��e d���occupation, ce qui confirme l'influence de la dur��e de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (contamination fongique dans le milieu de travail) pour la pr��sence des l��sions visibles chez les travailleurs expos��s (Tinea pedis et onychomycose), en d��montrant une relation entre l'exposition au facteur de risque dans ces ��tudes - l'exposition professionnelle aux champignons - avec les effets sur la sant��. Les variables environnementales ��valu�� (temp��rature, humidit�� relative et la vitesse de l'air) ne modifient pas la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces; donc, n'a pas ��t�� d��montr�� aucune relation statistiquement significative (p>0,05). Cependant, il y a une influence du nombre d'occupants qui ont particip�� �� chacun des ��tablissements en moyenne des unit��s formant colonie par m��tre carr�� sur la surface avant le lavage et la d��sinfection. Il n'y avait pas de corr��lation entre les r��sultats quantitatifs de la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces des 10 ��tablissements surveill��s, cependant il existe des diff��rences importantes, au niveau de signification de 10% entre la contamination fongique des surfaces et de la contamination fongique de l'air (p <0,1), on a constat�� que malgr�� 50% des niveaux les plus bas ��taient plus ��lev��s dans la contamination fongique de l'air, la contamination fongique des surfaces pr��sent��e une plus grande variabilit�� quantitativement. En ce qui concerne les diff��rences de la contamination fongique des surfaces dans les 10 ��tablissements entre avant et apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection, il y avait seulement une r��duction significative (p<0,05) de la contamination fongique apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection dans les baln��aires et vestiaires pour les hommes par rapport aux levures. Lors de l'��tablissement choisi, on a constat�� que le rapport entre la contamination fongique et la temp��rature et l'humidit�� relative n'��tait pas significatif (p>0,05) dans les deux saisons et aussi on n���a pas observ�� l'influence des occupants en moyenne des unit��s formant colonie par m��tres carr��s de surfaces avant le lavage et la d��sinfection dans les deux saisons de l'ann��e. Dans presque toutes les situations ou on a v��rifi�� des diff��rences significatives entre les deux saisons, il ya eu une augmentation des unit��s formant des colonies par m��tre carr�� en Hiver, �� l'exception du total des unit��s formant des colonies par m��tre carr�� avant le lavage et d��sinfection dans les baln��aires et vestiaires des hommes o�� il y a eu une augmentation en ��t��. On a ��galement ��t�� constat�� que seulement a eu une r��duction de la contamination des xxxi champignons apr��s la d��sinfection de l'escalier d'acc��s en Hiver et dans les baln��aires et vestiaires des hommes en ��t��. Avec la m��thode pour ��tablir standard d���exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces on a obtenu dans les 10 ��tablissements, avec le Niveau de Risque Faible de 65 places (54,2%), avec le Niveau de Risque Moyen 23 places (19,2%) et 32 places avec le Niveau de Risque ��lev�� (26,6%). Pr��s du jacuzzi et pr��s de la piscine sont les lieux avec des plus ��valuations de Niveau de Risque ��lev��. Lors de l'��tablissement choisi, il a ��t�� constat�� que, dans l'��t��, apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection, un plus grand nombre de places ��valu��es comme pr��sentant un Niveau de Risque ��lev�� et en Hiver on a constat�� la situation inverse avec de nombreux points de Niveau de Risque ��lev�� avant le lavage et la d��sinfection. A c��t�� de la piscine et les escaliers ont ��t�� les lieux avec plus grands classifications de Niveau de Risque ��lev�� en ��t�� et en Hiver. On a isol��, chez les travailleurs, des champignons communs aux isol��s sur les surfaces. Avant le lavage et la d��sinfection, 30,3% des champignons ont ��t�� isol��s sur les travailleurs et sur les surfaces et, apr��s ces proc��dures, 45,5% des champignons ont ��t�� isol��s fr��quemment. Les levures les plus souvent isol��es et les plus fr��quentes avant et apr��s le lavage et la d��sinfection des surfaces, et aussi dans les r��sultats d'��chantillons biologiques pr��lev��s sur les travailleurs, ��taient du genre Rhodotorula et les esp��ces de Candida parapsilosis, ce qui permet confirmer que l'infection fongique des travailleurs est li��e �� la contamination fongique des surfaces. On a conclu qu���il est n��cessaire l'intervention en Sant�� Occupationnelle sous la surveillance de l'environnement et sous la surveillance de la sant��, afin de r��duire la pr��valence des infections fongiques. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous sugg��rons la mise en oeuvre de mesures pr��ventives, y compris: le contr��le de la contamination fongique des surfaces par des m��thodes de lavage et de d��sinfection afin de minimiser la contamination fongique des surfaces, l'identification pr��coce de l'infection avec des pr��l��vements biologiques p��riodiques, notamment un protocole pour la surveillance de la sant��, et aussi la conscience du sens de l'hygi��ne personnelle et le traitement des pathologies. La m��thode mise en place pour l�����tablissement d���un standard d���exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, servira �� estimer non seulement le risque d'infection fongique des travailleurs dans les gymnases avec des piscines, mais aussi pour faciliter l'��tablissement de valeurs de r��f��rence de champignons, l'application des mesures correctives imm��diates et appropri��es, et aussi la pr��vention des infections fongiques, non seulement dans les gymnases avec piscine, mais aussi dans d'autres contextes professionnels.

Airborne fungi in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Knowledge of anemophilous fungi in a given city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhaled allergens. In order to diagnose the presence of anemophilous fungi, several qualitative and quantitative techniques are used depending on the study place. This study of fungal air spores was performed with a Rotorod Sampler��, an equipment which samples the air through a plastic rod attached to an electric engine that makes it spin fast enough to collect the particles in the air. The samples were collected once a week during 24 hours using the standard cycle of the manufacturers. A total of 52 samples were obtained from April 2000 through March 2001. The results revealed prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), and a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Also, 1.59% of the spores detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. More fungal spores were observed during the summer than during the autumn.

Universidade inclusiva e o aluno com necessidades especiais: a investiga����o realizada em Portugal

A presente investiga����o tem como objetivo principal contribuir para a reflex��o e sensibiliza����o das NEE no Ensino Superior, atrav��s da sistematiza����o da investiga����o cient��fica realizada em Portugal, nos ��ltimos anos. Pretende-se, assim, contribuir para um maior conhecimento desta realidade no nosso pa��s. Para o efeito, procedeu-se a um levantamento bibliogr��fico dos documentos dispon��veis na ��rea das NEE no ES em tr��s bases de dados: RCAAP (Reposit��rio Cient��fico de Acesso Aberto em Portugal); B-On (Biblioteca de Conhecimento Online) e o motor de busca Google. Ap��s a consulta das bases de dados, foram encontrados trinta e cinco documentos, distribu��dos em oito Teses (seis Teses de Mestrado e duas Teses de Doutoramento), onze artigos em Revista (dez artigos em Revista Nacional e um artigo em Revista Internacional), quinze Documentos em Confer��ncia e um Cap��tulo de Livro. Os dados recolhidos permitem perceber que, paulatinamente, a quest��o das NEE no Ensino Superior tem despertado o interesse dos investigadores, sendo uma ��rea onde a possibilidade e necessidade de mais estudos �� uma realidade.

O Partido Comunista Portugu��s e a Guerra Fria: ���sectarismo���, ���desvio de direita���, ���Rumo �� vit��ria��� (1949-1965)

Disserta����o apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necess��rios �� obten����o do grau de Doutor em Hist��ria Institucional e Pol��tica Contempor��nea

Dynamics of cork mycobiota throughout stopper manufacturing process: from diversity to metabolite

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Airborne fungi isolated from Fortaleza city, State of Cear��, Brazil

Airbone fungi are considered important causes of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The knowledge of these fungi in a city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhalation of fungal allergens. The airborne fungi of Fortaleza, State of Cear��, Brazil, were studied during a one year period. Five hundred and twenty Petri dishes with Sabouraud dextrose agar medium were exposed at ten different locations in the city. The dishes exposed yielded one thousand and five hundred and twenty one colonies of twenty four genera. The most predominants were: Aspergillus (44.7%), Penicillium (13.3%), Curvularia (9.8%), Cladosporium (6.8%), Mycelia sterilia (6.0%), Fusarium (3.5%), Rhizopus (3.1%), Drechslera (2.6%), Alternaria (2.4%) and Absidia (2.2%). The results shown that Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mycelia sterilia, Fusarium and Alternaria were found during all months in the year. Absidia was more frequent during the dry season. Anemophilous fungi and the high concentration of spores in the air are important because may result in an increased number of people with allergic respiratory disease.